ABSTRACT. Banana (Musa spp.) is one of the main fruits consumed worldwide. However, finger drop, is a physiological disorder that causes many postharvest problems, which eventually reduces market value and consumer acceptance. Therefore, the objective of the study was to evaluate the anatomical changes that occur in the pedicel rupture area (drop zone) of bananas diploids (BB França) and tetraploid (BRS Pioneira) in three ripening stages. The levels of gene expression involved in the natural ripening process and in the development of finger drop, was also investigated. The accumulation of their mRNAs and those of expansin (EXP1), pectate lyase (PEL1) and xyloglucan endotransglucosylase/hydrolase protein (XTH4) genes already isolated from bananas were measured by quantitative polymerase chain reaction in three ripening stages. BB França presented a higher resistance to finger drop due to the presence of some specific morphoanatomical characteristics, such as larger parenchymal cells and greater deposition of lignin. In contrast, there was degeneration of the pedicel parenchymal tissue of the BRS Pioneira genotype, forming large empty spaces during the ripening of the fruits, mainly in stage 6, which contributed to the finger drop. The diploid BB França is a strong candidate for use in banana breeding programs aimed at fruit drop resistance. This will certainly improve the quality of banana varieties. Moreover, PEL1 proved to be an excellent candidate gene for functional studies of finger drop in bananas.

ABSTRACT Objective: To review the terminologies and applications of Open Science taxonomy to build a more comprehensive version that represents the knowledge surrounding the subject in accordance with the current scenario of scientific communication and the recommendations of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). Method: This is a qualitative investigation with an exploratory focus. The first step taken was the revision of existing taxonomies by 12 researchers1, who met weekly for conceptual and epistemological discussions related to Open Science and methodological and procedural definitions for the realization of the study. Results: As a result of these discussions, a proposed taxonomy was developed for revision by experts. Evaluation of this taxonomy was carried out using a questionnaire with open questions about each main axis of the taxonomy, which was sent to 68 specialists. A total of 21 responses that analyzed the modeling and exposition of terms in the proposed taxonomy were received. The final taxonomy has 10 main-level facets and a total of 96 labels. Conclusions: the responses of the experts brought to light a panorama consistent with UNESCO recommendations and the current scenario of Open Science.

RESUMEN Objetivo: revisar las terminologías y aplicaciones de la taxonomía de la Ciencia Abierta, para construir una versión más completa, que represente el conocimiento en torno al tema, de acuerdo con el escenario actual de la comunicación científica y las recomendaciones de la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Educación, la Ciencia y la Cultura (Unesco). Método: se trata de una investigación exploratoria con un enfoque deductivo. El primer paso fue la revisión de las taxonomías, con las 12 personas dedicadas a la investigación, que se reunieron semanalmente, para las discusiones conceptuales y epistemológicas relacionadas con la Ciencia Abierta y las definiciones metodológicas y de procedimiento para la realización del estudio. Resultados: como resultado de los análisis, se elaboró una taxonomía para ser evaluada por las personas expertas. Para ello, se envió a 68 personas expertas un cuestionario con preguntas abiertas sobre cada eje principal de la taxonomía. Se obtuvieron 21 respuestas que cooperaron con la modelización y exposición de los términos de la nueva propuesta de taxonomía. La nueva taxonomía tiene 10 componentes de nivel principal y un total de 96 etiquetas. Conclusiones: la percepción de los expertos puso de manifiesto un panorama congruente con las recomendaciones de la Unesco y el escenario actual de la Ciencia Abierta.

RESUMO Objetivo: revisar as terminologias e aplicações da taxonomia de Ciência Aberta para a construção de uma versão mais abrangente, que represente o conhecimento em volta do tema, em conformidade com o cenário atual da comunicação científica e com as recomendações da Organização das Nações Unidas para a Educação, a Ciência e a Cultura (Unesco). Método: trata-se de uma pesquisa do tipo exploratória com abordagem dedutiva. A primeira etapa foi a revisão das taxonomias, com 12 pesquisadores1 que se reuniram, semanalmente, para discussões conceituais e epistemológicas relacionadas à Ciência Aberta, e definições metodológicas e procedimentais para a realização do estudo. Resultados: como resultado das análises, foi desenvolvida uma taxonomia para ser avaliada pelos especialistas. Para isso, foi enviado um questionário com perguntas abertas, sobre cada eixo principal da taxonomia, para 68 especialistas. Foram obtidas 21 respostas que cooperaram com a modelagem e exposição dos termos para a nova taxonomia. A taxonomia oriunda desse processo de revisão tem 10 facetas de nível principal e o total de 96 rótulos. Conclusões: a percepção dos especialistas trouxe à tona um panorama congruente com as recomendações da Unesco e do atual cenário da Ciência Aberta.

Abstract Reptiles have a key role in understanding amniotes’ reproductive independence of water. Many adaptations arose, including in locomotor patterns and behaviours, and the nervous system adapted to those new habits. We have described the macroscopic anatomy and cytoarchitecture of the Amazon Lava Lizard brain (Tropidurus torquatus), an abundant lizard in South America. Fifteen specimens were captured, euthanized and their brains were dissected, eight of these were processed and stained in haematoxylin-eosin. Their main areas of the brain are the telencephalon and diencephalon, in the forebrain, tectum and tegmentum, in the midbrain and medulla oblongata and cerebellum, in the hindbrain. The main and accessory olfactory bulbs are the most rostral structure of the brain and are composed of six layers. Brain hemispheres compose the telencephalon and are divided in pallium and subpallium. Medial, dorsomedial, lateral and dorsal cortices are part of the pallium. Striatum, pallidum and septum compose the subpallium. The diencephalon is composed of thalamus, epithalamus and hypothalamus. The midbrain has a ventral tegmentum, composed of torus semicircularis and a dorsal 14 layered optic tectum. Most part of the hindbrain is composed of the medulla oblongata, and the cerebellum arises from it, forming a three-layered plate like structure. In general, the brain of Tropidurus torquatus resembles those of other lizards, with its own adaptations.

Resumo Os répteis têm um papel fundamental para a compreensão da independência reprodutiva da água que surgiu nos amniotas. Várias adaptações ocorreram, inclusive em padrões e comportamentos locomotores, e o sistema nervoso se adaptou a esses novos hábitos. Descrevemos a anatomia macroscópica e a citoarquitetura do encéfalo do calango (Tropidurus torquatus), um lagarto abundante na América do Sul. Quinze espécimes foram capturados, eutanasiados e seus encéfalos dissecados, oito destes foram processados e corados em hematoxilina-eosina. As principais áreas do cérebro são o telencéfalo e o diencéfalo, na parte anterior do encéfalo, teto e tegmento, no mesencéfalo e bulbo e cerebelo, na parte posterior do encéfalo. Os bulbos olfatórios principais e acessórios são as estruturas mais rostrais do cérebro e são compostos por seis camadas. Os hemisférios cerebrais compõem o telencéfalo e são divididos em pálio e subpálio. Os córtices medial, dorsomedial, lateral e dorsal fazem parte do pálio. Estriado, pálido e septo compõem o subpálio. O diencéfalo é composto pelo tálamo, epitálamo e hipotálamo. O mesencéfalo possui um tegmento ventral, composto de torus semicircularis e um tecto óptico dorsal com 14 camadas. A maior parte da parte posterior do encéfalo é composta pelo bulbo, e o cerebelo surge como uma projeção dessa estrutura, em formato plano, com três camadas. Em geral, o encéfalo de Tropidurus torquatus se assemelha ao de outros lagartos, com suas próprias adaptações.

ABSTRACT The use of agroindustrial byproducts in cattle diets, such as castor-bean (Ricinus communis L.) meal, is a more sustainable practice because it does not compete with human food and reduces the volume of organic waste deposited in the environment. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of replacing soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) meal with castor-bean meal on the intake, digestibility, feeding behavior and performance of crossbred steers supplemented while on Urochloa brizantha (Hochst. ex A. Rich.) R.D. Webster ‘Marandu’ pasture. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete design with 40 animals, which started the experiment weighing 227.1 kg, at 10 mo of age, and were divided into four treatment groups. Castor-bean meal was added to replace soybean meal at the levels of 0, 90, 180, and 280 g kg-1 in the supplement, which was supplied at the rate of 0.4% of body weight. Total DM, pasture DM and neutral detergent fiber intakes did not change (P > 0.05) with the castor-bean levels added to the supplement. Ether extract intake and digestibility decreased linearly (P < 0.05). The animals showed no differences (P > 0.05) in production performance (average daily gain), which averaged 0.65 kg d-1. Grazing, idle, and rumination times were not influenced (P > 0.05) by the treatments. Castor-bean meal can be included up to 280 g kg-1 in the total diet without changing the performance of crossbred steers finished on tropical pasture.

Resumo Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos dos manejos do pastejo ponta e repasse combinados a substituição parcial da proteína do suplemento por nitrogênio ureico sobre o consumo e digestibilidade dos nutrientes, composição do leite e balanço de nitrogênio de vacas primíparas da raça Girolanda. As vacas foram alocadas em dois quadrados latinos 4 x 4 compostos de quatro animais cada e quatro tratamentos em um esquema fatorial 2 x 2. Os suplementos foram formulados para um consumo de 0,6% do peso corporal: sem utilização de nitrogênio ureico; ou com 21% de nitrogênio ureico em sua composição. O manejo do pastejo de ponta melhorou o consumo e a digestibilidade dos nutrientes. O suplemento contendo ureia excretou 47% a mais de N urina (g/dia) em comparação ao suplemento sem ureia. A combinação entre o suplemento sem ureia e o manejo de pastejo ponta apresentou maior ingestão e retenção de nitrogênio e maior N retido (%N digerido). A combinação entre o suplemento contendo 21% de nitrogênio ureico e o pastejo de ponta pode ser utilizada sem prejuízos aos parâmetros nutricionais e produtivos das vacas.

Abstract This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the first and last stocking strategies combined with a partial substitution of the protein from the supplement for urea nitrogen on nutrient intake and digestibility, milk composition, and nitrogen balance of primiparous Girolando cows. The cows were allocated to a double 4 × 4 Latin square composed of four animals and four treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. Supplements were formulated to provide an intake of 0.6% body weight, with and without the inclusion of 21% urea nitrogen in their composition. The first stocking management method improved nutrient intake and digestibility. Supplementation with urea led to a 47% higher excretion of urine N (g/day) than the urea treatment. The combination of the supplement without urea and the first stocking provided higher intake and retention of nitrogen and higher retained-N levels (%digested N). The combination of a supplement containing 21% urea nitrogen and the first stocking can be used without compromising the nutritional and productive parameters of the cows.

Abstract Background: The VI Brazilian Consensus on Autoantibodies against HEp-2 cells for determination of autoantibodies against cellular constituents on HEp-2 cells was held on September, 2019, in Fortaleza (CE, Brazil). The guidelines in this edition were formulated by the group of Brazilian experts discussing the classification of complex patterns, the classification of the nuclear discrete dots (few and multiple), the identification of the discrete fine speckled pattern (AC-4a) and improvements on the ANA report. Mainbody: Sixteen Brazilian researchers and experts from universities and clinical laboratories representing the various geographical regions of Brazil participated in the meeting. Four main topics were discussed: (1) How to classify patterns with fluorescence in more than one cell compartment considering three relevant categoris: composite patterns, mixed patterns and multiple patterns; (2) The splitting of the discrete nuclear dots pattern into the multiple discrete nuclear dots (AC-6) and few discrete nuclear dots (AC-7) patterns, respectively; (3) Inclusion of a novel nuclear pattern characterized by discrete fine speckled pattern highly associated with antibodies to SS-A/Ro60, classified as AC-4a. In addition, adjustments on the Brazilian Consensus nomenclature were implemented aiming to harmonize the designation of some patterns with the International Consensus on ANA Patterns (ICAP). Furthermore, the designations of the PCNA-like pattern (AC-13), CENP-F-like pattern (AC-14) and Topo I-like pattern (AC-29) were adjusted in accordance to ICAP. Finally, there was a recommendation for adjustment in the test report in order to address the status of nuclear envelope staining. For all topics, the aim was to establish specific guidelines for laboratories and clinicians. All recommendations were based on consensus among participants. All recommendations from the V Consensus were maintained and there was relevant progress in the BCA/HEp-2 guidelines and further harmonization with ICAP. Conclusion: The VI BCA/HEp-2 edition was successful in establishing important recommendations regarding the classification of complex patterns, in supporting the identification of a novel pattern within the AC-4 group and in the harmonization process with the ICAP terminology.

Resumo A partir de 2010 a organização do Sistema Único de Saúde tem como principal modelo as Redes de Atenção à Saúde (RAS), fundamentadas nas Redes Integradas de Serviços de Saúde preconizadas pela Organização Panamericana de Saúde. Este estudo tem como objetivo analisar a produção científica sobre as RAS através do método de revisão integrativa da literatura. A pesquisa deu-se em bases de dados utilizando-se dos descritores: Rede de Atenção à Saúde e seus congêneres em inglês e espanhol. Foram selecionados 27 artigos incluindo estudos conceituais, relatos de casos, análises de implementação e estudos de avaliação. A análise das publicações evidenciou cinco núcleos de sentido: O paradigma das RAS; A Atenção Básica como coordenadora das RAS; Regionalização, redes e governança regional; O cuidado em rede; e, Desafios para implementação das RAS. Os resultados dessa revisão apontam para duas questões centrais: Como superar a fragmentação do cuidado, garantindo a integralidade, compondo as redes de atenção à saúde a partir de concepções teóricas distintas? E, como a produção das redes de cuidado pode impactar nas relações interfederativas, no processo de financiamento, no acesso ao sistema e na qualidade dos processos de cuidado em saúde?

Abstract Since 2010, the organization of the Brazilian Unified Health System has as its main model the Health Care Networks, based on the Integrated Health Service Networks recommended by the Pan American Health Organization. This study aims to analyze the scientific production on Health Care Networks the integrative literature review method. The research was conducted in databases using the descriptors: Health Care Network and its counterparts in Portuguese and Spanish. A total of 27 articles were selected, including conceptual studies, case reports, implementation analyses and evaluation studies. The analysis of the publications evidenced five cores of meaning: the Health Care Network paradigm; Primary Care as network coordinator; regionalization, networks and regional governance; network care; and challenges for implementation. The results of this review point to two central questions: how to overcome the fragmentation of care, ensuring integrality, composing health care networks from distinct theoretical conceptions? And how can the production of care networks impact inter-federative relations, the financing process, the access to the system and the quality of health care processes?

Abstract The objective was to evaluate the inclusion level of licuri cake (LC) in the diet of confined cows on fatty acid profile and milk cholesterol. Four cows with a blood level of ½ to – Holstein x Zebu blood were used, distributed in a 4 x 4 Latin square, where the inclusion levels of the cake in the total diet were 0.0, 5.5, 11.0 and 16.5%, replacing soybean meal in the diet. There was a linear decreasing effect for the fatty acids Lauric, Elaidic, Gamma-Linolenic and conjugated linoleic acid isomers (C18:2cis9trans11; C18:2trans10cis12) from the inclusion levels of LC. The inclusion of licuri cake negatively influenced the concentrations of polyunsaturated fatty acids and conjugated linoleic acid isomers, in addition to the fatty acids of the Omega-6 series, which is not interesting from the human nutrition point of view.

Resumen El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el efecto de dietas suplementadas con diferentes concentraciones de pasta de licuri (PL) en el perfil de ácidos grasos y colesterol de la leche de vacas confinadas. Cuatro vacas con ½ a – de sangre Holstein x Cebú fueron distribuidas en un cuadrado latino 4 x 4, donde los niveles de inclusión de la pasta de licuri en la dieta total fueron 0.0, 5.5, 11.0 y 16.5%, sustituyendo la pasta de soya en la dieta. Los niveles de inclusión de PL ocasionaron una disminución lineal del ácido láurico, elaídico, gamma-linolénico y linoleico conjugado (C18:2cis9trans11; C18:2trans10cis12). La pasta de licuri disminuyó las concentraciones de ácidos grasos poliinsaturados y del ácido linoleico conjugado; además de los ácidos grasos omega 6, que no son relevantes desde el punto de vista de la nutrición humana.

Abstract: This study aimed to evaluate nutrient intake and digestibility, performance and economic viability of steers during the rearing phase in Brachiaria brizantha cultivar Marandu graze and in feedlot. Were used fifty crossbred steers in the rearing phase, with a mean weight of 275 ± 8.18 kg, distributed in a completely randomized design with ten replications per treatments: Mineral supplementation, nitrogen supplementation, Concentrate supplementation in the order of 1 and 2 g/kg body weight and total feedlot. The total dry matter intake and body weight showed a difference (P<0.05) for animals in feedlot. Crude protein, ether extract, neutral detergent fiber corrected for ashes and protein, non-fibrous carbohydrates, total digestible nutrients showed differences for the animals that received mineral supplementation in comparison to the other managements adopted. The same performance was observed for animals in feedlot. The digestibility coefficients of dry matter, crude protein, ether extract, non-fibrous carbohydrates and total digestible nutrients showed a difference (P<0.05) for the animals that received mineral supplementation, in comparison to the other managements adopted. (P<0.05). The mean daily gain was lower (P<0.05) for animals receiving mineral supplementation. The gross margin was higher (P<0.05) for animals handled in feedlot. Considering the obtained results, it was possible to observe that the animals kept in graze with good availability of dry matter presented satisfactory performance. It is feasible to confine the animals in rearing, since it shortens the production cycle, generating favorable economic results.

Resumen Este estudio buscó evaluar la ingesta y digestibilidad de nutrientes, el rendimiento y la viabilidad económica de novillos alimentados con Brachiaria brizantha cultivar Marandú y criados bajo sistemas de pastoreo y engorda en corral. Se utilizaron 50 novillos cruzados en fase de crecimiento con un peso medio de 275 ± 8.18 kg. Los novillos se distribuyeron en un diseño completamente al azar con 10 repeticiones por tratamiento: suplementación mineral, suplementación de nitrógeno, suplementación del concentrado en el orden de 1 y 2 g/kg de peso corporal y engorda total en corral total. El consumo de materia seca total y el peso corporal fueron significativamente diferentes (P<0.05) para los animales en engorde en corral. La proteína cruda, el extracto etéreo, la fibra detergente neutra corregida para cenizas y proteína, los carbohidratos no fibrosos y los nutrientes digestibles totales fueron diferentes en los animales suplementados con minerales en comparación con los otros tratamientos. El mismo rendimiento se observó en los animales en engorde. Los coeficientes de digestibilidad de materia seca, proteína cruda, extracto etéreo, carbohidratos no fibrosos y nutrientes digestibles totales en los animales suplementados con minerales fueron significativamente diferentes (P<0.05) a los otros tratamientos. (P<0.05). La ganancia diaria promedio fue menor (P<0.05) en los animales suplementados con animales. El mayor margen bruto (P<0.05) se observó en los animales bajo engorde en corral. Los resultados obtenidos en este estudio indican que los animales en pastoreo con una buena disponibilidad de materia seca presentan un rendimiento satisfactorio. Es factible confinar a los animales en fase de cría debido a que se acorta el ciclo de producción y se obtienen resultados económicos favorables.

Resumo A partir de 2010 a organização do Sistema Único de Saúde tem como principal modelo as Redes de Atenção à Saúde (RAS), fundamentadas nas Redes Integradas de Serviços de Saúde preconizadas pela Organização Panamericana de Saúde. Este estudo tem como objetivo analisar a produção científica sobre as RAS através do método de revisão integrativa da literatura. A pesquisa deu-se em bases de dados utilizando-se dos descritores: Rede de Atenção à Saúde e seus congêneres em inglês e espanhol. Foram selecionados 27 artigos incluindo estudos conceituais, relatos de casos, análises de implementação e estudos de avaliação. A análise das publicações evidenciou cinco núcleos de sentido: O paradigma das RAS; A Atenção Básica como coordenadora das RAS; Regionalização, redes e governança regional; O cuidado em rede; e, Desafios para implementação das RAS. Os resultados dessa revisão apontam para duas questões centrais: Como superar a fragmentação do cuidado, garantindo a integralidade, compondo as redes de atenção à saúde a partir de concepções teóricas distintas? E, como a produção das redes de cuidado pode impactar nas relações interfederativas, no processo de financiamento, no acesso ao sistema e na qualidade dos processos de cuidado em saúde?

Abstract Since 2010, the organization of the Brazilian Unified Health System has as its main model the Health Care Networks, based on the Integrated Health Service Networks recommended by the Pan American Health Organization. This study aims to analyze the scientific production on Health Care Networks the integrative literature review method. The research was conducted in databases using the descriptors: Health Care Network and its counterparts in Portuguese and Spanish. A total of 27 articles were selected, including conceptual studies, case reports, implementation analyses and evaluation studies. The analysis of the publications evidenced five cores of meaning: the Health Care Network paradigm; Primary Care as network coordinator; regionalization, networks and regional governance; network care; and challenges for implementation. The results of this review point to two central questions: how to overcome the fragmentation of care, ensuring integrality, composing health care networks from distinct theoretical conceptions? And how can the production of care networks impact inter-federative relations, the financing process, the access to the system and the quality of health care processes?

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a produção de fitomassa, a ciclagem de nutrientes e a eficiência no uso de nutrientes em sistemas de cultivo solteiros e consorciados, na safrinha, em plantio direto. O experimento foi realizado durante a segunda safra de 2014 e 2015, no bioma Cerrado do estado de Mato Grosso, Brasil, em delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com nove tratamentos e quatro repetições. Em 2014, os sistemas foram avaliados aos 63, 93, 124 e 157 dias após a semeadura; e, em 2015, foram avaliados ao florescimento e à senescência. Determinaram-se as concentrações de nitrogênio, fósforo, potássio, cálcio e magnésio. Em 2014, os sistemas solteiros Urochloa ruziziensis, Cajanus cajan e Pennisetum glaucum apresentaram os maiores acúmulos de fitomassa e nutrientes. Em 2015, os consórcios apresentaram os maiores acúmulos de fitomassa, a maior ciclagem de nutrientes e a maior eficiência no uso dos nutrientes. No sistema plantio direto, U. ruziziensis, solteiro ou consorciado com milho e girassol, aumentou a fitomassa. Os consórcios mais eficientes quanto ao aproveitamento de todos os nutrientes, no Cerrado de Mato Grosso, são os de girassol com U. ruziziensis, milho com U. ruziziensis e milho com Crotalaria spectabilis.

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate phytomass production, nutrient cycling, and efficiency of nutrient use by single and intercropped crop systems, in the second crop, under no-tillage. The experiment was carried out during the second crop of 2014 and 2015 in the Cerrado biome of the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil, in a randomized complete block design, with nine treatments and four replicates. In 2014, the systems were evaluated at 63, 93, 124, and 157 days after sowing; and, in 2015, they were evaluated at flowering and senescence. The concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, and magnesium were determined. In 2014, the single crop systems Urochloa ruziziensis, Cajanus cajan, and Pennisetum glaucum showed the largest accumulations of phytomass and nutrients. In 2015, the intercropped systems showed the largest accumulations of phytomass, the largest nutrient cycling, and the highest nutrient use efficiency. In the no-tillage crop systems, U. ruziziensis, either in single cultivation or intercropped with corn and sunflower, increased phytomass. The most efficient systems for the use of all nutrients, in the Cerrado of Mato Grosso, are the intercropping of sunflower with U. ruziziensis, corn with U. ruziziensis, and corn with Crotalaria spectabilis.

Abstract Magnetic nanopowders were developed by functionalization of bimagnetic core@shell nanoparticles with cysteine (CoFe2O4@ɣ-Fe2O3@Cys), which present a core with high saturation magnetization (CoFe2O4) combined with a shell with high long-term chemical stability (ɣ-Fe2O3) and a sorptive L-cysteine layer. Samples of two different mean sizes were elaborated and characterized by XRD, TEM, FTIR, SER, zetametry and SQUID magnetometry. The adsorption of Pb(II) by the magnetic nanopowders was investigated as a function of pH, time, and pollutant concentration. The Langmuir model fitted well the adsorption data indicating monolayer adsorption, and a maximum adsorption capacity of 1.2 mg/g was found for pH 5. The kinetic data were well correlated to the pseudo-second-order model and the best equilibrium time was 120 min. The adsorption mechanism mainly involves electrostatic interactions in pH 5-7 and hard–soft-acid–base interactions in low pH. Moreover, the nanoparticles were recovered and reused in readsorption experiments keeping a good removal efficiency.

resumo Historicamente, a expansão das cidades resultou na substituição da paisagem natural pela urbana, tendo como consequência a degradação ambiental por meio das mudanças na cobertura do solo, nos sistemas hidrológicos, nos ciclos biogeoquímicos, no clima e na biodiversidade, tornando as cidades especialmente vulneráveis às mudanças climáticas. A reversão desses processos é uma medida que visa a promoção da qualidade de vida nas cidades, na qual a arborização possui um papel fundamental por fornecer uma série de serviços ecossistêmicos valiosos para a promoção da biodiversidade, saúde e bem-estar social. Sendo direito de todos um meio ambiente equilibrado, saudável, de uso comum e essencial à qualidade de vida, o verde urbano é assunto interdisciplinar e de responsabilidade comum e generalizada. Cabe ao poder público a regularização, criação e manutenção dos plantios, promovendo o plantio de árvores a distâncias predeterminadas de acordo com o porte de cada espécie. Porém, os movimentos ativistas se desenvolveram no vácuo da morosidade do poder público seguindo, em geral, o método de adensamento de árvores pautado pelo conceito de sucessão ecológica. Ao promover a restauração dos serviços ecossistêmicos, as duas iniciativas de plantio arbóreo tendem a trazer grandes benefícios às grandes cidades, como São Paulo. Porém, a complexidade da paisagem urbana exige uma avaliação sistêmica dos plantios para definir a sua adequação espacial e otimizar os seus benefícios. O plantio das florestas urbanas não deve ter como objetivo recriar as condições naturais pré-urbanização, mas sim, desenvolver áreas verdes integradas à malha urbana que garantam um ambiente saudável e equilibrado, preservando as interações sociais. Ao visualizar o meio urbano como um ecossistema completo, é possível estabelecer critérios que otimizem os benefícios da arborização urbana. Estes critérios devem ser baseados em conhecimento técnico e científico, levando em conta necessidades sociais, para que o melhor método seja escolhido, caso a caso.

abstract Historically, the expansion of cities resulted in the replacement of natural landscape by urban environments, resulting in environmental degradation through changes in soil cover, hydrological systems, biogeochemical cycles, biodiversity, making cities particularly vulnerable to climate changes. Environmental restoration in cities is a measure to promote life quality, and urban forests play a key role in restoring the quality of the urban environment. They provide valuable ecosystem services for maintaining biodiversity, ensuring human health, and social well-being. As everyone has the right to live in a balanced, healthy and common use environment essential to suppor quality of life, urban green areas are an interdisciplinary issue of collective concern. It is the responsibility of the government to regulate, plant and manage urban trees in order to standardize urban afforestation by planting trees at predetermined distances according to the size of each species. However, the vacuum in the greening process left by the State is being filled by activists who, in general, use a different protocol that aims at higher tree density based on the notion of ecological succession. By promoting the restoration of ecosystem services, both initiatives tend to bring significant benefits to large cities such as São Paulo. However, the complexity of the urban landscape requires a systemic evaluation of tree planting to define spatial adequacy and optimize benefits. The planting of urban forests should not aim to recreate pre-urban natural conditions, but rather to develop green areas integrated to the urban network that guarantee a healthy and balanced environment while preserving social interactions. By perceiving the urban environment as a complete ecosystem, it is possible to establish criteria that optimize the benefits of urban afforestation. These criteria should be based on technical and scientific knowledge, and take into account social needs, so that the best method is chosen on a case-by-case basis.

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the economic viability, through different supplementation strategies, of the post-weaning and finishing stages of cattle supplemented on Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu pastures during the rainy and dry seasons. The experimental period was 447 d. The study comprised the post-weaning and finishing stages of 22 intact male crossbred (½ Holstein-Zebu) cattle with an average initial weight of 164.09 ± 12.13 kg and an average age of 7 mo. The animals were distributed in a randomized design with 11 replications per treatment. The following supplementation strategies were tested: strategy 1 (S1): Mineral mix in the 1st and 3rd periods and protein-energy supplementation at 0.2 % of the body weight (BW) in the 2nd period; and strategy 2 (S2): protein-energy supplementation at 0.4 % BW in the 1st and 3rd periods, and protein-energy supplementation at 0.6 % BW in the 2nd period. Strategy 1 resulted in a lower cost per arroba produced and lower cost per hectare, generating a greater net profit per hectare and consequently a higher internal rate of return. When herbage is available, mineral supplementation supplied during the rainy season, associated with low levels of protein-energy supplementation in the dry season (S1), is of greater economic attractiveness for the development of the project, as it leads to higher internal rates of return and net present values in the entire period.

Resumen El objetivo fue evaluar la viabilidad económica, a través de diferentes estrategias de suplementación, de las etapas post destete y finalización del ganado bovino suplementado en pastoreo de Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandú durante las temporadas de lluvias y secas. El periodo experimental fue de 447 días. El estudio comprendió las etapas post destete y finalización de 22 bovinos machos (1/2 Holstein-Cebú) enteros con un peso inicial promedio de 164.09 ± 12.13 kg y una edad promedio de 7 meses. Los animales se distribuyeron en un diseño aleatorio con 11 repeticiones por tratamiento. Se probaron las siguientes estrategias de suplementación: estrategia 1 (E1): mezcla de minerales en el 1er y 3er periodos y suplementación de proteína y energía al 0.2% del peso corporal (PC) en el 2do periodo; y estrategia 2 (E2): suplementación de proteína-energía a 0.4% PC en los períodos 1º y 3º, y suplementación de proteína-energía a 0.6% PC en el 2º período. La estrategia 1 dio como resultado un menor costo por arroba producido y un menor costo por hectárea, generando una mayor ganancia neta por hectárea y, en consecuencia, una mayor tasa interna de retorno. Cuando se dispone de forraje, la suplementación de minerales suministrada durante la temporada de lluvias, asociada con bajos niveles de suplementación de proteína y energía en la estación seca (S1), es de mayor atractivo económico para el desarrollo del sistema, ya que conduce a mayores tasas internas de valores de retorno y valores netos presentes en todo el periodo.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to investigate the short- and medium-term effect of biochar on soil microbial properties, organic carbon and nitrogen in an Oxisol from Brazil. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design consisting of five levels of biochar (0, 2, 4, 8 and 16 Mg∙ha–1) with and without of synthetic fertilizer: 0 and 200 kg.ha–1 of synthetic fertilizer N-P-K (00-20-20). The following soil properties were determined: microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and nitrogen (MBN), microbial respiration (MR), metabolic quotient (qCO2) and microbial quotient (qMIC), total organic carbon (TOC) and nitrogen (TN). The MBC, qCO2 and carbon management index (CMI) were not altered by doses of fertilizer and biochar. The presence of biochar reduced the MBN by 11% and 5% with the application of16 Mg∙ha–1 compared to control in the third and sixth year, respectively. The qMIC was reduced exponentially with the application of biochar, but was within normal limits as a proportion of total organic carbon. There was an increase in TOC and TN with the application of biochar. The use of biochar did not cause significant negative changes in soil microbial properties or contribute to carbon sequestration in the soil.