BACKGROUND Leishmaniasis, a neglected disease caused by the parasite Leishmania, is treated with drugs associated with high toxicity and limited efficacy, in addition to constant reports of the emergence of resistant parasites. In this context, snake serums emerge as good candidates since they are natural sources with the potential to yield novel drugs. OBJECTIVES We aimed to show the antileishmanial effects of γCdcPLI, a phospholipase A2 inhibitor from Crotalus durissus collilineatus snake serum, against Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis. METHODS Promastigotes forms were exposed to γCdcPLI, and we assessed the parasite viability and cell cycle, as well as invasion and proliferation assays. FINDINGS Despite the low cytotoxicity effect on macrophages, our data indicate that γCdcPLI has a direct effect on parasites promoting an arrest in the G1 phase and reduction in the G2/M phase at the highest dose tested. Moreover, this PLA2 inhibitor reduced the parasite infectivity when promastigotes were pre-treated. Also, we demonstrated that the γCdcPLI treatment modulated the host cell environment impairing early and late steps of the parasitism. MAIN CONCLUSIONS γCdcPLI is an interesting tool for the discovery of new essential targets on the parasite, as well as an alternative compound to improve the effectiveness of the leishmaniasis treatment. Leishmaniasis efficacy context A serum (Leishmania amazonensis cycle assays macrophages G G2M GM G2 M tested Moreover PLA pretreated. pretreated pre treated. pre-treated Also parasitism

ABSTRACT Objective: We hypothesized that perinatal manipulations of the nitrergic system would affect adult animal behaviors. Methods: We tested this hypothesis by perinatally administering N(G)-Nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), a non-specific antagonist of nitric oxide synthase for 15 days and assessed anxiety- and depression-like behaviors in adult mice. At 70 days of age, the mice were subjected to a battery of tests consisting of the open-field, light/dark box, forced swim, and tail-flick tests. The tests were performed at two-day intervals, and the order of the tests within the battery was determined according to the progressive invasiveness degree. Results: L-NAME-treated animals exhibited decreased anxiety-like behavior in the light/dark box and open field tests, with no change in locomotor activity. Additionally, they demonstrated decreased depression-like behavior in the forced swim test and no change in pain perception in the tail-flick test. Conclusion: The nitrergic system is possibly involved in neural circuitry development that regulates behaviors since blocking perinatal nitric oxide production decreases anxiety- and depression-like behaviors in adult mice. Objective Methods NGNitroLarginine N G Nitro L arginine LNAME, LNAME NAME , (L-NAME) nonspecific non specific 1 anxiety depressionlike depression like 7 age openfield, openfield field, open-field lightdark light dark tailflick tail flick twoday two day intervals degree Results LNAMEtreated treated anxietylike activity Additionally Conclusion (L-NAME

ABSTRACT This research aimed to analyze the association of physical activity (PA) level combined with exposure to sedentary behavior (SB) with dynapenia in older people. Epidemiological, cross-sectional study, conducted with 208 older adults in Aiquara, Bahia, Brazil. Habitual PA and SB were quantified using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. Based on this information, participants were divided into groups (G): G1) sufficiently active and low SB; G2) sufficiently active and high SB; G3) insufficiently active and low SB; and G4) insufficiently active and high SB. Assessment of dynapenia was performed based on the values of the handgrip strength measured in kilogram-force (kgf) (women: 18.37 kgf; men: 26.75 kgf). Descriptive analysis was conducted using absolute and relative frequencies, mean and standard deviation. For the inferential analysis, Poisson regression was used, with a robust estimator, calculation of Prevalence Ratios (PRs) and their relevant Confidence Intervals (CIs) of 95.0%. It was observed that the mean age of women and men were, respectively, 71.0 ± 6.7 and 72.3 ± 8.1 years and the prevalence of dynapenia observed was about 24.5%. Furthermore, it was found that the insufficiently active older adults with low SB (G3) (PR: 2.28; 95%CI: 1.09-4.76), and those insufficiently active with high SB (G4) (PR: 4, 14; 95%CI: 1.95-8.70), were more likely to experience the assessed outcome. Evidence showed that, among the older adults in Aiquara the prevalence of dynapenia was high in the presence of an insufficient level of PA, especially when combined with greater exposure to SB (PA (SB people Epidemiological crosssectional cross sectional study 20 Bahia Brazil Questionnaire information G (G) G1 G2 G3 G4 kilogramforce kilogram force kgf (kgf (women 1837 18 37 18.3 2675 26 75 26.7 kgf. . kgf) frequencies deviation used estimator PRs (PRs CIs (CIs 950 95 0 95.0% respectively 710 71 71. 67 6 7 6. 723 72 3 72. 81 8 1 8. 245 24 5 24.5% Furthermore (G3 PR (PR 2.28 228 2 28 95%CI 95CI CI 1.094.76, 109476 1.09 4.76 , 09 4 76 1.09-4.76) (G4 14 1.958.70, 195870 1.95 8.70 70 1.95-8.70) outcome (G 183 18. 267 26. 9 95.0 24.5 2.2 22 094 1.094.76 10947 109 1.0 476 4.7 1.09-4.76 958 1.958.70 19587 195 1.9 870 8.7 1.95-8.70 95. 24. 2. 1.094.7 1094 10 1. 47 4. 1.09-4.7 1.958.7 1958 19 87 1.95-8.7 1.094. 1.09-4. 1.958. 1.95-8. 1.094 1.09-4 1.958 1.95-8 1.09- 1.95-

RESUMO Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo analisar a associação do nível de atividade física (AF) combinado à exposição ao comportamento sedentário (CS) com a dinapenia em idosos. Estudo epidemiológico, transversal, conduzido com 208 idosos de Aiquara, Bahia, Brasil. A AF habitual e o CS foram quantificados pelo International Physical Activity Questionnaire. A partir destas informações, dividiu-se os participantes em grupos (G): G1) suficientemente ativos e baixo CS; G2) suficientemente ativos e elevado CS; G3) insuficientemente ativos e baixo CS; e G4) insuficientemente ativos e elevado CS. A avaliação da dinapenia foi realizada a partir dos valores, em quilograma-força (kgf), da força de preensão manual (mulheres: 18,37 kgf; homens: 26,75 kgf). A análise descritiva foi conduzida por meio de frequências absolutas e relativas, média e desvio padrão. Para a análise inferencial utilizou-se a regressão de Poisson, com estimador robusto, cálculo das Razões de Prevalência (RP) e de seus respectivos Intervalos de Confiança (IC) de 95,0%. Observou-se que as médias de idade das mulheres e dos homens, foram, respectivamente, 71,0 ± 6,7 e 72,3 ± 8,1 anos e a prevalência de dinapenia observada foi na ordem de 24,5%. Ademais, averiguou-se que os idosos insuficientemente ativos com baixo CS (G3) (RP: 2,28; IC95%: 1,09-4,76), e os insuficientemente ativos com elevado CS (G4) (RP: 4,14; IC95%: 1,95-8,70), apresentaram maior probabilidade ao desfecho analisado. As evidências verificadas mostraram que, entre os idosos de Aiquara, a prevalência de dinapenia foi elevada na presença do nível de AF insuficiente, especialmente quando combinado a uma maior exposição ao CS. (AF (CS epidemiológico transversal 20 Aiquara Bahia Brasil Questionnaire informações dividiuse dividiu se G (G) G1 G2 G3 G4 valores quilogramaforça quilograma kgf, kgf , (kgf) (mulheres 1837 18 37 18,3 homens 2675 26 75 26,7 kgf. . kgf) relativas padrão utilizouse utilizou Poisson robusto RP (RP IC (IC 950 95 0 95,0% Observouse Observou respectivamente 710 71 71, 67 6 7 6, 723 72 3 72, 81 8 1 8, 245 24 5 24,5% Ademais averiguouse averiguou (G3 2,28 228 2 28 IC95% IC95 1,094,76, 109476 1,09 4,76 09 4 76 1,09-4,76) (G4 4,14 414 14 1,958,70, 195870 1,95 8,70 70 1,95-8,70) analisado insuficiente (G (kgf 183 18, 267 26, 9 95,0 24,5 2,2 22 IC9 094 1,094,76 10947 109 1,0 476 4,7 1,09-4,76 4,1 41 958 1,958,70 19587 195 1,9 870 8,7 1,95-8,70 95, 24, 2, 1,094,7 1094 10 1, 47 4, 1,09-4,7 1,958,7 1958 19 87 1,95-8,7 1,094, 1,09-4, 1,958, 1,95-8, 1,094 1,09-4 1,958 1,95-8 1,09- 1,95-

ABSTRACT We examined the effect of dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) in diets for late gestating sows on sow and litter performance, colostrum chemical composition, and sow behavior. Sixty gestating sows of 3.77±1.65 parity were divided into three groups of 20 animals, in a randomized block design with 0 (corn-soybean meal diet), 150, or 300 g kg−1 DDGS from 84 days of gestation until farrowing. Sows fed 300 g kg−1 DDGS presented a lower frequency of standing position and eating activity. The lying lateral position was more frequent in the first 40 min post-feeding for sows fed the highest DDGS level. There was no effect of diets on sow and litter performance; however, DDGS inclusion tended to increase lactation feed intake. Inclusion of DDGS was inclined to produce more lactose and less protein in colostrum, but did not affect colostrum fat, total solids, and ash contents. Inclusion of up to 300 g kg−1 DDGS in the diet of late gestation sows does not change sow and litter performance and colostrum composition compared with corn-soybean meal diets, but it favored animal welfare.

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION : During the coronavirus disease pandemic (COVID-19), elderly people in long-term care facilities and their health workers constitute a vulnerable subpopulation with a high risk of hospitalization and death. The objective is to describe the epidemiological approach carried out in a long-term care facility for older adults under active surveillance, in the Mar del Plata-Batán urban area, on December 2020. METHODS : The approach strategy combined the indication to isolate suspected cases, perform RT-PCR and detection of IgG antibodies. RESULTS : 4 detectable results were obtained by RT-PCR for SARS-CoV-2 corresponding to health workers; only one had a history of RT-PCR detection during the initial outbreak that occurred 95 days previously; results in residents were undetectable. There were 40 cases with IgG type antibodies (63.5%); 12 (30%) had no history of detection by RT-PCR in any of the outbreaks. DISCUSSION : Findings indicate that having had a first outbreak episode at the facility conferred immunity on people who had no clinical signs of the disease, possibly preventing the second outbreak from spreading among residents.

RESUMEN INTRODUCCIÓN : Durante la pandemia de enfermedad por el nuevo coronavirus (COVID-19) los adultos mayores residentes en instituciones semicerradas y su personal de salud constituyen una subpoblación vulnerable con riesgo elevado de hospitalización y muerte. OBJETIVO : Describir el abordaje epidemiológico efectuado en un establecimiento de estancia prolongada para adultos mayores bajo vigilancia activa, en el aglomerado urbano Mar del Plata-Batán, en diciembre de 2020. MÉTODOS : La estrategia de abordaje combinó la indicación de aislamiento de los casos sospechosos, la realización de reacción en cadena de la polimerasa en tiempo real (RT-PCR) y la detección de anticuerpos del tipo inmunoglobulina G (IgG). RESULTADOS : Se detectaron 4 casos de infección por el nuevo coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) por RT-PCR en miembros del personal de salud; solo 1 tenía antecedente de detección por RT-PCR durante el brote inicial ocurrido 95 días antes; los resultados en los residentes fueron negativos. Se encontraron 40 casos con anticuerpos de tipo IgG (63,5%); 12 de ellos (30%) no tenían antecedente de detección mediante RT-PCR en ninguno de los brotes. DISCUSIÓN : Los hallazgos indican que el hecho de haber atravesado un primer episodio de brote en el establecimiento confirió inmunidad a personas que no habían tenido manifestaciones clínicas de la enfermedad, lo cual, probablemente, contribuyó a evitar la propagación del segundo brote entre los residentes.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To describe the evolution of seropositivity in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, through 10 consecutive surveys conducted between April 2020 and April 2021. METHODS Nine cities covering all regions of the State were studied, 500 households in each city. One resident in each household was randomly selected for testing. In survey rounds 1–8 we used the rapid WONDFO SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Test (Wondfo Biotech Co., Guangzhou, China). In rounds 9–10, we used a direct ELISA test that identifies IgG to the viral S protein (S-UFRJ). In terms of social distancing, individuals were asked three questions, from which we generated an exposure score using principal components analysis. RESULTS Antibody prevalence in early April 2020 was 0.07%, increasing to 10.0% in February 2021, and to 18.2% in April 2021. In round 10, self-reported whites showed the lowest seroprevalence (17.3%), while indigenous individuals presented the highest (44.4%). Seropositivity increased by 40% when comparing the most with the least exposed. CONCLUSIONS The proportion of the population already infected by SARS-Cov-2 in the state is still far from any perspective of herd immunity and the infection affects population groups in very different levels.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To describe the evolution of seropositivity in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, through 10 consecutive surveys conducted between April 2020 and April 2021. METHODS Nine cities covering all regions of the State were studied, 500 households in each city. One resident in each household was randomly selected for testing. In survey rounds 1–8 we used the rapid WONDFO SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Test (Wondfo Biotech Co., Guangzhou, China). In rounds 9–10, we used a direct ELISA test that identifies IgG to the viral S protein (S-UFRJ). In terms of social distancing, individuals were asked three questions, from which we generated an exposure score using principal components analysis. RESULTS Antibody prevalence in early April 2020 was 0.07%, increasing to 10.0% in February 2021, and to 18.2% in April 2021. In round 10, self-reported whites showed the lowest seroprevalence (17.3%), while indigenous individuals presented the highest (44.4%). Seropositivity increased by 40% when comparing the most with the least exposed. CONCLUSIONS The proportion of the population already infected by SARS-Cov-2 in the state is still far from any perspective of herd immunity and the infection affects population groups in very different levels.

RESUMEN Propósito: evaluamos el potencial antibacteriano del extracto de hoja en bruto (EHB) y las fracciones hexano (HX) y acetato de etilo (AcOEt) de Talinum paniculatum solo y en asociación con oxacilina (OXA) contra Staphylococcus aureus resistente a OXA (ORSA, ambientales) y S. aureus sensible a OXA (OSSA, ATCC 25923). Además, se realizaron pruebas de toxicidad. Métodos: la actividad antibacteriana se evaluó mediante microdilución en caldo para establecer las concentraciones inhibitorias mínimas (CIM) y bactericidas mínimas (CBM). Se evaluó la toxicidad en ratones. Resultados: los valores de CIM para el EHB y sus fracciones contra ORSA y OSSA fueron del orden de HX (500 μg ml-1) = AcOEt < EHB (4000 μg ml-1). AcOEt y HX presentaron actividades antibacterianas sobresalientes contra ORSA, y estas fracciones fueron bactericidas hacia OSSA. Por el contrario, las asociaciones entre el producto vegetal (EHB, AcOEt o HX) y OXA no mostraron efectos sinérgicos. Durante estas asociaciones, hubo un aumento en las CIM de OXA de 2 a 4092 veces. EHB no mostró toxicidad a una dosis de 5 g kg-1. Conclusión: aunque T. paniculatum es una buena fuente de compuestos bioactivos con potencial antiestofilocócico, los investigadores deben ser cautelosos, ya que su hoja comestible puede interferir con la terapia con OXA (mitigando la inhibición del crecimiento inducida por OXA o la muerte de S. aureus y promoviendo resistencia bacteriana).

SUMMARY Propose: We evaluated the antibacterial potential of the crude leaf extract (CLE) and fractions hexane (HX) and ethyl acetate (EtOAc) from Talinum paniculatum alone and in association with oxacillin (OXA) against OXA-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (ORSA, environment isolates) and OXA-sensitive S. aureus (OSSA, ATCC 25923). Furthermore, toxicity tests were performed. Methods: The antibacterial activity was evaluated through checkerboard assay (broth microdilution) to establish the minimum inhibitory (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBC). Toxicity test in mice was assessed. Results: The MIC values for the CLE and its fractions against ORSA and OSSA were in the order of HX (500 μg ml-1) = EtOAc < CLE (4000 μg ml-1). EtOAc and HX presented outstanding antibacterial activities against ORSA, and these fractions were bactericidal toward OSSA. Conversely, the associations between plant product (CLE, EtOAc, or HX) and OXA exhibited no synergistic effects. During these associations, there was an increase in OXA MICs anywhere from 2- to 4092-fold. The CLE presented absence of toxicity at a dose of 5 g kg-1 (in vivo). Conclusion: Although T. paniculatum be a good source of bioactive compounds with antistaphylococcal potential, the researchers should be cautious, since its edible leaf may interfere with OXA therapy (mitigating OXA-induced growth inhibition or killing of S. aureus and enhancing S. aureus resistance).

RESUMO A inoculação de bactérias diazotróficas representa grande potencial biotecnológico por reduzir ou dispensar o uso de fertilizantes químicos nitrogenados e por melhorar as condições nutricionais da planta. No entanto, a potencialidade de aplicação desta tecnologia está limitada por carência de estudos em culturas diversas. Objetivou-se avaliar a produção do almeirão (Cichorium intybus) em resposta à inoculação com bactérias diazotróficas em duas classes de solos. Os experimentos foram realizados em casa de vegetação em delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Os tratamentos foram constituídos pelas estirpes UFRB FA34C2-2, UFLA 03-84 e INPA 0311B, e dois tratamentos controle (sem inoculação bacteriana e com e sem adubação nitrogenada). Foram realizados dois experimentos, um utilizando um solo classificado como Latossolo amarelo distrófico e outro utilizando Neossolo Quartzarênico. Aos 60 dias após a semeadura foram avaliados em ambos os experimentos: clorofila a, b e total; altura; número de folhas; massa seca da parte aérea; da raiz e total, eficácia, eficiência e acúmulo de N e P na parte aérea. A inoculação com bactérias diazotróficas resulta em maior rendimento da produção, quando comparada ao tratamento controle sem adubação nitrogenada e sem inoculação. As bactérias diazotróficas apresentam potencial no fornecimento de nitrogênio às plantas de almeirão e dispensam o uso da fertilização nitrogenada nas duas classes de solo. A estirpe INPA 0311B, recomendada para o feijão-caupi, promove o crescimento vegetal e incrementa a parte aérea do almeirão, quando cultivado em Latossolo amarelo distrófico e Neossolo Quartzarênico em casa de vegetação.

ABSTRACT Inoculating crops with diazotrophic bacteria constitutes a feasible biotechnological tool to reduce or even avoid the use of nitrogen fertilizers and to improve the nutritional status of crops. However, the potential use of such technology is limited due to the lack of studies in diverse vegetable crops. We evaluated the production of chicory (Cichorium intybus) in response to inoculation with diazotrophic bacteria in two soil classes. The experiments were performed under greenhouse conditions and under a completely randomized design. The treatments were constituted by strains UFRB FA34C2-2, UFLA 03-84 and INPA 0311B, and two control treatments (devoid of bacterial inoculation and with and without nitrogen fertilization). Two experiments were carried out, one using a soil classified as a dystrophic yellow Latosol (Oxisoil) and one using a Quartsandy Neosol (Typic Quartzipsamment). Chlorophylls a, b and total; plant height; number of leaves; dry mass of the aerial portion; dry mass of roots; total dry mass; effectiveness; efficiency in addition to N and P gathering in the aerial portion, were evaluated 60 days after seeding. The inoculation with diazotrophic bacteria resulted in adequate production when compared to the control treatment without nitrogen fertilization and without inoculation. Diazotrophic bacteria showed potential supplying nitrogen to chicory plants and spare the use of nitrogen fertilization in both soil classes. The strain INPA 0311B, recommended for cowpea, promoted vegetal growth and increased the dry weight of the aerial portion in chicory, under both dystrophic yellow Latosol (Oxisoil) and Neossolo Quartzarênico (Typic Quartzipsamment), when cultivated under greenhouse conditions.

RESUMO Objetivou-se estimar os índices de crescimento do capim-elefante cv. Roxo manejado sob sequeiro em diferentes épocas de cultivo. Analisaram-se sete idades de crescimento (9; 18; 27; 36; 45; 54 e 63 dias) em três épocas de cultivo (chuvosa, transição e seca). Adotou-se delineamento inteiramente casualizado em arranjo de parcelas subdivididas no tempo, com as idades sendo alocadas nas parcelas e as épocas de cultivo nas subparcelas. Constatou-se interação idade x época de cultivo. A área foliar específica revelou média de 0,0286 ± 0,0039 na época chuvosa. Na época de transição ajustou-se ao modelo polinomial de terceiro grau e na época seca reduziu linearmente (0,0003 m2 g-1). A razão de peso foliar ajustou-se ao modelo polinomial de terceiro grau nas épocas chuvosa e seca e na época de transição foi maximizada aos 28 DAC (0,694 g g-1). A razão de área foliar reduziu continuamente na época chuvosa. Já nas épocas de transição e seca ajustou-se ao modelo polinomial de terceiro grau. A taxa de assimilação líquida apresentou médias de 3,73 ± 2,50 e 3,63 ± 1,48 g m-2 dia-1 para as épocas chuvosa e de transição, respectivamente. Na época seca, foi minimizada aos 48,4 dias. A taxa de crescimento relativo apresentou média de 0,0075 ± 0,0037 na época chuvosa. Nas épocas de transição e seca ajustou-se ao modelo polinomial de terceiro grau. Os índices de crescimento do capim-elefante cv. Roxo são modificados pelas épocas de cultivo e o padrão e a magnitude da resposta variam ao longo do ciclo de crescimento.

ABSTRACT The objective was to estimate the growth indexes of elephant grass cv. Roxo managed under rainfed conditions in different growing seasons. Seven growth ages (9, 18, 27, 36, 45, 54, and 63 days) were evaluated in three growing seasons (rainy, transition and dry). A completely randomised design was adopted, with split-plot arrangement with time repeated measures, with the ages being the plots and the seasons the subplots. Interaction of age x season was observed. The specific leaf area mean was 0.0286 ± 0.0039 during the rainy season. In the transition season, it adjusted to a third-degree polynomial model; in the dry season it declined linearly (0.0003 m2 g-1). The leaf weight ratio adjusted to the third-degree polynomial model in the rainy and dry seasons, and in the transition season it was maximised at 28 DAC (0.694 g g-1). The leaf area ratio continuously declined in the rainy season. In the transition and dry seasons, it adjusted to the third-degree polynomial model. The net assimilation rate presented averages of 3.73 ± 2.50 and 3.63 ± 1.48 g m-2 day-1 in the rainy and transition seasons, respectively. In the dry season, it was minimised at 48.4 days. The relative growth rate mean was 0.0075 ± 0.0037 during the rainy season. In the transition and dry seasons, it adjusted to the third-degree polynomial model. The growth index rates of elephant grass cv. Roxo are modified by growing seasons, and the pattern and magnitude of the response varies throughout the growth cycle.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Descrever práticas de distanciamento social em nove municípios do Rio Grande do Sul por sexo, idade, escolaridade e cidade. MÉTODOS Foram realizados dois estudos transversais sequenciais representativos da população urbana nos municípios de Canoas, Caxias do Sul, Ijuí, Passo Fundo, Pelotas, Porto Alegre, Santa Cruz do Sul, Santa Maria e Uruguaiana com o intuito de estimar a prevalência populacional de Covid-19. Foi aplicado questionário contendo três perguntas sobre distanciamento social, cujas práticas foram submetidas a análises descritivas por subgrupos. Os dados foram comparados por testes qui-quadrado. RESULTADOS Em termos de grau de distanciamento social, 25,8% dos entrevistados relataram estar praticamente isolados e 41,1% indicam praticar bastante distanciamento. Relataram ficar em casa o tempo todo 20,1% dos entrevistados, e 44,5% informam que saem apenas para atividades essenciais. Mais da metade dos domicílios não recebe visitas de não moradores. O grupo que relatou menos distanciamento social foi o de adultos entre 20 e 59 anos, enquanto mais de 80% dos entrevistados com 60 anos ou mais relataram estar praticamente isolados ou fazendo bastante distanciamento. As mulheres relataram fazer mais distanciamento que os homens, e os grupos de maior escolaridade foram os que relataram sair diariamente para atividades regulares com mais frequência. CONCLUSÕES Os grupos mais jovens e mais idosos estão mais protegidos pelo distanciamento social, mas há grupos bastante expostos, o que pode ser um limitador importante no controle da progressão da epidemia de Covid-19.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To describe social distancing practices in nine municipalities of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, stratified by gender, age, and educational attainment. METHODS Two sequential cross-sectional studies were conducted in the municipalities of Canoas, Caxias do Sul, Ijuí, Passo Fundo, Pelotas, Porto Alegre, Santa Cruz do Sul, Santa Maria, and Uruguaiana to estimate the population prevalence of COVID-19. The study was designed to be representative of the urban population of these municipalities. A questionnaire including three questions about social distancing was also administered to the participants. Here, we present descriptive analyses of social distancing practices by subgroups and use chi-square tests for comparisons. RESULTS In terms of degree of social distancing, 25.8% of the interviewees reported being essentially isolated and 41.1% reported being quite isolated. 20.1% of respondents reported staying at home all the time, while 44.5% left only for essential activities. More than half of households reported receiving no visits from non-residents. Adults aged 20 to 59 reported the least social distancing, while more than 80% of participants aged 60 years or older reported being essentially isolated or quite isolated. Women reported more stringent distancing than men. Groups with higher educational attainment reported going out for daily activities more frequently. CONCLUSIONS The extremes of age are more protected by social distancing, but some groups remain highly exposed. This can be an important limiting factor in controlling progression of the COVID-19 pandemic.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Descrever práticas de distanciamento social em nove municípios do Rio Grande do Sul por sexo, idade, escolaridade e cidade. MÉTODOS Foram realizados dois estudos transversais sequenciais representativos da população urbana nos municípios de Canoas, Caxias do Sul, Ijuí, Passo Fundo, Pelotas, Porto Alegre, Santa Cruz do Sul, Santa Maria e Uruguaiana com o intuito de estimar a prevalência populacional de Covid-19. Foi aplicado questionário contendo três perguntas sobre distanciamento social, cujas práticas foram submetidas a análises descritivas por subgrupos. Os dados foram comparados por testes qui-quadrado. RESULTADOS Em termos de grau de distanciamento social, 25,8% dos entrevistados relataram estar praticamente isolados e 41,1% indicam praticar bastante distanciamento. Relataram ficar em casa o tempo todo 20,1% dos entrevistados, e 44,5% informam que saem apenas para atividades essenciais. Mais da metade dos domicílios não recebe visitas de não moradores. O grupo que relatou menos distanciamento social foi o de adultos entre 20 e 59 anos, enquanto mais de 80% dos entrevistados com 60 anos ou mais relataram estar praticamente isolados ou fazendo bastante distanciamento. As mulheres relataram fazer mais distanciamento que os homens, e os grupos de maior escolaridade foram os que relataram sair diariamente para atividades regulares com mais frequência. CONCLUSÕES Os grupos mais jovens e mais idosos estão mais protegidos pelo distanciamento social, mas há grupos bastante expostos, o que pode ser um limitador importante no controle da progressão da epidemia de Covid-19.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To describe social distancing practices in nine municipalities of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, stratified by gender, age, and educational attainment. METHODS Two sequential cross-sectional studies were conducted in the municipalities of Canoas, Caxias do Sul, Ijuí, Passo Fundo, Pelotas, Porto Alegre, Santa Cruz do Sul, Santa Maria, and Uruguaiana to estimate the population prevalence of COVID-19. The study was designed to be representative of the urban population of these municipalities. A questionnaire including three questions about social distancing was also administered to the participants. Here, we present descriptive analyses of social distancing practices by subgroups and use chi-square tests for comparisons. RESULTS In terms of degree of social distancing, 25.8% of the interviewees reported being essentially isolated and 41.1% reported being quite isolated. 20.1% of respondents reported staying at home all the time, while 44.5% left only for essential activities. More than half of households reported receiving no visits from non-residents. Adults aged 20 to 59 reported the least social distancing, while more than 80% of participants aged 60 years or older reported being essentially isolated or quite isolated. Women reported more stringent distancing than men. Groups with higher educational attainment reported going out for daily activities more frequently. CONCLUSIONS The extremes of age are more protected by social distancing, but some groups remain highly exposed. This can be an important limiting factor in controlling progression of the COVID-19 pandemic.

RESUMO Objetivou-se avaliar o consumo, digestibilidade dos nutrientes e balanço de nitrogênio em ovinos alimentados com rações contendo silagem de capim-elefante (Pennisetum purpureum Schum) contendo 0; 7; 14 e 21% de torta de algodão. Foram utilizados vinte ovinos Morada Nova em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com quatro tratamentos e cinco repetições. As rações foram isoproteicas, isoenergéticas e isofibrosas. Não houve efeito dos níveis de torta de algodão sobre o consumo de nutrientes e coeficiente de digestibilidade do extrato etéreo. Os coeficientes de digestibilidade da matéria seca, matéria orgânica, proteína bruta, carboidratos totais e carboidratos não fibrosos apresentaram redução linear com os níveis de torta de algodão variando respectivamente, de 537,97 a 421,21; 566,54 a 446,42; 595,38 a 415,62; 544,90 a 421,84 e 697,85 a 521,03, nos níveis 0 e 21%. O N consumido e o N urinário, nas diversas formas expressas, assim como o N fecal expresso em g dia-1 e g kg-0,75, não foram influenciados pelos níveis de torta de algodão nas silagens. O N fecal apresentou resposta quadrática com valor mínimo de 39,09% NC quando 3,20% de torta de algodão foi adicionada a silagem de capim-elefante. O balanço de nitrogênio apresentou resposta quadrática com valor máximo de 6,50 g dia-1; 0,79 g kg-0,75 e 35,07% NC nos níveis de 3,25, 5,00 e 4,95% de torta de algodão, respectivamente. A inclusão de 5% de torta de algodão na ensilagem de capim-elefante promove melhor eficiência da utilização das fontes de proteína quando o objetivo for utilizar a silagem na composição de uma ração balanceada.

ABSTRACT The objective was to evaluate the intake, nutrient digestibility and nitrogen balance in sheep fed diets containing elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schum) silage containing 0; 7; 14 and 21% cottonseed cake. Twenty Morada Nova sheep were used in a completely randomized design with four treatments and five replicates. The diets were isoproteic, isoenergetic and isofibrous. There was no effect of cottonseed cake levels on nutrient intake and digestibility coefficient of ether extract. The digestibility coefficients of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, total carbohydrates and non-fiber carbohydrates presented a linear reduction with the levels of cottonseed cake varying from, respectively, 537.97 to 421.21; 566.54 to 446.42; 595, 38 to 415.62; 544.90 to 421.84 and 697.85 to 521.03, at levels 0 and 21%. The N intake and the urinary N, in the various forms, as well as the fecal N expressed in g day-1 and g kg-0.75, were not influenced by the cottonseed cake levels in the silages. The fecal N presented a quadratic response with a minimum value of 39.09% NI when 3.20% cottonseed cake was added to elephant grass silage. Nitrogen balance showed a quadratic response with a maximum value of 6.50 g day-1; 0.79 g kg-0.75 and 35.07% NI at the levels of 3.25, 5.00 and 4.95% cottonseed cake, respectively. The inclusion of 5% cottonseed cake in elephant grass silage promotes better efficiency in the use of protein sources when aimed at using silage in the composition of a balanced diet.

RESUMO Este estudo avaliou os efeitos da frequência e taxa de alimentação sobre o desempenho produtivo de surubins híbridos criados em tanque rede. Três frequências (6, 12 e 24 refeições dia-1) e duas taxas de alimentação (4% e 8% do peso vivo por dia, PV dia-1) foram avaliadas. Híbridos de surubim (Pseudoplatystoma corruscans x Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum), com peso médio de 24,20 ± 0,80 g, foram distribuídos em 18 tanques rede de 1,0 m³ com densidade de 60 peixes m-³. Os peixes foram alimentados no período noturno por alimentadores automáticos, com ração comercial contendo 40% de proteína bruta. O estudo teve duração de 47 dias. Com a frequência de 4% PV dia-1, o peso final (PF) dos surubins foi maior com o fornecimento da ração em 24 refeições dia-1 (66,92 g). Entretanto, usando 8% PV dia-1 o PF foi maior com a frequência de 12 refeições dia-1 (106,90 g). Independente da frequência alimentar, os valores de ganho de peso diário e comprimento padrão dos surubins foram maiores com a taxa de alimentação de 8% PV dia-1. Assim, o fornecimento da ração com taxa alimentar de 8% PV dia-1, dividida em 12 refeições dia-1, proporcionou melhor desempenho produtivo para surubins híbridos (Pseudoplatystoma corruscans × Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum) criados em tanque rede.

ABSTRACT This study evaluated the effects of feeding frequency and feeding rate on productive performance of hybrid surubims reared in cages with automatic feeding. Three feeding frequencies (6, 12 and 24 meals day-1), and two feeding rates (4% and 8% of body weight per day, BW day-1) were evaluated. Hybrid surubims (Pseudoplatystoma corruscans × Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum) with average weights of 24.20 ± 0.80 g were distributed in 18 cages of 1.0 m³ at a density of 60 fish m-3. Fish were fed commercial ration containing 40% crude protein, and feeding took place at night using automatic feeders. The study lasted 47 days. With a feeding rate of 4% BW day-1, the final weight (FW) of the surubims was higher when feed was supplied as 24 meals day-1 (66.92 g). However, using 8% BW day-1, the FW was greater with a feeding frequency of 12 meals day-1 (106.90 g). Regardless of feed frequency, the values of daily weight gain and standard length of surubims were higher with the feeding rate of 8% BW day-1. Therefore, the feeding rate of 8% BW day-1, provided in 12 meals day-1, provided better productive performance for hybrid surubims (Pseudoplatystoma corruscans × Pseudoplatystoma fasciatum) reared in cages.

RESUMO O curimatã comum Prochilodus brevis caracteriza-se como um peixe reofílico. Na natureza, esses animais apresentam sazonalidade reprodutiva, porém em cativeiro, técnicas de indução hormonal, permitem a coleta de sêmen em diferentes períodos do ano. Objetivou-se comparar a cinética, a morfologia e a composição física e bioquímica do sêmen de curimatã comum induzidos à reprodução em cativeiro com uso de hormônio, na estação reprodutiva e não reprodutiva. As concentrações de proteínas totais, glicose, frutose, triglicerídeo, cálcio e cloreto foram avaliadas através de kits bioquímicos e analisadas em espectrofotômetro. Os dados de pH do sêmen, sugerem condição alcalina do sêmen dentro do esperado para peixes de água doce (6,5 a 8,5). A quantidade de proteínas totais (1,51 ± 0,06 g dL-1), glicose (79,44 ± 1,88 mg dL-1) e triglicerídeos (61,59 ± 8,10 mg dL-1) no plasma seminal apresentaram uma maior concentração na estação não reprodutiva. Enquanto que o oposto foi verificado para os íons cálcio (15,98 ± 1,02 mg dL-1). Houve diferença significativa, na morfologia do espermatozoide na estação reprodutiva, com uma porcentagem de espermatozoides normais superior em relação à estação não reprodutiva. Assim, pode-se concluir que características físicas, bioquímicas, cinéticas e morfológicas do sêmen de curimatã comum, mantidos em cativeiro, sofrem influência da estação reprodutiva.

ABSTRACT The Brazilian bocachico, Prochilodus brevis, is a rheophilic fish. Although there is evidence that this species shows reproductive seasonality in the wild, in captivity hormonal induction techniques allow semen sampling in different seasons. This study aimed to compare the kinetics, morphology and biochemical composition of the semen of Brazilian bocachico in captivity when hormonally induced to breed in the reproductive and non-reproductive seasons. During sampling spermiation was hormonally induced in breeders. The concentrations of total protein, glucose, fructose, triglyceride, calcium and chloride were evaluated with biochemical kits. The pH data (6.5 to 8.5) suggest semen requires alkaline conditions, as expected for freshwater fish. Seminal plasma contained more protein (1.51 ± 0.06 dL g-1), glucose (79.44 ± 1.88 mg dL-1) and triglycerides (61.59 ± 8.10 mg dL-1) in the non-reproductive than the reproductive season, but calcium ions (15.98 ± 1.02 mg dL-1) showed the opposite pattern. There was a significant seasonal difference in sperm morphology, with a higher percentage of normal sperm in the reproductive season. From these data it can be concluded that the physical, kinetic, morphological and biochemical characteristics of semen of captive Prochilodus brevis are influenced by reproductive season.