En este artículo presentamos algunos resultados de un estudio etnográfico sobre la indisciplina en el aula, analizando más concretamente la coincidencia observada entre la conducta disciplinar de los alumnos y sus posibilidades de reprobación. Analizamos esta ocurrencia desde una perspectiva que combina variables sociológicas clásicas, como sexo/género, clase social y color/raza de los alumnoss, con otras más específicas del contexto escolar, como el clima disciplinar y la relación profesor-alumno. Problematizamos la naturaleza del proceso de interacción social en el aula, que suele conferir a los estudiantes del sexo masculino una mayor propensión a conductas disciplinares divergentes, al mismo tiempo en que se supone como natural que las niñas acepten las formas incorporadas del orden escolar. Los resultados muestran diferencias significativas en las formas de indisciplina practicadas por alumnos y alumnas, así como revelan que el comportamiento más desafiante de los estudiantes del sexo masculino afecta profundamente a la relación profesor-alumno, al punto de impactar a la trayectoria escolar de algunos de ellos, incluso cuando se trata de estudiantes que logran compatibilizar la indisciplina con un buen desempeño en los estudios.

Neste artigo, apresentamos alguns resultados de um estudo etnográfico sobre a indisciplina na sala de aula, analisando mais especificamente a ocorrência observada entre a conduta disciplinar dos alunos e suas chances de reprovação. Analisamos essa ocorrência numa perspectiva que combina variáveis ​​sociológicas clássicas, como sexo/gênero, classe social e cor/raça dos estudantes com outras mais específicas do contexto escolar, como o clima disciplinar e a relação professor-aluno. Problematizamos a natureza do processo de interação social na sala de aula, que tende a verificar aos estudantes do sexo masculino maior propensão às condutas disciplinares divergentes, ao mesmo tempo em que supõe ser natural às meninas a receber das formas criadas da ordem escolar.

In this article, we present some results of an ethnographic study on indiscipline in the classroom,  more specifically analyzing the observed concomitance between students' disciplinary conduct and their chances of failing. We analyze this occurrence from a perspective that combines classic sociological variables, such as sex/gender, social class and color/race of students with others more specific to the school context, such as the disciplinary environment and the teacher-student relationship. We problematize the nature of the social interaction process in the classroom, which tends to assign male students with a greater propensity for divergent disciplinary conduct while assuming that it is natural for girls to accept the incorporated forms of the school order. The results show significant differences in the forms of indiscipline practiced by boys and girls, as well as revealing that the more challenging behavior of male students profoundly affects the teacher-student relationship, to the point of affecting the school trajectory of some of them, even in the case of students who manage to reconcile indiscipline with a good performance in studies.

Resumo Este trabalho investiga a presença do efeito disposição em investidores brasileiros no ano de 2020. A base de dados compreende 274 investidores distintos que, em conjunto, realizaram mais de 12 mil transações. Aplica-se a metodologia utilizada por Odean (1998). A partir das carteiras de investimento de cada indivíduo, estima-se a proporção de ganhos e de perdas realizadas e testa-se a hipótese de igualdade dessas proporções. O estudo identificou que os investidores brasileiros estão propícios à influência dessa anomalia comportamental nas suas decisões, ou seja, vendem seus investimentos com ganhos mais rapidamente e mantêm seus investimentos perdedores por mais tempo e que uma posição com lucro possui mais chance de ser vendida do que uma posição com prejuízo. Os resultados não indicam efeito disposição no mês de março, e isso sugere que, em momentos de maior incerteza, investidores buscam limitar perdas, independentemente do lucro ou prejuízo auferido com o ativo.

Abstract This study investigates the disposition effect with regard to Brazilian investors, with focus on the year 2020. The database is composed by more than 12,000 trades by 274 investors. We follow the method of Odean (1998) to estimate the proportions of gains and losses realized and test the null hypothesis of equality of these proportions in each portfolio. The results suggest that Brazilian investors behave in line with the disposition effect. They sell winning stocks too early and hold losing stocks too long. A stock that is gaining value is more likely to be sold from day to day compared to a stock that is losing value. The disposition effect was not found in March, which suggests that investors employed a loss-limit during periods of market stress, no matter if the stock went up or down.

Abstract Objectives To better characterize the role of endoscopic cubital tunnel release in leprosy neuritis and determine whether there is an improvement in pain, sensitivity, and strength with the use of this minimally invasive technique. Methods A total of 44 endoscopic procedures for ulnar nerve decompression at the elbow were performed in patients who were previously diagnosed with leprosy neuritis. The inclusion criteria were surgical indication for ulnar nerve release and clinical treatment failure for 4 weeks in patients with cubital tunnel syndrome who had their ulnar nerve function, whether motor or sensitive, deteriorated progressively despite the treatment with prednisone 1 mg/kg/day and physiotherapy. For endoscopic release, the CTS Relief Kit (Linvatec. Largo, FL, USA) and a standard 4mm 30° arthroscope were used. Results The study included 39 patients, 29 (74.4%) males and 10 (25.6%) females. The age of the patients ranged from 12 to 64 years (33 ± 14.97). Five patients underwent bilateral release. The release demonstrated a statistically significant improvement in pain (p 0.002), in sensitivity (p< 0.001), and in strength (p< 0.001). The best results were obtained when ulnar release was performed less than 6 months after surgery indication. None of the procedures were converted from endoscopic to open. No major complications (infection, vascular injury, and nervous injury) were reported. One patient had ulnar nerve subluxation. Conclusion The endoscopic release of the ulnar nerve at the elbow in leprosy neuritis entails true and safe benefits for the patient, such as improvement in pain, sensitivity and strength.

Resumo Objetivos Os objetivos deste estudo foram caracterizar melhor o papel da liberação endoscópica do túnel cubital na neurite hansênica e determinar se há melhora da dor, sensibilidade e força com esta técnica minimamente invasiva. Métodos Um total de 44 procedimentos endoscópicos para descompressão do nervo ulnar no cotovelo foram realizados em pacientes previamente diagnosticados com neurite por hanseníase. Os critérios de inclusão foram indicação cirúrgica para liberação do nervo ulnar e insucesso do tratamento clínico por 4 semanas em pacientes com síndrome do túnel cubital que sofreram deterioração progressiva da função motora ou sensitiva do nervo ulnar apesar do tratamento de 1 mg/kg/dia de prednisona e fisioterapia. A liberação endoscópica foi realizada com CTS Relief Kit (Linvatec. Largo, FL, EUA) e um artroscópio padrão de 4 mm e 30°. Resultados O estudo incluiu 39 pacientes, sendo 29 (74,4%) homens e 10 (25,6%) mulheres. A idade dos pacientes variou de 12 a 64 anos (33 ± 14,97). Cinco pacientes foram submetidos à liberação bilateral. A liberação provocou melhora estatisticamente significativa de dor (p= 0,002), sensibilidade (p <0,001) e força (p <0,001). Os melhores resultados foram obtidos quando a liberação ulnar foi realizada em menos de 6 meses após a indicação da cirurgia. Nenhum procedimento foi convertido de endoscópico para aberto. Não foram relatadas complicações maiores (infecção, lesão vascular e lesão nervosa). Um paciente apresentou subluxação do nervo ulnar. Conclusão A liberação endoscópica do nervo ulnar no cotovelo na neurite hansênica traz benefícios verdadeiros e seguros para o paciente, como melhora da dor, sensibilidade e força.

ABSTRACT Objective To calculate the positive likelihood ratio to determine whether telemedicine is able to optimize referral to the emergency department. Methods Unicenter study with 182 consecutive patients admitted to Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein due to respiratory symptoms. All patients were submitted to oxygen saturation measurement using the standard method Welch Allyn finger device vital sign monitor and a 2-minute evaluation (Binah.ai mobile application). The reproducibility of oxygen saturation measurements made with both methods was investigated using interclass correlation coefficients and analysis of dispersion. Bland-Altman plots were constructed and kappa concordance coefficients used to examine data normality. Accuracy was also estimated. Results Oxygen saturation measurement differences between methods were ≤2% in more than 85% of cases. The mean difference (bias) between methods was near zero (0.835; Bland-Altman analysis). Oxygen saturation measurements made using the Binah.ai mobile application had an average ability to detect patients with altered oxygen saturation levels compared to the conventional method (ROC analysis). The positive likelihood ratio of the mobile application was 6.23. Conclusion Mobile applications for oxygen saturation measurement are accessible user-friendly tools with moderate impact on clinical telemedicine evaluation of patients with respiratory symptoms, and may optimize referral to the emergency department.

Abstract WC-Co cutting tools are widely used by the metalworking industry. In order to improve the properties of these tools, research on the application of wear-resistant coatings, such as polycrystalline diamond, are of great importance to several applications. It is known that the occurrence of high-stress levels between the coating and the substrate can lead to adhesion failures. One strategy to minimize these failures is applying an intermediate layer of SiC. In this work, the deposition of a SiC layer was carried out by a novel two-step laser cladding approach. Instead of cladding directly the pre-synthesized SiC on the substrates, a 200 µm silicon powder layer was pre-deposited on the WC-Co substrates and then irradiated with a 30 W CO2 laser. To improve metallurgical bonding between the tungsten and the Si layer, all substrates were chemically attacked. This attack allows cobalt removal from the surface and increases surface roughness, improving the laser cladding process. After the SiC laser cladding, samples were coated with a 200 µm graphite powder layer and irradiated again by a CO2 laser. The samples were characterized by SEM, EDS, and XRD analysis. The results showed that in the first step, an irradiation energy of about 0.27 J was enough to fuse the silicon powder to the substrate and in the second step, 0.13 J was enough to promote the reaction between silicon, carbon and the WC substrate, resulting in the in-situ synthesis of SiC. Finally, a new method was proposed for the deposition of SiC on WC-Co based substrates and the observed results allowed the proposal of an empirical equation to describe the chemical reactions of the process.

Abstract The purpose of this study was to compare the outcomes of a modified gingival graft technique, in which the released flap is positioned and sutured over the graft, with the conventional free gingival graft (FGG) procedure, when both are used for gingival augmentation. A 12-month, multicenter parallel randomized controlled trial was conducted. Subjects with buccal RT2 gingival recessions and keratinized tissue width (KTW) < 2 mm in at least one mandibular incisor were randomized to control group (n = 20; conventional FGG) or test group (n = 20; modified FGG; flap sutured over FGG using sling sutures). The primary outcome (KTW) was measured at baseline and after 3, 6 and 12 months, as was keratinized tissue thickness (KTT). Postoperative pain (POP) and analgesic intake were also recorded. Both techniques promoted a significant increase in KTW and KTT when compared to baseline (p < 0.05) with no significant differences between groups (KTW change of 6.1±1.5 mm and 5.4±1.6 mm, for control and test, respectively; p=0.16). However, test group patients reported less POP after 7 days and used less analgesic medication than control group patients (p < 0.05). We concluded that the modified FGG was comparable to conventional FGG in augmenting keratinized tissue width and thickness at mandibular incisors, but resulted in less patient morbidity.

Resumo O artigo contribui para a interlocução entre teoria institucional e marketing. Para isso, apresenta um tema de pesquisa ascendente: a institucionalização de mercados. Com base nele, propõe uma agenda de pesquisa com questões relativas aos pilares de legitimidade, às lógicas institucionais, aos mercados contestados e à espacialidade de mercados. Ao detalhar tópicos de pesquisa ainda pouco explorados, busca refinar o conhecimento sobre a institucionalização de mercados. O estudo sugere ainda que mercados podem servir de contexto para os seguintes assuntos: armas legais, jogo do bicho, apostas esportivas, xenotransplante, veículos à combustão, consumo de carne bovina, maconha e insetos comestíveis. Ao indicar mercados contemporâneos cuja institucionalização ainda não é bem entendida, detalha-se como a teorização na formação e na transformação de mercado pode avançar com a investigação sobre eles. A realidade brasileira se mostra convidativa para pesquisas que abordem tais temas, seja analisando o contexto em si, seja em conjunto com outras circunstâncias espaciais. Dessa forma, o artigo fomenta a discussão sobre mecanismos locais e supralocais na institucionalização de mercados, contribuindo para o conjunto de trabalhos que vêm chamando a atenção para a dimensão espacial na formação e na transformação de mercados. Conclui-se que os tópicos e as questões de pesquisa sugeridos possibilitam ricas discussões sobre as oportunidades de diálogo entre teoria institucional e marketing, bem como podem avançar no conhecimento sobre a institucionalização de diferentes mercados contemporâneos.

Abstract This article contributes to the literature that establishes a conversation between institutional theory and marketing by focusing on a topic of growing interest: market institutionalization. It suggests a research agenda related to legitimacy, institutional logic, contested markets, and market spatiality. This agenda explains under-researched topics and suggests future studies to refine knowledge about market institutionalization. We also highlight types of markets to be investigated, such as legal weapons, jogo do bicho (an illegal Brazilian gambling game), sports betting, xenotransplant, fossil fuel cars, beef consumption, marijuana, and edible insects. In these markets, institutionalization is still unclear. Therefore, the theorization about the formation and transformation of these markets can further our knowledge about them. Finally, this article argues that the Brazilian context is fertile to research these topics, either analyzing it on its own or with other spatial contexts. It concludes by suggesting that the topic and research questions suggested here enable a richer conversation between institutional theory and marketing. Moreover, it can advance our understanding of the institutionalization of different types of contemporaneous markets.

Resumen Este artículo contribuye al diálogo entre la teoría institucional y el marketing al enfocarse en un tema de creciente interés: la institucionalización de mercados. Propone una agenda de investigación con cuestiones relacionadas con los pilares de legitimidad, las lógicas institucionales, los mercados en disputa y la espacialidad del mercado. Al detallar temas de investigación aún poco explorados, busca refinar el conocimiento sobre la institucionalización de mercados. Este artículo también sugiere qué mercados pueden servir de contexto para investigar temas como armas legales, diversos juegos de apuestas, xenotrasplante, vehículos de combustión, consumo de carne de res, marihuana e insectos comestibles. Al señalar mercados contemporáneos cuya institucionalización aún no se comprende bien, se detalla cómo la teoría sobre la formación y transformación del mercado puede hacer avanzar la investigación sobre estos. Finalmente, este artículo argumenta que el contexto brasileño es fértil para investigar sobre estos temas, ya sea analizando el contexto en sí o en conjunto con otras circunstancias espaciales. Se concluye que los temas y las preguntas de investigación sugeridas permiten enriquecer las discusiones sobre oportunidades de diálogo entre la teoría institucional y el marketing, así como avanzar en el conocimiento sobre la institucionalización de diferentes mercados contemporáneos.

RESUMO Introdução: o Brasil é líder mundial em cirurgia bariátrica. No entanto, o número de cirurgias realizadas no país ainda é desconhecido. É necessário um instrumento para monitorar a qualidade da assistência prestada. Este estudo avaliou a implantação de um Registro de Dados de Cirurgia Bariátrica no Brasil. Metodologia: O registro foi desenvolvido com a Dendrite Clinical Systems Ltd., com dados coletados prospectivamente em software na internet. Sete centros foram selecionados, baseado no volume cirúrgico e compromisso de inserção de dados. O projeto abrangeu três anos após implementação. Resultados: foram incluídos 1.363 procedimentos realizados por 17 cirurgiões. A maioria dos pacientes eram mulheres (67,2%), com idade média de 39 anos e IMC basal médio de 41,5kg/m2. Diabetes mellitus estava presente em 34,5% e hipertensão em 40,1%. Bypass gástrico em Y de Roux foi realizado em 79,3%, 95,5% por laparoscopia. Houve um óbito hospitalar de causa cardiovascular. A média de permanência hospitalar foi de 2,03 dias. A taxa de complicações relacionadas à cirurgia foi 0,97% no primeiro mês, com três reoperações. Seguimento de curto prazo foi registrado em 75,6% e de um ano em 21,64%. A perda de peso corporal total foi de 10% em 30 dias, aumentando para 33,3% após um ano, sem diferença entre técnicas cirúrgicas. Conclusões: o perfil populacional está de acordo com o registro global da IFSO. A principal dificuldade encontrada foi a baixa inserção de dados pós-operatórios. A experiência adquirida neste projeto ajudará no conhecimento da segurança e eficácia da cirurgia bariátrica no Brasil.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Brazil is a world leader in bariatric surgery. However, the actual number of surgeries performed in the country is still unknown. It is necessary to implement an instrument to monitor the quality of care provided. This study evaluated the implementation of a Bariatric Surgery Data Registry in Brazil. Methodology: the registry was developed with Dendrite Clinical Systems Ltd., with data collected prospectively on an internet-based software. Seven centers were selected based on surgical volume and data entry commitment. The project covered three years after system implementation. Results: 1,363 procedures performed by 17 surgeons were included. Most patients were female (67.2%), with average age of 39 years old and average baseline BMI of 41.5kg/m2. Diabetes mellitus was present in 34.5%, and hypertension in 40.1%. Roux-en-Y gastric bypass was performed in 79.3%, 95.5% by laparoscopy. There was one in-hospital death of cardiovascular cause. The average hospital stay was 2.03 days. The surgery-related complication rate was 0.97% in the first month, with three reoperations. Short-term follow-up was recorded in 75.6% and one-year follow-up in 21.64%. Total body weight loss was 10% in 30 days, rising to 33.3% after one year, with no difference between surgical techniques. Conclusions: the population profile was in accordance with the global registry of the International Federation for the Surgery of Obesity and Metabolic Disorders. The main difficulty encountered was low postoperative data entry. The experience acquired in this project will help advance data collection and knowledge of the safety and effectiveness of bariatric surgery in Brazil.

ABSTRACT Agroforestry systems have the potential to increase soil organic matter, with effects on soil carbon and nitrogen contents, but information on the application of these systems in semi-arid regions is still scarce. This study aimed to analyze soil carbon and nitrogen stocks in the conversion of native forest from the Caatinga Biome into integrated agriculture systems in the Brazilian semi-arid region. We evaluated the following management systems in the Haplic Inceptisol (Cambissolo Háplico eutrófico): (1) Intercropping area, cultivated with corn and Massai grass; (2) Caatinga (natural vegetation); (3) AFS10: agroforestry system with native woody forest rows occupying 33 % and agriculture occupying 66 % of the total area; and (4) AFS20: agroforestry system presenting inverse proportions of AFS10. The agroforestry systems were intercropped with sorghum or millet, pigeon pea and Massai grass. We collected disturbed and undisturbed soil samples at the layers of 0.00-0.10; 0.10-0.20; 0.20-0.40, 0.40-0.60 and 0.60-1.00 m for analysis of carbon (SOC), nitrogen (N), soil bulk density, and calculation of SOC and N stocks and C/N ratio, two years after the conversion of natural vegetation to the agricultural area (intercropping) and agroforestry system (AFS10 and AFS20). We applied principal component and cluster analysis to explore the data, and confidence interval to compare the means of accumulated SOC and N stocks up to 1 m soil depth. No differences exist for the properties analysed in superficial layers (0.00-0.10 and 0.10-0.20 m), regardless of land-use systems. AFS20 increase the SOC content and, consequently, SOC stock, in subsurface layers; on the other hand, intercropping increases N content and N stock. AFS20 presented higher accumulated SOC stocks up to 1.00 m (114.97 Mg ha-1). Agroforestry systems management is an alternative for increasing carbon sequestration under the conversion from Caatinga to agricultural areas.

ABSTRACT Podzols are highly sandy soils, in which elements, such as potassium, needed by crops, are easily leached. Studies have indicated that biochar can contribute to increasing cation exchange capacity of the soil, which can improve the retention of bases. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the poultry litter biochar combined or not with increasing doses of KCl, on leaching and soil base content, on the production of green manure biomass, and on the distribution of K in the soil-water-plant system. A 2 × 3 factorial experiment was conducted in randomized blocks with 6 repetitions: without and with biochar (1% v / v, produced from poultry litter) × without K, with 53.65 and 107.30 mg dm-3 of K (as KCl). The experiment was carried out in four steps: Step 1) Soil incubation with the treatments (for 20 days) followed by chemical analysis of the soil; Step 2) First leaching: the containers (made with PVC with 0.30 m high) received the newly incubated soil in the surface layer and soil without treatment in the subsurface layer. The containers received water until saturation plus 50 % of the total pore volume and the leached water was collected and analyzed; Step 3) Cultivation of green manure (Mucuna aterrima) in the containers of Step 2 and harvest within 40 days (evaluation of biomass and K content); Step 4) after the mucuna harvest, the containers were subjected to second leaching. The leaching solution and the soil from the surface and subsurface layers were collected for chemical analysis. Biochar increased the pH, cationic exchange capacity, P, K, Ca, and Mg levels in the newly incubated soil, in the surface and subsurface layer. The increasing doses of KCl proportionally increased biomass production and K accumulation in green manure, and the biochar increased this response and reduces the need for potassium fertilization by 50 %. With biochar, the accumulation of total K in the soil-plant-water system increases by 125 % and, in the soil-plant system, by 145 %. Biochar changes the K ratio in the soil-plant-water system. With biochar, proportionally, the highest accumulated percentage of K occurred mainly in the soil surface and subsurface layer, and did not result in higher percentages of K in the leached water. Biochar produced from poultry litter can be used as a good alternative to improve the chemical properties of Podzols and reduce nutrient losses.

Resumo Com o objetivo de avaliar a qualidade microbiológica de águas e ostras de bancos naturais e ostreiculturas localizados na ilha de São Luís (MA), foram analisadas no período de setembro de 2020 a fevereiro de 2021 60 amostras, sendo 30 de água e 30 de ostras (Crassostrea sp.), coletadas diretamente com os marisqueiros e proprietários de cultivos nos municípios da ilha de São Luís. Para a determinação de coliformes totais e Escherichia coli nas amostras de água, foi utilizado o método rápido Colilert®. A contagem de coliformes totais e termotolerantes em ostras foi realizada pelo método do número mais provável (NMP) e de E. coli por testes bioquímicos (Indol, VM, VP, Citrato). A enumeração de Staphylococcus coagulase positiva ocorreu pelo meio Baird Parker para isolamento e identificação, assim como por testes bioquímicos. A média geométrica do resultado da contagem de E. coli nas amostras de água variou entre 604,3 e 1.130,8 NMP/100 mL, indicando qualidade microbiológica insatisfatória. Quanto às amostras de ostras, oito (26,7%) das 30 amostras estavam impróprias para consumo, sendo quatro (13,3%) contaminadas por Salmonella sp. e E. coli, respectivamente. Segundo a Resolução da Diretoria Colegiada nº 331/19 e a Instrução Normativa nº 60 da Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária, os resultados são preocupantes para a saúde pública, e recomendam-se ações mitigadoras, como o monitoramento regular da qualidade microbiológica da água.

ABSTRACT In order to evaluate the microbiological quality of water and oysters from natural banks and oyster farms located on the Island of São Luís, Maranhão (MA), 60 samples were analyzed from September 2020 to February 2021, 30 of water and 30 of oysters (Crassostrea sp.), collected directly from shellfish farmers and owners of oyster farms in the municipalities of the Island of São Luís, MA. For the determination of total coliforms and Escherichia coli in the water samples the Colilert® rapid method was used. For the enumeration of total and thermotolerant coliforms in oysters the Most Probable Number (MPN) method was used and E. coli by biochemical tests (Indol, MV, VP, Citrate). The enumeration of coagulase positive Staphylococcus was performed using Baird Parker medium for isolation and identification, as well as biochemical tests. The geometric mean result of E. coli counts in the water samples ranged from 604.3 to 1,130.8 MPN/100mL, indicating unsatisfactory microbiological quality. As for the oyster samples, 8 (26.7%) out of 30 samples were unfit for consumption, and 4 (13.3%) were contaminated by Salmonella sp. and E. coli, respectively. According to RDC No. 331/19 and IN No. 60 of ANVISA, the results are worrisome for public health and mitigating actions are recommended, such as regular monitoring of the microbiological quality of the water.

ABSTRACT Objective To estimate the prevalence of syphilis and its associated factors in women who were treated at public maternity hospitals and received prenatal care in a primary healthcare unit. Methods This cross-sectional study included 399 postpartum women. Interviews were conducted, and additional data were extracted from the pregnant woman’s booklet, medical records, and printed tests. The dependent variable was a gestational syphilis diagnosis. The independent variables were grouped into socioeconomic and demographic, behavioral, reproductive, and prenatal blocks. The prevalence, prevalence ratios, and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were calculated. The χ 2 test was also performed (p≤0.05). Multivariate analysis was performed using Poisson regression models. Results The prevalence of gestational syphilis was 9.61% (95%CI: 7.14-12.83). We identified the following determining factors (adjusted prevalence ratios): history of sexually transmitted infections (2.3), first sexual intercourse by the age of 15 (2.42), partner having a history of syphilis (5.98), partner using crack/cocaine (6.42) and marijuana and others (3.02), not having a partner (3.07), low income (2.85), history of stillbirth (5.21), beginning prenatal care in the third trimester (3.15), and prenatal care received in a primary healthcare unit (without a Family Health Strategy team) (0.35). Conclusion Individual and prenatal factors were associated with gestational syphilis. To control congenital syphilis, targeted interventions are needed to control syphilis in the adult population including expansion of access to quality prenatal care with identification of risks for syphilis and connection between prevention and treatment actions, implementation of strategies focused on early sexual education, effective establish prenatal care involving both partners, and effective implementation of the National Men’s Health Policy (PNAISH - Política Nacional de Atenção Integral à Saúde dos Homens ).

Resumo O impacto do exercício de alta velocidade no sistema musculoesquelético de cavalos de corrida jovens tem sido amplamente discutido devido a preocupações com a saúde e o bem-estar animal. Este estudo investigou a correlação entre idade, grau de ossificação da epífise radial distal, sexo e longevidade da carreira de cavalos Puro Sangue Inglês de corrida no Brasil de 2012 a 2015. Realizamos uma avaliação retrospectiva de 286 radiografias dorsopalmar da região radiocarpica esquerda de cavalos jovens e seu desempenho de corrida. O fechamento epifisário radial distal foi classificado em três graus decrescentes: A, B ou C. Os dados de desempenho incluíram o número de corridas disputadas, duração da carreira atlética e o número de corridas por mês. As variáveis foram submetidas à análise de regressão. No momento do exame radiográfico, os cavalos machos eram significativamente mais velhos que as fêmeas, e os cavalos com graus de fechamento epifisário diferiram com a idade. A idade na primeira corrida foi de 33,08±3,81 meses, a média de corridas disputadas foi de 18,32±15,14 corridas, a duração da carreira atlética foi de 20,37±13,82 meses e o número de corridas realizadas por mês foi de 0,93±0,46 corridas. A idade influenciou (P>0,001) o fechamento da epífise radial distal em cavalos de corrida, mas o sexo não (P=0,218 para machos e P=0,275 para fêmeas). Uma associação inversa foi observada entre a idade na primeira corrida, o número de corridas disputadas por mês e a duração da carreira atlética. A frequência de corrida e a idade na primeira corrida influenciaram a duração da carreira atlética.

Abstract The impact of high-speed exercise on the musculoskeletal system of young racehorses has been extensively discussed because of concerns regarding animal health and welfare. This study investigated the correlation between age, degree of ossification of the distal radial epiphysis, sex, and career longevity of Thoroughbred racehorses in Brazil from 2012 to 2015. We performed a retrospective evaluation of 286 dorsopalmar radiographs of the left radiocarpal region of young horses and their racing performance. Distal radial epiphyseal closure was classified into three degrees: A, B, or C. Performance data included the number of races raced, athletic career length, and the number of races per month. The variables were subjected to regression analysis. At the time of radiographic examination, male horses were significantly older than females, and horses with epiphyseal closure degrees differed with age. Age at first race was 33.08±3.81 months, the average of races raced was 18.32±15.14 races, athletic career duration was 20.37±13.82 months, and the number of races raced per month was 0.93±0.46 races. Age influenced (P>0.001) the distal radial epiphyseal closure on racehorses, but sex did not (P=0.218 for males and P=0.275 for females). An inverse association was observed between age at the first race, the number of races raced per month, and athletic career duration. The frequency of race and the age at the first race influenced athletic career duration.