ABSTRACT: This study evaluated the effect of black wattle (Acacia mearnsii) condensed tannin extract in simple and complex diets for weaned piglets on performance, faecal consistency and serum haptoglobin concentrations. Eighty-eight female and castrated male piglets were used, weaned at 28 ± 3 days old, with an initial body weight of 8.02 ± 1.21 kg, housed in same-sex pairs and distributed in four treatments in a 2 x 2 factorial experiment in a randomised complete block design. The experimental treatments were simple diet (SD), simple diet + tannin (SD+T), complex diet (CD) and complex diet + tannin (CD+T). The simple diets contained lower concentrations of dairy ingredients, inclusion of barley and no addition of zinc oxide, palatant, acidifier and yeast. The diets with tannin were supplemented with 1,850 mg kg-1 of black wattle condensed tannin extract. The feed programme consisted of three diets: Pre-starter I (0-7 days), Pre-starter II (8-21 days) and Starter (22-28 days). Feed and water were available ad libitum. Body weight and feed intake were measured weekly to calculate the average daily feed intake, daily weight gain and feed conversion ratio. The faecal consistency score was measured daily to calculate the diarrhoea occurrence percentage. Blood samples for serum haptoglobin concentration were collected at 7 and 14 days after weaning. The addition of condensed tannin had no effect (P > 0.05) on evaluated performance variables for weaned piglets. The diet type also did not affect the piglets’ performance (P > 0.05). The inclusion of black wattle (Acacia mearnsii) condensed tannin does not affect piglet performance, reduces the incidence of diarrhoea in the first week after weaning and decreases the haptoglobin inflammatory response.

RESUMO: O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o efeito de extrato de tanino condensado de acácia-negra (Acacia mearnsii) no desempenho, consistência fecal e concentração sérica de haptoglobina em leitões na fase de creche. Foram utilizados 88 leitões desmamados aos 28±3 dias, com peso vivo médio inicial 8,02 ± 1,21 kg, alojados em duplas de mesmo sexo, e distribuídos em quatro tratamentos em um delineamento de blocos inteiramente ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 2 x 2. Os tratamentos experimentais foram: dieta simples (SD); dieta simples + tanino (SD+T); dieta complexa (CD) e dieta complexa + tanino (CD+T). As dietas simples foram formuladas com menores concentrações de derivados de leite, inclusão de cevada e sem adição de óxido de zinco, palatabilizante e levedura. As dietas com inclusão de tanino foram suplementadas com 1850 mg kg-1 de extrato concentrado de tanino de acácia negra. O programa alimentar foi constituído de três dietas: Pré-inicial I (0 a 7 dias), Pré-inicial II (8 a 21 dias) e Inicial (22 a 28 dias). Ração e água ficaram disponíveis ad libitum. O peso e o consumo de ração dos leitões foram mensurados semanalmente, para calcular a média diária de consumo, o ganho de peso diário e a conversão alimentar. O índice de consistência fecal foi medido diariamente para calcular a porcentagem de ocorrência de diarreia. Amostras de sangue para concentração sérica de haptoglobina foram coletadas aos sete e 14 dias após o desmame. A adição de tanino condensado não teve efeito (P > 0,05) no desempenho de leitões desmamados. O tipo de dieta também não afetou o desempenho dos leitões (P > 0,05). A inclusão do tanino condensado de acácia-negra (Acacia mearnsii) não afetou desempenho, reduziu a incidência de diarreia na primeira semana após o desmame, e diminuiu a resposta inflamatória da haptoglobina.

ABSTRACT Objective: To study associations between polymorphisms in the angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE I/D), actinin 3 (ACTN3 R577X) and paraoxonase 1 (PON1 T(-107)C) genes and chronic diseases (diabetes and hypertension) in women. Materials and methods: Genomic DNA was extracted from saliva samples of 78 women between 18 and 59 years old used for genetic polymorphism screening. Biochemical data were collected from the medical records in Basic Health Units from Southern Brazil. Questionnaires about food consumption, physical activity level and socioeconomic status were applied. Results: The XX genotype of ACTN3 was associated with low HDL levels and high triglycerides, total cholesterol and glucose levels. Additionally, high triglycerides and LDL levels were observed in carriers of the TT genotype of PON1, and lower total cholesterol levels were associated to the CC genotype. As expected, women with diabetes/hypertense had increased body weight, BMI (p = 0.02), waist circumference (p = 0.01), body fat percentage, blood pressure (p = 0.02), cholesterol, triglycerides (p = 0.02), and blood glucose (p = 0.01), when compared to the control group. Conclusion: Both ACTN3 R577X and PON1 T(-107)C polymorphisms are associated with nutritional status and blood glucose and lipid levels in women with diabetes/hypertense. These results contribute to genetic knowledge about predisposition to obesity-related diseases.

RESUMEN La utilización de mecanismos como la transmisión de datos por ondas ultrasónicas, puede permitir que malintencionados logren obtener datos personales de un sistema de cómputo, lo que podría constituir un delito informático. El objetivo de este artículo es demostrar cómo es posible filtrar información a través del ultrasonido, haciendo uso de los sistemas periféricos de estaciones de trabajo, con lo cual se podrían obtener datos personales generando un problema de confidencialidad y un posible delito. Para ello, el método utilizado fue realizar una caracterización de componentes informáticos, construir un software de apoyo para el envío y recepción de datos por ultrasonido (en una frecuencia por encima de los 18000 Hz), haciendo uso de los altavoces de un equipo computacional y la recepción datos fue desde otro equipo portátil, las pruebas fueron realizadas en un ambiente controlado con bajo ruido. Como resultado, se pudo transferir información a través de elementos computacionales básicos, aunque con alguna pérdida de paquetes, pero funcional para el cumplimiento del objetivo propuesto. Con lo cual, se concluye que es posible, a través de ultrasonido, filtrar datos y que alguna de esta información puede generar un delito informático a la luz de la Ley 1273 de 2009 en Colombia.

RESUMO A utilização de mecanismos como a transmissão de dados por ondas ultrassônicas pode permitir que indivíduos mal-intencionados obtenham dados pessoais de um sistema informático, o que pode constituir um crime informático. O objetivo deste artigo é demonstrar como é possível filtrar informações por meio de ultrassom, utilizando sistemas periféricos de estações de trabalho, com os quais podem ser obtidos dados pessoais, o que cria um problema de confidencialidade. Para isso, foi realizada uma caracterização dos componentes do computador, foi construído um software de suporte para enviar e receber dados de ultrassom (na frequência superior a 18000 Hz), utilizando os alto-falantes de um equipamento computacional e foi realizada a recepção. Dados de outro laptop, os testes foram realizados em um ambiente controlado de baixo ruído. Consequentemente, a informação pode ser transferida através de elementos computacionais básicos, embora com alguma perda de pacotes, mas funcional para o cumprimento do objetivo proposto, com o qual é possível que parte desta informação filtrada possa gerar um crime informático de acordo com a Lei 1273 na Colômbia.

ABSTRACT The use of mechanisms such as the transmission of data by ultrasonic waves can allow malicious personnel to obtain personal data from a computer system, which could constitute a computer crime. The objective of this article is to demonstrate how it is possible to filter information through ultrasound, using workstation peripheral systems, with which personal data could be obtained, which generates a confidentiality problem. For this, the method used was to perform a characterization of the computer components, a support software was built for sending and receiving ultrasound data (at a frequency greater than 18000 Hz), using the speakers of a computer equipment and the reception of data was from another laptop, the tests were performed in a controlled environment with low noise level. As a result, it was possible to transfer information through basic computational elements, although with some packet loss, but functional for the fulfillment of the proposed objective, with which it is concluded that it is possible that part of this leaked information could generate a computer crime through the light of Law 1273 in Colombia.

Abstract Objective: To assess intra- and interobserver agreement among non-expert pathologists in identifying features of the eosinophilic esophagitis histologic scoring system (EoEHSS) in pediatric patients. Patients and methods: The authors used 50 slides from patients (aged 1-15 years; 72% male) with EoE. EoEHSS evaluates eosinophilic inflammation and other features including epithelial basal zone hyperplasia, eosinophilic abscesses, eosinophil surface layering, dilated intercellular spaces, surface epithelial alteration, dyskeratotic epithelial cells, and lamina propria fibrosis. Grade and stage of abnormalities are scored using a 4-point scale (0 normal; 3 maximum change). Four pathologists determined EoEHSS findings on two occasions. Intra- and interobserver agreement was assessed using Kappa (κ) statistics and intra-class correlation coefficients. Results: Intra- and interobserver agreement for the identification of eosinophil counts ≥ 15/high power field (HPF) was excellent, however varied when assessing additional features of the EoEHSS. For the more experienced pathologist, agreement for most EoEHSS items and the composite scores was substantial to excellent. For the less experienced pathologists, intraobserver agreement ranged from absent to substantial for individual features and ranged from moderate to substantial for the composite scores. Conclusion: Most items of the EoEHSS had substantial to excellent reliability when assessed by a pathologist experienced in the diagnosis of EoE but presented lower repeatability among less experienced pathologists. These findings suggest that specific training of pathologists is required for the identification of EoEHSS characteristics beyond eosinophil count, as these features are considered useful in the evaluation of response to treatment and correlation with clinical manifestations and endoscopic findings.

RESUMO Empresas fornecedoras de Zamac reciclam sucatas de peças técnicas provenientes do processo produtivo de zamac injetado sob pressão e revestido por eletrodeposição. No entanto, somente 35% da sucata enviada para beneficiamento é reciclada e retorna para o processo produtivo como matéria-prima. Levando em consideração que a matéria-prima é um dos principais custos das empresas, o reaproveitamento de sucata representa uma oportunidade de economia para o processo fabril. Com isso, o objetivo desse trabalho foi verificar a viabilidade de fundição de sucatas de peças técnicas como matéria-prima para a fabricação de peças para o mercado da moda. A sucata foi analisada quanto à composição química, microestrutura e características térmicas. A sucata foi fundida sob pressão para produção de componentes para calçados e acessórios (elementos estéticos como fivelas e enfeites). Para comparação, enfeites e fivelas foram obtidos com matéria-prima virgem. Os enfeites e fivelas foram analisados quanto à microestrutura, resistência à corrosão e propriedades mecânicas. As amostras fundidas com uso de sucata responderam de forma satisfatória a todos os ensaios e, em alguns casos, de maneira superior às peças de controle, que foram fundidas com matéria-prima virgem. Assim, constatou-se que a sucata oriunda de peças técnicas pode ser usada como matéria-prima para produção de peças e acessórios para o setor de moda e, neste contexto, representa uma possibilidade de redução de custo de fabricação.

ABSTRACT Zamak supplier companies recycle scraps of technical parts from the production process of zamak injected under pressure and coated with electrodeposition. However, only 35% of the scrap sent for processing is recycled and returns to the production process as raw material. Taking into account that raw material is one of the main costs of companies, the reuse of scrap represents an opportunity to save the manufacturing process. With that, the objective of this work was to verify the viability of casting scraps of technical parts as raw material for the manufacture of parts for the fashion market. The scrap was analyzed for chemical composition, microstructure and thermal characteristics. The scrap was melted under pressure to produce components for shoes and accessories (aesthetic elements such as buckles and ornaments). For comparison, ornaments and buckles were obtained from virgin raw material. The ornaments and buckles were analyzed for microstructure, corrosion resistance and mechanical properties. Samples cast using scrap responded satisfactorily to all tests and, in some cases, better than control parts, which were cast with virgin raw material. Thus, it was found that scrap from technical parts can be used as raw material for the production of parts and accessories for the fashion sector and, in this context, it represents a possibility of reducing manufacturing costs.

Abstract Associations of the activity of the paraoxonase 1 (PON1) enzyme with boar sperm quality still needs to be characterized, since boar ejaculates present distinct portions with differences in sperm concentration and quality. This study evaluated PON1 activity in the serum, in the distinct portions of boar ejaculates and estimated correlations with sperm quality parameters. Ejaculates and blood samples were collected from six boars for three weeks (two per week per boar; n = 36). Serum and post-spermatic portion PON1 activities were positively correlated (P = 0.01) but were both uncorrelated with the PON1 activity in the sperm-rich portion and in the whole ejaculate (P > 0.05). Differences in PON1 activity among boars were only observed in the sperm-rich portion of the ejaculate (P < 0.05). The PON1 activity in the serum and in the post-spermatic portion was generally negatively correlated with parameters of spermatozoa kinetics (P < 0.05). In the sperm-rich portion, PON1 activity was positively correlated with sperm concentration (P < 0.0001), curvilinear distance and velocity (both P < 0.05) and DNA integrity (P < 0.05), but negatively correlated with straightness and linearity (P < 0.05). Thus, boar ejaculates with increased PON1 activity in the sperm-rich portion may present increased concentration and spermatozoa with acceptable curvilinear velocity and distance and DNA integrity, which suggests that PON1 activity may be a biomarker for potential fertility.

ABSTRACT Objectives: Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) is an enzyme that has antioxidant potential, which confers a protective effect against the atherosclerotic process. However, studies associating genetics, dietary patterns and PON1 activity in individuals with cardiovascular disease (CVD) are scarce. Thus, the aim of the current study was to evaluate the influence of dietary factors on serum PON1 in CVD patients. Subjects and methods: Cross-sectional, sub-study of the BALANCE Program Trial. All patients aged 45 years or older and had evidence of established atherosclerotic disease in the preceding 10 years. Body weight, height, waist circumference, blood pressure, lipid profile and fasting glucose were collected. Food intake was assessed with 24-h dietary recall. Data was analyzed using SAS University Edition and a P value ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Sample was divided into three groups, according to the PON1 T(-107)C genotype (CC, CT and TT) and serum PON1 activity (Low, Medium, High). Results: There were no genotype differences for major factors. However, the systolic blood pressure was lower for CT individuals (p<0.05). Intake of cholesterol, saturated fatty acids (SFA) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAS) was higher in patients with lower PON1 activity. Lipid ingestion tended to be higher in patients with lower PON1 activity (p=0.08). In the multivariate logistic regression model, SFA intake (P=0.03), genotype (P=0.09), gender (P=0.04), age (P=0.07) and carbohydrate intake (P=0.16) contributed the most to the serum PON1 activity. Conclusion: Based on these findings, nutritional guidance for these patients becomes essential, since dietary components interact with serum PON1 activity more than genotype.

ABSTRACT Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the serum activity of PON1 in women according to SNPs L55M and T-107C and diet composition. Materials and methods: Blood and serum samples from 26 women were used. DNA extraction, PCR and digestion with restriction enzymes of the PCR fragment were performed for genotyping the PON1 SNPs T-107C and L55M. Serum PON1 activity was measured in a single time point. Patients completed the semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire and diet composition was estimated. Results: Genotypic distribution for L55M SNP was 56% for the LL genotype, 32% for LM and 12% for MM; for the PON1 C(-107)T SNP it was 28% for the TT genotype, 41% for CT and 31% for CC. Individuals with C and L alleles had higher serum PON1 activity. Combining the two SNPs, we observed that individuals carrying the LL and CC genotypes had twice the activity of carriers of the TT and MM genotypes. Considering food intake, no significant difference was observed between genotypes and intake levels. Conclusion: PON1 T(-107)C and L55M SNPs exert a strong effect on serum PON1 activity in an additive manner and are more important than diet to predict serum PON1 activity.

Resumo O artigo tem como objetivo identificar características sociodemográficas e assistenciais de idosos dependentes, cuidadores formais e familiares em municípios de diferentes regiões brasileiras. Realizou-se um estudo transversal com amostra de 175 pessoas, sendo 64 idosos, 27 cuidadores formais e 84 cuidadores familiares. Foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas, com questões específicas para cada grupo sobre a temática do cuidado e dependência. A maioria dos idosos era do sexo feminino, com idade igual ou maior a 80 anos, com baixa escolaridade e dependente há quatro anos ou mais. Os idosos relataram sentimentos de solidão, apontaram dificuldades na assistência médica e 29% tinham acesso apenas a ações da Atenção Primária à Saúde. Entre os cuidadores familiares, encontrou-se desigualdades, sobrecargas, adoecimentos e problemas sociais. Entre os formais predominou o sexo feminino, a raça negra, sem vínculo legal de trabalho, pouca ou nenhuma formação para a função e baixa remuneração; o cuidado associou-se aos afazeres domésticos. Conclui-se que perduram as desigualdades de gênero e raça no cuidado às pessoas idosas em situação de dependência. Observou-se também que a rigidez dos papeis sociais atribuídos a homens e mulheres no Brasil persistem nas dinâmicas familiares e laborais no cuidado ao idoso dependente.

Abstract This paper aims to identify sociodemographic and care characteristics of dependent older adults, formal and family caregivers in municipalities from different Brazilian regions. A cross-sectional study was carried out with a sample of 175 people, of whom 64 were older adults, 27 formal caregivers, and 84 family caregivers. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with specific questions for each group on the theme of care and dependence. Most older adults were female, aged 80 years or older, with low education and have been dependent for four years or more. Older adults reported feelings of loneliness, pointed out difficulties in medical care, and 29% had only access to Primary Health Care actions. Inequalities, burden, illnesses, and social problems were found among family caregivers. Black females with no formal employment, little or no training for the function, and low remuneration predominated among formal caregivers, and care was associated with domestic chores. We can conclude that gender and race inequalities persist in the care of dependent older adults, and we observed that the rigid social roles assigned to men and women in Brazil persist in the family and work dynamics in caring for the dependent older adults.

Resumo O artigo tem como objetivo identificar características sociodemográficas e assistenciais de idosos dependentes, cuidadores formais e familiares em municípios de diferentes regiões brasileiras. Realizou-se um estudo transversal com amostra de 175 pessoas, sendo 64 idosos, 27 cuidadores formais e 84 cuidadores familiares. Foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas, com questões específicas para cada grupo sobre a temática do cuidado e dependência. A maioria dos idosos era do sexo feminino, com idade igual ou maior a 80 anos, com baixa escolaridade e dependente há quatro anos ou mais. Os idosos relataram sentimentos de solidão, apontaram dificuldades na assistência médica e 29% tinham acesso apenas a ações da Atenção Primária à Saúde. Entre os cuidadores familiares, encontrou-se desigualdades, sobrecargas, adoecimentos e problemas sociais. Entre os formais predominou o sexo feminino, a raça negra, sem vínculo legal de trabalho, pouca ou nenhuma formação para a função e baixa remuneração; o cuidado associou-se aos afazeres domésticos. Conclui-se que perduram as desigualdades de gênero e raça no cuidado às pessoas idosas em situação de dependência. Observou-se também que a rigidez dos papeis sociais atribuídos a homens e mulheres no Brasil persistem nas dinâmicas familiares e laborais no cuidado ao idoso dependente.

Abstract This paper aims to identify sociodemographic and care characteristics of dependent older adults, formal and family caregivers in municipalities from different Brazilian regions. A cross-sectional study was carried out with a sample of 175 people, of whom 64 were older adults, 27 formal caregivers, and 84 family caregivers. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with specific questions for each group on the theme of care and dependence. Most older adults were female, aged 80 years or older, with low education and have been dependent for four years or more. Older adults reported feelings of loneliness, pointed out difficulties in medical care, and 29% had only access to Primary Health Care actions. Inequalities, burden, illnesses, and social problems were found among family caregivers. Black females with no formal employment, little or no training for the function, and low remuneration predominated among formal caregivers, and care was associated with domestic chores. We can conclude that gender and race inequalities persist in the care of dependent older adults, and we observed that the rigid social roles assigned to men and women in Brazil persist in the family and work dynamics in caring for the dependent older adults.

RESUMO Objetivo Determinar a frequência dos alelos do Human leukocyte antigen e verificar a associação da presença desses alelos com sintomas e outras doenças relacionados à doença celíaca em portadores de doenças autoimunes da tireoide. Métodos Aplicou-se um questionário relacionado aos sintomas e doenças associados à doença celíaca. O ácido desoxirribonucleico genômico foi extraído por meio da coleta das células da mucosa bucal. Os alelos (DQA1*0501; DQB1*0201; DRB1*04) foram identificados por meio da reação em cadeia da polimerase. Resultados Participaram deste estudo 110 portadores de doenças autoimunes da tireoide. Observou-se que 66,4% dos indivíduos carregavam pelo menos um dos alelos estudados e que 58,2% dos indivíduos eram positivos para pelo menos um dos alelos DQ2 (DQA1*0501; DQB1*0201) e destes 18,2% foram positivos para ambos alelos do DQ2(DQA1*0501; DQB1*0201). Com relação ao DQ8 (DRB1*04), 21,8% da população estudada eram positivos para esse alelo e 3,6% eram positivos tanto para o DQ2 (DQA1*0501; DQB1*0201) quanto para o DQ8 (DRB1*04). Foi encontrada associação significativa da presença do alelo DRB1*04 com os sintomas gastrointestinais (p=0,02). Houve associação significativa do alelo DRB1*04 com diabetes mellitus tipo 1 (p=0,02). Conclusão O perfil genético mais fortemente associado à doença celíaca, tais como DQ2 (DQA1*0501; DQB1*0201) e DQ8 (DRB1*04) estavam presentes em torno de 20,0% da população estudada, estes são haplótipos de risco para doença celíaca e principalmente na presença de sintomas e doenças relacionadas à doença celíaca. Sendo assim, é importante realizar o rastreamento para investigar um possível diagnóstico para doença celíaca.

ABSTRACT Objective To determine the frequency of Human leukocyte antigen alleles and to verify the association of the presence of these alleles with symptoms and other diseases related to celiac disease in patients with autoimmune thyroid diseases. Methods A questionnaire on the symptoms and diseases associated with celiac disease was applied. Genomic deoxyribonucleic acid was extracted by collecting cells from the oral mucosa. The alleles (DQA1*0501; DQB1*0201; DRB1*04) were identified by means of the polymerase chain reaction. Results A total of 110 patients with autoimmune thyroid diseases participated in this study. It was observed that 66.4% of the individuals carried at least one of the alleles assessed and that 58.2% of the individuals were positive for at least one of the DQ2 alleles (DQA1*0501; DQB1*0201) and out of these 18.2% were positive for both DQ2 alleles (DQA1*0501; DQB1*0201). With regard to DQ8 (DRB1*04), 21.8% of the studied population was positive for this allele and 3.6% was positive for both DQ2 (DQA1*0501; DQB1*0201) and DQ8 (DRB1*04). A significant association was found between the presence of the DRB1*04 allele and gastrointestinal symptoms (p=0.02). A significant association of the DRB1*04 allele with type 1 diabetes mellitus (p=0.02) was observed. Conclusion The genetic profiles most commonly associated with celiac disease, such as DQ2 (DQA1*0501; DQB1*0201) and DQ8 (DRB1*04) were around 20.0% prevalent in the studied population. These are risk haplotypes for celiac disease especially when symptoms and diseases related to celiac disease are present. Therefore, it is important to screen patients to investigate a potential diagnosis for celiac disease.

Abstract Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii are the etiological agents of cryptococcosis, a high mortality disease. The development of such disease depends on the interaction of fungal cells with macrophages, in which they can reside and replicate. In order to dissect the molecular mechanisms by which cryptococcal cells modulate the activity of macrophages, a genome-scale comparative analysis of transcriptional changes in macrophages exposed to Cryptococcus spp. was conducted. Altered expression of nearly 40 genes was detected in macrophages exposed to cryptococcal cells. The major processes were associated with the mTOR pathway, whose associated genes exhibited decreased expression in macrophages incubated with cryptococcal cells. Phosphorylation of p70S6K and GSK-3β was also decreased in macrophages incubated with fungal cells. In this way, Cryptococci presence could drive the modulation of mTOR pathway in macrophages possibly to increase the survival of the pathogen.

The article aims to identify sociodemographic and care characteristics of dependent elderly, formal and family caregivers in municipalities in different Brazilian regions. A cross-sectional study was carried out with a sample of 175 people, with 64 elderly people, 27 formal caregivers and 84 family caregivers. Semi-structured interviews were conducted, with specific questions for each group on the theme of care and dependence. Most of the elderly were female, aged 80 years or older, with low education and dependent for four years or more. The elderly reported feelings of loneliness, pointed out difficulties in medical care and 29% had access only to Primary Health Care actions. Among family caregivers, inequalities, burden, illnesses and social problems were found. Among the formal, the female gender predominated, black race, without legal employment, little or no training for the function and low remuneration; care was associated with domestic chores. It is concluded that gender and race inequalities persist in the care of elderly people in a situation of dependency. It was also observed that the rigidity of the social roles attributed to men and women in Brazil persist in the family and work dynamics in caring for the dependent elderly.

El artículo tiene como objetivo identificar las características sociodemográficas y de cuidado de los ancianos dependientes, cuidadores formales y familiares en municipios de diferentes regiones brasileñas. Se realizó un estudio transversal con una muestra de 175 personas, con 64 ancianos, 27 cuidadores formales y 84 cuidadores familiares. Se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas, con preguntas específicas para cada grupo sobre el tema del cuidado y la dependencia. La mayoría de los ancianos eran mujeres, de 80 años o más, con bajo nivel educativo y dependientes durante cuatro años o más. Los ancianos refirieron sentimientos de soledad, señalaron dificultades en la atención médica y el 29% tuvo acceso solo a acciones de Atención Primaria de Salud. Entre los cuidadores familiares se encontraron desigualdades, sobrecarga, enfermedades y problemas sociales. Entre los formales, predominó el género femenino, raza negra, sin empleo legal, poca o ninguna formación para la función y baja remuneración; el cuidado se asoció con las tareas domésticas. Se concluye que persisten las desigualdades de género y raza en el cuidado de las personas mayores en situación de dependencia. También se observó que la rigidez de los roles sociales atribuidos a hombres y mujeres en Brasil persiste en la dinámica familiar y laboral en el cuidado del anciano dependiente.

O artigo tem como objetivo identificar características sociodemográficas e assistenciais de idosos dependentes, cuidadores formais e familiares em municípios de diferentes regiões brasileiras. Realizou-se um estudo transversal com amostra de 175 pessoas, sendo 64 idosos, 27 cuidadores formais e 84 cuidadores familiares. Foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas, com questões específicas para cada grupo sobre a temática do cuidado e dependência. A maioria dos idosos era do sexo feminino, com idade igual ou maior a 80 anos, com baixa escolaridade e dependente há quatro anos ou mais. Os idosos relataram sentimentos de solidão, apontaram dificuldades na assistência médica e 29% tinha acesso apenas a ações da Atenção Primária à Saúde. Entre os cuidadores familiares, encontrou-se desigualdades, sobrecargas, adoecimentos e problemas sociais. Entre os formais predominou o sexo feminino, raça negra, sem vínculo legal de trabalho, pouca ou nenhuma formação para a função e baixa remuneração; o cuidado associou-se aos afazeres domésticos. Conclui-se que perduram as desigualdades de gênero e raça no cuidado às pessoas idosas em situação de dependência. Observou-se também que a rigidez dos papeis sociais atribuídos a homens e mulheres no Brasil persistem nas dinâmicas familiares e laborais no cuidado ao idoso dependente.

Resumo Objetivo: A enzima cardioprotetora Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) sofre importante influência de polimorfismos genéticos e fatores nutricionais. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a influência da alimentação, do estado nutricional e do polimorfismo C(-107)T sobre a atividade arilesterase da PON1 em crianças. Métodos: Estudo transversal com 97 crianças entre 5 e 8 anos, de ambos os sexos, de um ambulatório de pediatria no sul do Brasil. Realizou-se questionário sociodemográfico, de comportamento e de consumo alimentar, medidas antropométricas e coleta de sangue em laboratório. A atividade arilesterase da PON1 foi mensurada pela extinção de fenol (U/mL), realizada extração do DNA e análise do polimorfismo PON1 C(-107)T. O equilíbrio de Hardy-Weinberg foi testado com qui-quadrado e usada regressão linear para estimar a atividade da PON1 segundo quatro modelos de ajuste, erro aceitável de 5%. Resultados: Na amostra o sexo masculino representou 50,5%, 39,2% tinham 6 anos, 54,5% eram eutróficos e 51,5% tinha atividade da PON1 inferior à mediana (90,0;15-30 U/ml). A frequência dos genótipos foi 54,6% (53/97), 31,0% (30/97) e 14,4% (14/97), respectivamente, para CT, CC e TT, estiveram em equilíbrio de Hardy-Weinberg (p = 0,22). Na análise de regressão o modelo que incluiu variáveis sociodemográficas, de frequência do consumo de frutas, verduras, legumes, laticínios e feijões estimou uma variabilidade de 14,8% na atividade da PON1 combinada ao polimorfismo PON1 C(-107)T. Conclusões: Na infância uma alimentação de boa qualidade, com maior participação de alimentos saudáveis foi importante para predizer a atividade da enzima cardioprotetora PON1 combinada ao polimorfismo C(-107)T do gene da PON1.

Abstract Objective: The cardioprotective enzyme paraoxonase-1 (PON1) suffers an important influence from genetic polymorphisms and nutritional factors. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of diet, nutritional status, and the C(-107)T polymorphism on PON1 arylesterase activity in children. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study with 97 children, aged between 5 and 8 years, of both genders, from a pediatric outpatient clinic in southern Brazil. A sociodemographic, behavioral, and food consumption questionnaire was applied, and anthropometric measurements and laboratory blood samples were taken. PON1 arylesterase activity was measured by phenol extinction (U/mL), and DNA extraction and analysis of the PON1 C(-107)T polymorphism were performed. The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium was tested with the chi-squared test and linear regression was used to estimate PON1 activity according to four adjustment models, with an acceptable error of 5%. Results: In the sample, the male gender accounted for 50.5%, 39.2% were 6 years of age, 54.5% had normal weight, and 51.5% had PON1 activity below the median (90.0, 15-30 U/mL). Genotype frequency was 54.6% (53/97), 31.0% (30/97), and 14.4% (14/97), respectively, for CT, CC, and TT, consistent with the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (p = 0.22). In the regression analysis, the model that included sociodemographic variables as well as frequency of consumption of fruits, vegetables, legumes, dairy products, and beans estimated a variability of 14.8% in PON1 activity combined with the PON1 C(-107)T polymorphism. Conclusions: During childhood, a good-quality diet with greater inclusion of healthy foods was important to predict the activity of the cardioprotective enzyme PON1 combined with the C(-107)T polymorphism of the PON1 gene.