Resumo A deformação da raiz (RD) causada por erros no processo de repicagem é irreversível e difícil de detectar em mudas produzidas em embalagens no momento do plantio no campo. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos do RD nas trocas gasosas foliares, crescimento, alocação de biomassa e nutrição mineral de mudas de G. americana na fase de recuperação após o alagamento do solo. Mudas com quatro meses de idade, com e sem RD, foram alagadas por 42 dias e a sua recuperação foi avaliada 28 dias após a drenagem do solo. Não houve interação significativa entre RD e alagamento do solo nas trocas gasosas foliares, crescimento e nutrição mineral após a drenagem, com exceção das concentrações de P foliar. Em plantas sem RD, a concentração de P nas folhas de plantas não alagadas foi significativamente maior que a das plantas com RD. O alagamento do solo e a RD não influenciaram as concentrações de N nas folhas e raízes, e no conteúdo de N na planta inteira. A RD aumentou a concentração de K nas raízes, mas não nas folhas. Alterações nas concentrações de nutrientes nas folhas e raízes indicam que a RD pode afetar o desempenho fisiológico das mudas após o plantio no campo.

Abstract Root deformation (RD) caused by errors in the pricking out process are irreversible and very difficult to detect in container-grown seedlings at the time of planting in the field. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of RD on leaf gas exchange, growth, biomass allocation and mineral nutrition of G. americana seedlings during the recovery phase after soil flooding. Four-months-old seedlings, with and without RD, were flooded for 42 days and their recovery was evaluated 28 days after soil drainage. There were no significant interactions between RD and soil flooding for all leaf gas exchange, growth and mineral nutrition after soil drainage, with the exception of leaf P concentrations. In plants with no RD, the P concentration in leaves of non-flooded plants was significantly higher than that of plants with RD. Soil flooding and RD did not influence leaf or root N concentrations or whole-plant N content. RD increased the K concentration in the roots, but not in the leaves. Changes in the nutrient concentrations in leaves and roots indicate that RD may affect physiological performance of seedlings after planting in the field.

Resumo Área foliar individual (AF) é uma variável chave em estudos sobre a ecofisiologia de arbóreas, porque influencia diretamente a interceptação de luz, a fotossíntese e a evapotranspiração das árvores adultas e das mudas. Foram analisadas as dimensões foliares (comprimento - C e largura - L) de indivíduos adultos e de mudas de sete espécies arbóreas de florestas neotropicais (Brosimum rubescens, Manilkara maxima, Pouteria caimito, Pouteria torta, Psidium cattleyanum, Symphonia globulifera e Tabebuia stenocalyx), com o objetivo de testar a viabilidade de modelos de regressão linear para estimar a AF de indivíduos adultos e mudas. No sul da Bahia, Brasil, um primeiro conjunto de dados foi coletado entre março e outubro de 2012. A partir das sete espécies analisadas, apenas duas (P. cattleyanum e T. stenocalyx) apresentaram relações muito semelhantes entre e AF e CL, em ambos os estádios ontogenéticos. Para estas duas espécies, um segundo conjunto de dados foi coletado em agosto de 2014, a fim de validar os modelos únicos que englobam folhas de indivíduos adultos e mudas. Nossos resultados mostram a possibilidade de desenvolvimento de modelos para a predição da área foliar, abrangendo diferentes estádios ontogenéticos para espécies arbóreas tropicais. O desenvolvimento destes modelos foi mais dependente das espécies do que das diferenças entre o tamanho das folhas de mudas e de indivíduos adultos.

Abstract Individual leaf area (LA) is a key variable in studies of tree ecophysiology because it directly influences light interception, photosynthesis and evapotranspiration of adult trees and seedlings. We analyzed the leaf dimensions (length – L and width – W) of seedlings and adults of seven Neotropical rainforest tree species (Brosimum rubescens, Manilkara maxima, Pouteria caimito, Pouteria torta, Psidium cattleyanum, Symphonia globulifera and Tabebuia stenocalyx) with the objective to test the feasibility of single regression models to estimate LA of both adults and seedlings. In southern Bahia, Brazil, a first set of data was collected between March and October 2012. From the seven species analyzed, only two (P. cattleyanum and T. stenocalyx) had very similar relationships between LW and LA in both ontogenetic stages. For these two species, a second set of data was collected in August 2014, in order to validate the single models encompassing adult and seedlings. Our results show the possibility of development of models for predicting individual leaf area encompassing different ontogenetic stages for tropical tree species. The development of these models was more dependent on the species than the differences in leaf size between seedlings and adults.

Power transfer limits calculation has to be performed taking into account static and dynamic aspects. Therefore, a huge amount of data needs to be manipulated. The transfer limits values are important in power system planning analysis, as they might represent an energetic constraint between two or more systems. In this way, besides the different load conditions, the limits calculation must consider different energetic scenarios, which increases even more the task of operational points adjustment. The related process is addressed through different ways around the world. In Brazil, a low level of automation is observed. In order to help on this task development, the paper presents a methodology to calculate power transfer limits between different areas, using an optimal power flow program. The proposed method is adequate for applications in the Brazilian power system.

Objective. To compare the incidence of adverse events following the administration of three commercially available measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) combination vaccines. Methods. A randomized double-blind clinical trial was performed in 1996 that involved a total of 10 142 students 6-12 years of age in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, in Brazil. An MMR vaccine containing the Edmonston-Zagreb, Leningrad-Zagreb, and RA 27/3 strains ("vaccine A") was administered to 2 226 students (21.9% of the total); an MMR vaccine with the Moraten, Jeryl Lynn, and Wistar 27/3 strains ("vaccine B") was administered to 2 216 children (21.8%); and an MMR vaccine containing the Schwartz, Urabe AM-9, and Wistar 27/3 strains ("vaccine C") was given to 2 179 students (21.5%). A control group of 3 521 students (34.7%) was not vaccinated. Both the vaccinated subjects and the control subjects were followed daily for 30 days to detect any clinical manifestations. Results. Adverse events were more frequent in the vaccinated children than in the control group (P < 0.01). In terms of causing parotitis, vaccine A had a relative risk (RR) of 5.72 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 3.11-10.54) when compared with vaccine B, and an RR of 2.33 (95% CI = 1.52-3.58) when compared with vaccine C. Vaccine A was also associated with an increased risk of lymphadenopathy when compared with vaccine B (RR = 3.11; 95% CI = 1.78-5.45) and with vaccine C (RR = 2.22; 95% CI = 1.35-3.66). Vaccine C was associated with an increased risk of parotitis when compared with vaccine B (RR = 2.46; 95% CI = 1.26-4.80). Three cases of aseptic meningitis were detected among the children in the study group, but only one case of vaccine-related aseptic meningitis was identified, among the children receiving vaccine A. Conclusions. The three MMR vaccines that we studied are associated with different risks of adverse events. We found vaccine A to cause more reactions than the two other vaccines, especially vaccine B. In addition, vaccine A presented both a temporal and a cause-and-effect association with one case of aseptic meningitis. We hope that this study will contribute information that can be used in choosing MMR vaccines with safe and effective strains, especially for mass vaccination strategies.

Objetivos. Comparar la incidencia de acontecimientos adversos tras la administración de tres vacunas combinadas contra el sarampión, la parotiditis y la rubéola que ya están en el mercado. Métodos. En 1996 se realizó un ensayo clínico aleatorizado, doblemente enmascarado, en el que participaron 10 142 estudiantes de 6 a 12 años del estado de Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Las vacunas utilizadas contenían: A) las cepas Edmonston-Zagreb, Leningrado-Zagreb y RA 27/3A; B) las cepas Moraten, Jeryl Lynn y Wistar 27/3, y C) las cepas Schwartz, Urabe AM-9 y Wistar 27/3. La vacuna A se administró a 2 226 niños (21,9%), la B a 2 216 (21,8%), y la C a 2 179 (21,5%). El grupo de control lo formaron 3 521 niños (34,7%) no vacunados. Todos los participantes fueron observados diariamente durante 30 días para detectar posibles manifestaciones clínicas. Resultados. Los acontecimientos adversos fueron más frecuentes en los niños vacunados que en el grupo de control (P < 0,01). El riesgo relativo (RR) de tumefacción parotídea con la vacuna A fue de 5,72 (intervalo de confianza del 95% [IC95]: 3,11 a 10,54) en comparación con la vacuna B, y de 2,33 (IC95: 1,52 a 3,58) en comparación con la vacuna C. La vacuna A también se asoció a un mayor riesgo de linfadenopatía que las vacunas B (RR = 3,11; IC95: 1,78 a 5,45) y C (RR = 2,22; IC95: 1,35 a 3,66). La vacuna C se asoció a un mayor riesgo de tumefacción parotídea que la vacuna B (RR = 2,46; IC95: 1,26 a 4,80). En los niños vacunados se detectaron tres casos de meningitis aséptica, pero solo uno, que recibió la vacuna A, se relacionó con la vacuna. Conclusiones. Las tres vacunas estudiadas se asociaron a diferentes riesgos de acontecimientos adversos. La vacuna A causó más reacciones que las otras dos, en particular más que la vacuna B. Además, la vacuna A presentó una asociación temporal y causal con un caso de meningitis aséptica. Este estudio aporta información que puede ser utilizada para elegir vacunas contra el sarampión, la parotiditis y la rubéola a base de cepas eficaces y seguras, especialmente para la vacunación en masa.