ABSTRACT: Chemical and physical properties of soil can be altered with the successive application of liquid swine manure (LSM), also known as slurry. Therefore, monitoring the impact of LSM is essential to an assessment of the potential agronomic and environmental benefits and risks associated with management practices. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of LSM on the chemical and physical attributes of soil under pasture (Cynodon spp.), located in southern Brazil. Four areas were sampled: three areas cultivated with Cynodon spp. pasture with successive applications of 200 m3 ha–1 y–1 of LSM for three, eight and 15 years; and untreated native forest as a reference. The soil attributes evaluated were: organic carbon (OC), active (pH water) and potential acidity (H + Al+ 3), nutrient availability (i.e., P, K, Ca, Mg, Cu and Zn), soil bulk density, macro, micro and total porosity. Successive applications of LSM on pasture reduced soil active acidity, and increased the soil organic C and plant-available N, P, Ca, Mg, Cu and Zn contents. These effects were more intense with time and in the shallowest layers, i.e. 0-10 cm. Excessive increases in P, Cu and Zn in the soil should be carefully monitored to minimize the contamination risks to soil, ground and surface waters. Soil physical attribute changes were more associated with land use (pasture versus native forest) than LSM use, and LSM applications induced slight improvements in the soil structural quality over time.

ABSTRACT The objective of this work was to determine the efficiency of poultry litter ratios added to the commercial substrate and to peat in the growth and quality of Enterolobium contortisiliquum seedlings. The design was completely randomized, with 10 replications, in a 2 × 5 factorial arrangement with two substrates (peat and commercial substrate) and five poultry litter ratios, added (v:v) to both substrates (0, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%). The height, stem diameter, dry matter of shoot and roots, root specific surface area, Dickson quality index and NPK accumulated in dry matter of shoot and roots were evaluated. Poultry litter can be added up to a 35% ratio to the commercial substrate or to peat for the production of Enterolobium contortisiliquum seedlings; proportions above this, for both substrates, compromise the production. The treatments with peat provided lower growth and quality of Enterolobium contortisiliquum seedlings, compared to the commercial substrate.

RESUMO O zinco é um elemento essencial às plantas, mas quando presente em altas concentrações no solo pode se tornar tóxico ao metabolismo vegetal. O trabalho objetivou determinar o crescimento e tolerância de mudas de Enterolobium contortisiliquum Vell. cultivadas em solo contaminado com zinco. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação, em solo com 81% de argila, no delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com sete tratamentos, constituídos de doses de zinco (0, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500 e 600 mg kg-1) e oito repetições. Avaliou-se a altura de planta, diâmetro de colo, massa seca aérea, massa seca radicular, comprimento da raiz principal, área superficial específica, teor de Zn na parte aérea e radicular, coeficiente do impacto do teor relativo de zinco, índice de translocação e de tolerância. O coeficiente do impacto do teor relativo de zinco indicou tendência de menor translocação de Zn à parte aérea da muda até a dose de 300 mg de Zn kg-1 de solo. Os resultados evidenciaram que doses próximas a 200 mg de zinco kg-1 de solo argiloso estimulam a altura de planta, diâmetro do colo, a massa seca aérea e radicular das mudas de timbaúva. A timbaúva apresenta elevada tolerância ao zinco e por ser uma arbórea nativa adaptada às condições ambientais do Brasil pode ser indicada para revegetação de áreas contaminadas com a aplicação de até 600 mg de zinco kg-1 de solo argiloso.

ABSTRACT Zinc is an essential element to plants, but when present in high concentrations in the soil can become toxic to the plant metabolism. The study aimed to determine the growth and tolerance of Enterolobium contortisiliquum Vell. seedlings cultived in soil contaminated with zinc. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse in soil with 81% clay, in a completely randomized design with seven treatments, doses of zinc (0, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500 and 600 mg kg-1) eight repetitions. We evaluated the plant height, stem diameter, shoot dry mass, root dry mass, length of the main root, specific surface area, Zn content in shoots and roots, the impact coefficient of relative zinc content, translocation and tolerance. The coefficient of impact of the relative zinc content indicated a trend of lower translocation of Zn to the aerial part of the molt up to the dose of 300 mg of Zn kg-1 of soil. The results showed that doses close to 200 mg Zinc kg-1 clay soil stimulate plant height, stem diameter, stem and root dry mass of seedlings and timbaúva. Timbaúva presents high tolerance to zinc and because it is a native tree adapted to Brazilian environmental conditions it can be indicated for revegetation of contaminated areas with the application of up to 600 mg of zinc kg-1 of clay soil.

RESUMO A associação ectomicorrízica beneficia as plantas ao proporcionar aumento na área de absorção radicular obtendo mais nutrientes e água, podendo possibilitar o crescimento do hospedeiro em solos submetido a condições adversas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de diferentes isolados ectomicorrízicos no crescimento das mudas de Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill ex Maid., Corymbia citriodora (Hook.) K.D. Hill & L.A.S. Johnson, Eucalyptus saligna Sm. e Eucalyptus dunnii Maiden. O delineamento foi inteiramente casualizado em arranjo fatorial (4 x 4), sendo quatro espécies de eucalipto (Eucalyptus grandis, Corymbia citriodora, Eucalyptus saligna e Eucalyptus dunnii) e quatro inóculos ectomicorrízicos (UFSC-Pt116 (Pisolithus microcarpus (Cooke & Massee) Cunn), UFSC-132 (Pisolithus tinctorius (Pers.) Coker & Couch), UFSC-121, e sem inoculação), com 12 repetições. Após noventa dias de condução do experimento foram avaliados: percentual de colonização ectomicorrízica, altura de planta; diâmetro do colo; número de folhas; massa seca da parte aérea e radicular. Também foram calculadas as relações: massa seca aérea/massa seca radicular, altura/diâmetro do colo e o índice de qualidade de Dickson. A altura de planta, número de folhas e a massa seca aérea apresentaram médias superiores nas espécies Eucalyptus dunnii e Corymbia citriodora, quando na inoculação com UFSC-132. A inoculação com UFSC-Pt116 resultou em 63,3% de raízes colonizadas em Corymbia citriodora, enquanto Eucalyptus dunnii inoculado com UFSC-121 teve 67,7% de suas raízes colonizadas. O isolado UFSC-132 proporciona maior crescimento de mudas de Eucalyptus dunnii e Corymbia citriodora em relação à testemunha sem inoculação.

ABSTRACT The ectomycorrhizal association benefit plants by providing an increase in the area of root absorption and getting more nutrients and water as well as may enable growth of the host soils subjected to adverse conditions. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of different ectomycorrhizal isolates on seedling growth of Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill ex Maid., Corymbia citriodora (Hook.) K. D. Hill & L.A.S. Johnson, Eucalyptus saligna Sm. and Eucalyptus dunnii Maiden. The design was completely randomized in a factorial arrangement (4 x 4), four species of Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus grandis, Corymbia citriodora, Eucalyptus saligna and Eucalyptus dunnii) and four ectomycorrhizal inoculum (UFSC - Pt116 (Pisolithus microcarpus (Cooke & Massee) Cunn), UFSC -132 (Pisolithus tinctorius (Pers.) Coker & Couch), UFSC -121, and without inoculation) with 12 repetitions. After ninety days of conducting the experiment were evaluated: the percentage of ectomycorrhizal colonization, plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves, dry weight of root and shoot. Relationships were also calculated: dry aerial/root dry mass, height/diameter and Dickson quality index. The plant height, leaf number and shoot dry mass showed higher average in the species Eucalyptus dunnii and Corymbia citriodora, when the inoculation with UFSC -132. Inoculation with UFSC-Pt116 resulted in 63,3 % of colonized roots in Corymbia citriodora, while Eucalyptus dunnii inoculated with UFSC-121 had 67,7 % of its colonized roots. The isolated UFSC-132 provides enhanced growth of seedlings of Eucalyptus dunnii and Corymbia citriodora compared to the control without inoculation.

RESUMO Este trabalho avaliou a utilização de turfa como amenizante e Eucalyptus grandis como técnica de fitoestabilização para remediar solo contaminado com cobre. O trabalho foi conduzido sob delineamento inteiramente casualizado em arranjo fatorial (2 × 6), sendo sem e com adição de turfa (200 mL L-1 de solo) e seis doses de cobre adicionadas ao solo (0 mg kg-1, 60 mg kg-1, 120 mg kg-1, 180 mg kg-1, 240 mg kg-1, 300 mg kg-1 de solo), com seis repetições. Avaliaram-se a altura das mudas, o diâmetro do colo, a massa seca radicular e aérea, a área superficial específica, os teores e a quantidade acumulada de cobre no sistema radicular e na parte aérea e o índice de translocação. A adição de turfa possibilitou efeito amenizante da contaminação por cobre e favoreceu o crescimento das mudas. As mudas de Eucalyptus grandis apresentam elevado acúmulo de cobre nas raízes, o que permite indicá-la como promissora para fins de fitoestabilização de solos contaminados com cobre.

ABSTRACT This work aimed to use peat as ameliorating and Eucalyptus grandis for the phytostabilization technique for remediation of a contaminated soil with copper. The work was conducted under completely randomized design in a factorial arrangement (2 × 6), with and without addition of peat (200 mL L-1 of soil) and six doses of copper (0 (Zero), 60, 120, 180, 240, 300 mg kg-1 of soil), with six replications. Evaluations consisted of seedling height, stem diameter, shoots and roots dry weight, specific surface area, copper concentrations and accumulation in roots and shoots and translocation index. Peat addition showed an ameliorating effect on soil contaminated with copper and higher seedlings growth. Eucalyptus grandis seedlings showed higher copper accumulation in roots, and with characteristics may indicate this species for phytostabilization of soils contaminated with copper.

RESUMO O cobre é um elemento essencial às plantas, mas quando presente em altas concentrações no solo pode se tornar tóxico ao metabolismo vegetal. Uma das estratégias para reabilitação de áreas contaminadas por metais é a fitorremediação, que consiste na introdução de espécies vegetais no solo contaminado. O trabalho objetivou avaliar a interferência de doses crescentes de cobre aplicadas ao solo no crescimento e na qualidade de mudas de Bauhinia forficata Link, Pterogyne nitens Tul e Enterolobium contortisiliquum Vell. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação, no delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com oito repetições, em arranjo fatorial (3 x 6), sendo três espécies florestais e seis doses de cobre no solo (0, 60, 120, 180, 240 e 300 mg kg-1). Foram avaliados os parâmetros: altura, diâmetro de colo, massa seca aérea, massa seca radicular, área superficial específica e índice de qualidade de Dickson. Os resultados evidenciaram que as mudas de timbaúva são mais tolerantes do que as de pata-de-vaca e carne-de-vaca e apresentam melhor qualidade de mudas em doses mais elevadas de cobre. As doses de cobre reduzem com maior intensidade a altura de plantas, massa seca da parte aérea e raízes, área superficial específica e o índice de qualidade de Dickson das mudas de Bauhinia forficata Link e Pterogyne nitens Tul em relação à Enterolobium contortisiliquum Vell. As mudas de timbaúva toleram maiores doses de cobre no solo em relação à pata-de-vaca e à carne-de-vaca.

ABSTRACT Copper is an essential element for the plants, but when it's present in high amounts in soil, it becomes toxic to vegetable metabolism. One of the strategies for rehabilitation of contaminated areas by metals is the phytoremediation, which consists in the introduction of vegetable species on contaminated soil. The research aimed to evaluate the interference of increasing doses of copper, applied in soil, on growth and on quality of seedling of Bauhinia forficata Link, Pterogyne nitens Tul e Enterolobium contortisiliquum Vell. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse, completely randomized design, with eight repetitions and in factorial arrangement (3 x 6), which include three forest species and six copper dosages in soil (0, 60, 120, 180, 240 end 300 mg kg-1). It was evaluated the following parameters: height, collar diameter, aerial dry mass, root dry mass, specific surface area and Dickson Quality Index. The results evidenced that the Enterolobium contortisiliquum Vell seedlings are more tolerant than Bauhinia forficata Link and Pterogyne nitens Tul seedlings and they have better quality of seedlings at higher doses of copper. Copper doses reduce with higher intensity plant height, dry mass of aerial and roots parts, specific surface area and Dickson Quality Index of seedlings of Bauhinia forficata Link and Pterogyne nitens Tul in relation to Enterolobium contortisiliquum Vell Seedlings of Enterolobium contortisiliquum Vell are more tolerant to higher copper doses than Bauhinia forficata Link and Pterogyne nitens Tul in soil.

A contaminação do solo com cobre tem se tornado comum em regiões de mineração e agrícolas pelo uso de fungicidas a base de cobre e aplicação de dejeto líquido de suíno ao solo, causando redução na produtividade das plantas. O trabalho objetivou determinar o efeito de doses de cobre no crescimento e qualidade de mudas de Barbatimão (Stryphnodendron polyphyllum Mart.) e Cássia (Cassia multijuga Rich.). O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado num fatorial (2 x 4), sendo as duas espécies florestais, e quatro doses de cobre: 0; 150; 300 e 450 mg kg-1, com 10 repetições. Avaliou-se a altura de planta, diâmetro do colo, peso da matéria seca radicular e da parte aérea, comprimento e área superficial específica radicular, e os índices de qualidade de mudas: relação entre altura da parte aérea e diâmetro do coleto; altura da parte aérea e peso da matéria seca da parte aérea e o Índice de Qualidade de Dickson. Os resultados demonstram que as doses de cobre testadas não influenciam a qualidade de mudas da Cássia enquanto o Barbatimão mantém a qualidade de mudas até 300 mg kg-1 de cobre adicionado ao solo. O Barbatimão apresenta maior crescimento e qualidade de mudas que a Cássia em solo contaminado com cobre.

Soil contamination with copper has become common in the mining and agricultural regions by the use of copper-based-fungicide and application of liquid swine slurry to the soil, causing a reduction in plant productivity. Therefore, a study was undertaken to determine the effect of copper doses in growth and quality of Barbatimão (Stryphnodendron polyphyllum Mart.) and Cassia (Cassia multijugaRich.) seedlings. The experimental design was completely randomized in a factorial (2 x 4) being the two forest species and four doses of copper: 0, 150, 300 and 450 mg kg-1, with 10 repetitions. It was evaluated plant height, stem diameter, dry weight of shoot and root length and specific root surface area, and the quality indexes of seedlings: relationship between shoot height and diameter of the collar; height and shoot dry weight of shoots and Dickson Quality Index. The results revealed that the copper doses tested does not change the quality of seedlings of Cassia and that Barbatimão maintains the quality of seedlings up to 300 mg kg-1 of copper added to soil. Barbatimão presents greater growth and quality than Cassia seedlings in soil contaminated with copper.