Abstract Objective: to investigate the speed of weight gain (WG) and the z-score (E-z) of weight in premature neonates large for gestational age (LGA) during four weeks of hospitalization. Methods: a retrospective longitudinal study with premature neonates in a neonatal intensive care unit at a university hospital. Data were obtained from January 2017 to December 2018; 115 babies with gestational age (GA) ≥ 27 and < 37 weeks, non-twin, AGA or LGA were included. The WG (g/kg/day) was obtained from the nadir weight and the E-z was calculated online based on the Intergrowth-21st curves. Repeated-measures ANOVA and multiple linear regression were used to assess the association between WP and E-z and explanatory variables; p < 5 %. Results: mean GA was 32.5 weeks, birth weight was 1910 g and weight loss was 5 % at 7 days. WG was lower in LGA babies, with GI between 32 and 37 weeks (LGA, 9.2 ± 5.6 g/kg/day vs AGA, 13.9 ± 6.0 g/kg/day). The change in WG was explained by protein supply in AGA (B = 2.5 g/kg/day; 95 % CI, 0.7 to 4.3; and β = 0.543) and by GA in LGA (B = -0.05 g/kg/day; 95 % CI, -0.09 to -0.02; and β = -0.574). In the 4th week of hospitalization, weight E-z decreased similarly for LGAs and AGAs, and this variation was explained by growth. Conclusions: premature LGAs had lower WG compared to AGAs during the neonatal period. The linear and brain growth explained the variation in weight E-z among these preterms.

Resumen Objetivo: investigar la velocidad de la ganancia de peso (GP) y la puntuación z (E-z) de peso en neonatos prematuros grandes para la edad gestacional (GEG) durante cuatro semanas de hospitalización. Métodos: estudio longitudinal retrospectivo con neonatos prematuros de una unidad de cuidados intensivos neonatales de un hospital universitario. Los datos se obtuvieron desde enero de 2017 hasta diciembre de 2018. Se incluyeron 115 bebés con edad gestacional (EG) ≥ 27 y < 37 semanas, no gemelos, AEG o GEG. El GP (g/kg/día) se obtuvo a partir del peso nadir y el E-z se calculó en línea basado en las curvas Intergrowth-21st. Se utilizaron el ANOVA de medidas repetidas y la regresión lineal múltiple para evaluar la asociación entre GP y E-z y las variables explicativas; p < 5 %. Resultados: la EG media fue de 32,5 semanas, el peso al nacer de 1910 g y la pérdida de peso del 5 % a los 7 días. El GP fue menor en los bebés GEG, con EG entre 32 y 37 semanas (GEG: 9,2 ± 5,6 g/kg/día vs. AEG: 13,9 ± 6,0 g/kg/día). El cambio en el GP se explicó por el suministro de proteínas en los AEG (B = 2,5 g/kg/día; IC 95 %: 0,7 a 4,3; y β = 0,543) y por EG en los GEG (B = -0,05 g/kg/día; IC 95 %: -0,09 a -0,02; y β = -0,574). En la 4ª semana de hospitalización, el peso E-z se redujo de manera similar en los GEG y los AEG, y esta variación se explicó por el crecimiento. Conclusiones: los prematuros GEG tuvieron un menor GP en comparación con los AEG durante el periodo neonatal. El crecimiento lineal y cerebral explicó la variación del peso E-z de estos prematuros.

Abstract Introduction: the follow-up of small for gestational age (SGA) preterm infants is critical due to their differentiated postnatal growth pattern. Objective: to investigate the weight z-score behavior in SGA preterm infants during a four-week stay in a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit. Methods: a retrospective longitudinal study with data from nutritional anamneses of 190 preterm infants admitted to a Neonatal Intensive Care Unit between January/2017 and December/2019, classified according to nutritional status at birth as either SGA or appropriate for gestational age (AGA). Linear regression was used to verify association between weight z-score with gestational age, birth weight, initiation of enteral nutrition and relative amount of energy and protein administered. Results: SGA preterm infants accounted for 23 % of the study participants. In SGA, the difference in weight score was observed at week 1 when compared to admission (p < 0.05), while in AGA there was a difference sustained during the whole period (p < 0.05). In SGA, the linear regression analysis showed that the change in z-score was explained by time to start of enteral nutrition (p = 0.033), gestational age (p = 0.003) and birth weight (p = 0.001). In AGA the change was explained by gestational age (p = 0.000) and birth weight (p = 0.000). Conclusion: the weight z-score behavior in preterm infants was downward compared to admission, stable at the end of 4 weeks, and different according to nutritional status at birth. In the AGA group the decline in nutritional status was not recovered throughout hospitalization and in the SGA group the unfavorable nutritional status was maintained.

Resumen Introducción: el seguimiento de los prematuros pequeños para la edad gestacional (PEG) es crítico debido al patrón de crecimiento posnatal diferenciado. Objetivo: investigar el comportamiento de la puntuación z del peso en recién nacidos prematuros PEG durante cuatro semanas de estancia en una unidad de cuidados intensivos neonatales. Métodos: estudio longitudinal retrospectivo con datos de anamnesis nutricionales de 190 prematuros ingresados en una unidad de cuidados intensivos neonatales entre enero/2017 y diciembre/2019, clasificados según el estado nutricional al nacer como PEG o como adecuado para la edad gestacional (AEG). Se utilizó la regresión lineal para verificar la asociación entre la puntuación z del peso con la edad gestacional, el peso al nacer, el inicio de la nutrición enteral y la cantidad relativa de energía y proteínas administradas. Resultados: los bebés prematuros PEG representaron el 23 % de los participantes en el estudio. En el grupo PEG, la diferencia de la puntuación z del peso se observó en la semana 1 en comparación con el ingreso (p < 0,05), mientras que en el grupo AEG hubo diferencia durante todo el período evaluado (p < 0,05). En los PEG, el análisis de regresión lineal mostró que el cambio de la puntuación z se explicaba por el tiempo transcurrido hasta el inicio de la nutrición enteral (p = 0,033), la edad gestacional (p = 0,003) y el peso al nacer (p = 0,001). En el caso de la AEG, el cambio se explicaba por la edad gestacional (p = 0,000) y el peso al nacer (p = 0,000). Conclusión: el comportamiento de la puntuación z del peso en los prematuros fue descendente en comparación con la admisión, estable al final de 4 semanas y diferente según el estado nutricional al nacer. En el caso de los AEG, el estado nutricional no se recuperó a lo largo de la investigación y, en el caso de los PEG, el estado nutricional desfavorable se mantuvo.

Resumo As aves atuam como hospedeiros para uma ampla variedade de parasitos, muitos destes ainda desconhecidos. Foram examinadas 28 aves, provenientes dos municípios de Pelotas, Capão do Leão e Rio Grande. A coleta, preparação e identificação dos helmintos seguiu bibliografia específica. A assembleia de helmintos foi analisada através dos índices de prevalência (P%), intensidade média de infecção (IMI) e abundância (AM). A assembleia de helmintos de P. infuscatus estava composta por Nematoda: Hystrichis acanthocephalicus , Dioctophyme renale (larva), Porrocaecum heteropterum , Baruscapillaria sp., Aproctella carinii , Paradeletrocephalus minor, Cyathostoma sp.; Digenea: Echinostomatidae gen. sp., Tanaisia valida, Athesmia sp. e Megalacanthus sp. (Cestoda). As espécies mais prevalentes foram: H. acanthocephalicus, P. heteropterum , Megalacanthus sp. e Echinostomatidae gen. sp. A maior IMI e AM foi de Megalacanthus sp., onde observou-se diferença significativa na prevalência de H. acantocephalicus em hospedeiros fêmeas. Os helmintos Echinostomatidae gen. sp., T. valida, Athesmia sp., Cyathostoma sp., A. carinii, P. minor, D. renale (larva), Baruscapillaria sp., e Megalacanthus sp. são registrados pela primeira vez em P. infuscatus no Brasil.

Abstract Birds act as hosts for a variety of parasites, many of these are unreported. The literature provides scant information on the helminth fauna of Phimosus infuscatus. The presence of helminths were investigate in 28 birds from Pelotas, Capão do Leão, and Rio Grande in Rio Grande do Sul. The preparation and identification of helminths followed protocols. Prevalence (P%), mean intensity of infection (MII), and mean abundance (MA) were estimated. The following helminths were found: Hystrichis acanthocephalicus , Dioctophyme renale (larva), Porrocaecum heteropterum , Baruscapillaria sp., Aproctella carinii , Paradeletrocephalus minor, and Cyathostoma sp. (Nematoda); Echinostomatidae gen. sp., Tanaisia valida, and Athesmia sp. (Trematoda: Digenea) and Megalacanthus sp. (Cestoda). The most prevalent species were H. acanthocephalicus, P. heteropterum, Megalacanthus sp., and Echinostomatidae gen. sp. and Megalacanthus sp. had the highest MII and MA. There was a significant difference in the prevalence of H. acantocephalicus between female and male bird hosts. We report Echinostomatidae gen. sp., T. valida, Athesmia sp., Cyathostoma sp., A. carinii, P. minor, D. renale (larva), Baruscapillaria sp., and Megalacanthus sp. for the first time in P. infuscatus in Brazil.

Resumo Os nematoides Acuariidae são normalmente encontrados no trato digestivo de aves aquáticas, incluindo os Procellariiformes. Foram examinadas Calonectris borealis (n=4), Diomedea exulans (n=1), Macronectes giganteus (n=8), Thalassarche chlororhynchos (n=5), Thalassarche melanophrys (n=15), Procellaria aequinoctialis (n=4), Puffinus gravis (n=2) e Puffinus puffinus (n=6), coletados na costa sul do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Dentre os exemplares examinados, 16 (35,5%) estavam parasitados por duas espécies de Acuariidae. Foram identificados Stegophorus diomedeae e Seuratia shipleyi, com prevalência de 26,1% e 21,7%, respectivamente. Existem poucos estudos relacionados a nematoides em Procellariiformes, e aqui registra-se pela primeira vez os Acuariidae Seuratia shipleyi em Calonectris borealis e Procellaria aequinoctialis, e Stegophorus diomedeae em Diomedea exulans, Procellaria aequinoctialis e Thalassarche chlororhynchos.

Abstract Acuariidae nematodes are normally found in the digestive tract of aquatic birds, including Procellariiformes. Were examined Calonectris borealis (n = 4), Diomedea exulans (n = 1), Macronectes giganteus (n = 8), Thalassarche chlororhynchos (n = 5), Thalassarche melanophrys (n = 15), Procellaria aequinoctialis (n = 4), Puffinus gravis (n = 2) and Puffinus puffinus (n = 6), collected on the southern coast of RS, Brazil. A total of 16 birds (35.5%) were parasitized by two species of Acuariidae. Stegophorus diomedeae and Seuratia shipleyi were identified, with prevalences of 26.1% and 21.7%, respectively. Few studies on nematodes in Procellariiformes have been conducted. Here, the acuariids Seuratia shipleyi in Calonectris borealis and Procellaria aequinoctialis and Stegophorus diomedeae in Diomedea exulans, Procellaria aequinoctialis and Thalassarche chlororhynchos were reported for the first time.

Resumo Seis espécies de aves pertencentes à família Sternidae são encontradas frequentemente na costa sul da América do Sul. Sterna trudeaui, S. hirundinacea, Thalasseus maximus, T. acuflavidus e Sternula superciliaris residentes sul-americanos e Sterna hirundo, migrante neártico. Existem pelo menos 500 espécies descritas de ácaros nasais ao redor do mundo, sendo Rhinonyssidae a família mais diversa. Estes ácaros são endoparasitos hematófagos que habitam o sistema respiratório das aves. Este estudo objetivou reportar a ocorrência de ácaros nasais em Sternidae na costa do sul do Brasil. Das 106 aves analisadas, 8,5% (9 aves) estavam parasitadas por ácaros nasais. Este é o primeiro registro para duas espécies de ácaros na região neotropical, Sternostoma boydi e Larinyssus orbicularis, parasitando Thalasseus acuflavidus and Sternula superciliaris. Em Sterna trudeaui e Thalasseus maximus não foram encontrados ácaros nasais. Um único hospedeiro (T. acuflavidus) estava parasitado por duas espécies de ácaros nasais, S. boydi e L. orbicularis.

Abstract Six species of birds of the family Sternidae are often found on the southern coast of South America. Sterna trudeaui, S. hirundinacea, Thalasseus maximus, T. acuflavidus and Sternula superciliaris are South American residents and Sterna hirundo, a Nearctic migrant. At least 500 species of nasal mites have been described around the world, and Rhinonyssidae is the most diverse family. These mites are bloodsucking endoparasites that inhabit the respiratory system of birds. This study aimed to report on occurrences of nasal mites in Sternidae on the southern coast of Brazil. Of the 106 birds analyzed, 8.5% (9 birds) were parasitized by nasal mites. This report provides the first record in the Neotropical region for two mite species, Sternostoma boydi and Larinyssus orbicularis parasitizing Thalasseus acuflavidus and Sternula superciliaris. No nasal mites were found in Sterna trudeaui or Thalasseus maximus. One host individual (T. acuflavidus) was parasitized by two species of nasal mites, S. boydi and L. orbicularis.

Resumo Espécie de Hystrichis são nematoides parasitos do trato digestório de aves aquáticas, na América do Sul, Europa e Ásia. No Brasil, foi registrado Hystrichis acanthocephalicus, em Phimosus infuscatus. Existem poucos dados sobre a morfometria e não há registros relativos à patologia desta espécie. Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo foi relatar dados morfométricos de H. acanthocephalicus e descrever os efeitos patológicos deste parasito no proventrículo de Phimosus infuscatus. Foram examinados trinta tratos gastrintestinais de P. infuscatus para a pesquisa de nematoides e H. acanthocephalicus ocorreu em 83% dos hospedeiros. Mediu-se o comprimento total e largura do corpo de machos e fêmeas, dos espinhos cuticulares, do esôfago, dos espículos, dos ovos, respectivamente, e a largura interna e externa da bolsa copuladora. Nos exames histopatológicos foram encontradas estruturas parasitárias no proventrículo, desde o lúmen (porção anterior) até as camadas mais externas do órgão (porções intermediária e posterior), nas quais se observou reação inflamatória com infiltrado de heterófilos, presença de hemorragia e deposição de hemossiderina. Os resultados desse estudo sobre histopatologia, morfometria e índices parasitológicos são os primeiros relatados para H. acanthocephalicus e deverão contribuir para a identificação e reconhecimento em casos de surtos na região Neotropical.

Abstract Species of Hystrichis are parasite nematodes of the digestive tract of aquatic birds in South America, Europe and Asia. In Brazil, Hystrichis acanthocephalicus has been reported in Phimosus infuscatus. There are few data on the morphometry of this species and there are no reports on pathological conditions that it causes. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to report morphometric data from H. acanthocephalicus and describe the pathological effects of this parasite on the Phimosus infuscatus proventriculus. Thirty gastrointestinal tracts of P. infuscatus were examined to search for nematodes and H. acanthocephalicus occurred in 83% of hosts. Were measured the total length and body width of males and females, and of their respective cuticular spines, esophagus, spicules and eggs, and the internal and external diameter of copulatory bursa. Histopathological examination revealed parasitic structures in the proventriculus from the lumen (anterior end) to the outer layers of the organ (intermediate and posterior parts), in which we observed inflammatory reaction with infiltration of heterophils, hemorrhage and hemosiderin. The results of this study of histopathology, morphometry and parasitological indices are the first ones reported to H. acanthocephalicus and should contribute to the identification and recognition in cases of outbreaks in the Neotropical region.