Brain glucose hypometabolism and neuroinflammation are early pathogenic manifestations in neurological disorders. Neuroinflammation may also disrupt leptin signaling, an adipokine that centrally regulates appetite and energy balance by acting on the hypothalamus and exerting neuroprotection in the hippocampus. The Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rat is a non-obese type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) animal model used to investigate diabetes-associated molecular mechanisms without obesity jeopardizing effects. Wistar and GK rats received the maintenance adult rodent diet. Also, an additional control group of Wistar rats received a high-fat and high-sugar diet (HFHS) provided by free consumption of condensed milk. All diets and water were provided ad libitum for eight weeks. Brain glucose uptake was evaluated by 2-deoxy-2-[fluorine-18] fluoro-D-glucose under basal (saline administration) or stimulated (CL316,243, a selective β3-AR agonist) conditions. The animals were fasted for 10-12 h, anesthetized, and euthanized. The brain was quickly dissected, and the hippocampal area was sectioned and stored at -80°C in different tubes for protein and RNA analyses on the same animal. GK rats exhibited attenuated brain glucose uptake compared to Wistar animals and the HFHS group under basal conditions. Also, the hippocampus of GK rats displayed upregulated leptin receptor, IL-1β, and IL-6 gene expression and IL-1β and the subunit of the transcription factor NF-κB (p-p65) protein expression. No significant alterations were detected in the hippocampus of HFHS rats. Our data indicated that a genetic predisposition to T2DM has significant brain deteriorating features, including brain glucose hypometabolism, neuroinflammation, and leptin signaling disruption in the hippocampal area.

Abstract Many Amazonian fish’ reproduction is associated to seasonality and to the conditions of habitat integrity. In a Neotropical floodplain lake of the Amazon region, the temporal structure of ichthyoplankton was investigated and the hypothesis that the density of fish eggs and larvae and the diversity of species vary between two areas with different levels of environmental changes occurred was tested. The sampling occurred monthly between September 2017 and August 2018. Six sampling stations were used, distributed in locations close to and far from the altered area. 195 eggs and 1,785 larvae from nine orders and 27 species were captured. The eggs were from non-migratory fish species and occurred during two moments. The larvae presented different abundance peaks during the sample months and all the initial stages of development occurred. Clupeiformes was the most abundant and Characiformes the species richest. The density of the ichthyoplankton and the diversity of species presented temporal variation. However, only the larval density varied between the areas of the lake. The Lake Juá is a spawning area for resident fish and is a nursery and growth area for larvae of species with different ecological categories and socioeconomic importance during different periods of the year.

Abstract This study evaluated the chemical profile and antimicrobial activity of essential oil (EO) ofP. dioica. The EOs were extracted by hydrodistillation and chemically characterized by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The total phenolics were quantified by the FolinCiocalteu method. For the antimicrobial assay, the Disc Diffusion and Broth Dilution method were applied to obtain the minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration. The main constituent of the EO was eugenol. The EO showed bactericidal activity against E. coli,S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, Salmonella sp., B. cereus, P. mirabilis, K. pneumoniae, S. sonnei, C. albicans, Fusarium sp., Penicillium sp.andAspergilus sp.The results obtained are encouraged by the potential use of the EO studied in the control and combat of pathogenic microorganisms.

Resumen Este estudio evaluó el perfil químico y la actividad antimicrobiana del aceite esencial (AE) de P. dioica. Los AE fueron extraídos por hidrodestilación y caracterizados químicamente por cromatografía de gases acoplados a espectrometría de masas (GC/MS). Los fenólicos totales fueron cuantificados por el método Folin-Ciocalteu. Para el ensayo antimicrobiano, se aplicó el método de difusión de discos y dilución de caldo para obtener la concentración inhibitoria mínima y la concentración bactericida mínima. El componente principal de la AE fue el eugenol. La AE mostró actividad bactericida contra E. coli, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, Salmonella sp., B. cereus, P. mirabilis, K. pneumoniae, S. sonnei, C. albicans, Fusarium sp., Penicilliumsp. yAspergilussp. Los resultados obtenidos son estimulados por el uso potencial de la AE estudiada en el control y combate de microorganismos patógenos.

This study investigated the acute blockade of endogenous melatonin (MLT) using Luzindole with or without systemic lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge and evaluated changes in inflammatory and oxidative stress markers in the mouse jejunum. Luzindole is an MT1/MT2 MLT receptor antagonist. Both receptors occur in the small intestine. Swiss mice were treated with either saline (0.35 mg/kg, ip), Luzindole (0.35 mg/kg, ip), LPS (1.25 mg/kg, ip), or Luzindole+LPS (0.35 and 1.25 mg/kg, ip, respectively). Jejunum samples were evaluated regarding intestinal morphometry, histopathological crypt scoring, and PAS-positive villus goblet cell counting. Inflammatory Iba-1, interleukin (IL)-1β, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, nuclear factor (NF)-kB, myeloperoxidase (MPO), and oxidative stress (NP-SHs, catalase, MDA, nitrate/nitrite) markers were assessed. Mice treated with Luzindole, LPS, and Luzindole+LPS showed villus height shortening. Crypt damage was worse in the LPS group. Luzindole, LPS, and Luzindole+LPS reduced the PAS-goblet cell labeling and increased Iba-1-immunolabelled cells compared to the saline group. Immunoblotting for IL-1β, TNF-α, and NF-kB was greater in the Luzindole group. The LPS-challenged group showed higher MPO activity than the saline and Luzindole groups. Catalase was reduced in the Luzindole and Luzindole+LPS groups compared to saline. The Luzindole group showed an increase in NP-SHs, an effect related to compensatory GSH activity. The acute blockade of endogenous MLT with Luzindole induced early changes in inflammatory markers with altered intestinal morphology. The other non-detectable deleterious effects of Luzindole may be balanced by the unopposed direct action of MLT in immune cells bypassing the MT1/MT2 receptors.

RESUMO O uso de soluções eletrolíticas hipotônicas na hidratação enteral ainda é pouco estudado em bezerros. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar os efeitos de soluções eletrolíticas enterais de manutenção com diferentes concentrações de acetato de sódio e diferentes osmolaridades em bezerros. Para isso, foram utilizados 18 bezerros, seis machos e 12 fêmeas, holandeses, com 20 dias de nascidos e pesando por volta dos 52kg. Os animais foram divididos aleatoriamente em três grupos e cada grupo recebeu um dos tratamentos. As três soluções eletrolíticas continham os mesmos componentes, mas em diferentes concentrações, resultando em uma solução hiposmótica, uma isosmótica e uma hiperosmótica. Cada animal foi mantido em hidratação enteral durante 12 horas com taxa de infusão de 15mL kg-1h-1. Foram aferidos perímetro abdominal, peso corporal, consistência das fezes, glicose e lactato plasmático, pH, pCO2, HCO- 3 e excesso de base nos seguintes tempos: T0h, T6h, T12h e T24h. A solução hiposmótica não gerou aparecimento de diarreia, enquanto a isosmótica e a hiperosmótica geraram. Independentemente da dose utilizada, o acetato não causou alcalose metabólica nos animais avaliados. Os resultados sugerem que o uso da solução hiposmótica em bezerros diarreicos, desidratados e sem acidose metabólica, pode ser clinicamente importante.

ABSTRACT The use of hypotonic electrolytic solutions in enteral fluid therapy is still understudied in calves. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects of maintenance enteral electrolytic solutions with different concentrations of sodium acetate and different osmolarities in calves. For this, 18 Holstein calves, six male and 12 female, 20 days old and weighing around 52kg, were used. The animals were randomly divided into three groups and each group received one of the treatments. The three electrolytic solutions contained the same components in different concentrations, resulting in a hyposmotic, an isosmotic and a hyperosmotic solution. Each animal was maintained in enteral fluid therapy for 12 hours with infusion rate of 15mL kg-1 h-1. Abdominal circumference, body weight, feces consistency, glucose and plasma lactate, pH, pCO2, HCO- 3 and BE were measured at the following times: T0h, T6h, T12h and T24h. The hyposmotic solution did not generate the onset of diarrhea, while the isosmotic and the hyperosmotic did. Regardless of the dose used, acetate did not cause metabolic alkalosis in the evaluated animals. The results suggest that the use of hyposmotic solution in diarrheic calves, dehydrated and without metabolic acidosis, may be clinically important.

Abstract Abstract: This study assessed the effect of salinity on embryonic development, larval growth and survival of the yellow clam Mesodesma mactroides in laboratory. Embryos and larvae of M. mactroides were submitted and maintained at four different salinities: 20, 25, 30 and 35 ppt, to determine optimal conditions for the species. Through descriptive analysis, the results showed that the embryos tolerate salinities between 25 - 35 ppt, presenting fast metamorphoses at salinities 30 and 35 ppt, during experimental period of 27 hours. The same tolerance pattern was observed in larval stage (25 - 35 ppt), showing a better development in salinity of 35 ppt. This result is verified in biometric analyzes of height and length of the shells and survival rate, with higher averages in treatments with salinity 35 ppt. The experimental period of this stage lasted 27 days, when the larvae were able to settle. These results indicate that embryos and larvae of M. mactroides tolerate salinities between (25-35 ppt), with the best growth and survival on high salinities being recommended to better yields in laboratory.

Malnutrition is still considered endemic in many developing countries. Malnutrition-enteric infections may cause lasting deleterious effects on lipid metabolism, especially in children living in poor settings. The regional basic diet (RBD), produced to mimic the Brazilian northeastern dietary characteristics (rich in carbohydrate and low in protein) has been used in experimental malnutrition models, but few studies have explored the effect of chronic RBD on liver function, a central organ involved in cholesterol metabolism. This study aimed to investigate whether RBD leads to liver inflammatory changes and altered reverse cholesterol metabolism in C57BL6/J mice compared to the control group, receiving a standard chow diet. To evaluate liver inflammation, ionized calcium-binding adapter protein-1 (IBA-1) positive cell counting, interleukin (IL)-1β immunohistochemistry, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and IL-10 transcription levels were analyzed. In addition, we assessed reverse cholesterol transport by measuring liver apolipoprotein (Apo)E, ApoA-I, and lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase (LCAT) by RT-PCR. Furthermore, serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) was measured to assess liver function. RBD markedly impaired body weight gain compared with the control group (P<0.05). Higher hepatic TNF-α (P<0.0001) and IL-10 (P=0.001) mRNA levels were found in RBD-challenged mice, although without detectable non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Marked IBA-1 immunolabeling and increased number of positive-IBA-1 cells were found in the undernourished group. No statistical difference in serum ALT was found. There was also a significant increase in ApoA mRNA expression in the undernourished group, but not ApoE and LCAT, compared with the control. Altogether our findings suggested that chronic RBD-induced malnutrition leads to liver inflammation with increased ApoA-I activity.

Abstract The yellow clam Mesodesma mactroides (Reeve, 1854) is a sand mollusc with historical and socioeconomic importance in Brazil, Uruguay and Argentina. A guaranteed form to access a successful reestablishment of the species in their natural environment is directly linked to their reproduction biology. Then, our report introduces the embryonic and larval development of the yellow clam reared in laboratory for such purposes. M. mactroides broodstock were selected as specimens who possess a mean total shell length and weight of 66 ± 3.82 mm and 27.15 ± 4.07 g for an afterwards spawn induction through stripping technique. Regarding the embryonic development, newly fertilized oocytes exhibited a mean diameter of 51.20 ± 6.64 μm. The first polar corpuscle, trochophores and D-veliger appeared at 20 min, 18 and 24 h after fertilization, respectively. Umbonate and pediveliger larvae were noticed on the 8th and 25th day, respectively, with complete metamorphosis occurring only at the 27th day, when all larvae were retained in a 200 μm nylon mesh. Therefore, with that basic understanding of the embryonic and larval development of M. mactroides in the laboratory, forwards studies will focus in establish a technological package for this species.

RESUMO Utilizaram-se registros de pesos corporais padronizados aos 120, 210, 365 e 450 dias de idade, provenientes de 30.481 animais da raça Nelore, progênies de 211 reprodutores acasalados com 19.229 matrizes, oriundos de rebanhos dos estados de Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul e Goiás, com o objetivo de avaliar a presença de interação genótipo x ambiente entre os estados. As estimativas de herdabilidade entre os estados variaram de 0,09 a 0,14; 0,11 a 0,17; 0,16 a 0,27 e 0,17 a 0,35, respectivamente, para os pesos 120, 210, 365 e 450 dias de idade. As estimativas de correlação genética aditiva entre a mesma característica para os diferentes estados apresentaram valores inferiores a 0,80. As correlações de Spearman entre os valores genéticos para os pesos corporais se reduziram à medida que se aumentou a intensidade de seleção sobre os reprodutores. A presença de interação genótipo x ambiente causa maior impacto sobre a avaliação genética dos reprodutores sob intensidade de seleção elevada, sendo interessante sua consideração no processo de avaliação genética. Estimativas de tendências genéticas para todos os pesos corporais apresentaram-se crescentes ao longo dos anos nos três estados.

ABSTRACT Data of adjusted alive weights at 120, 210, 365 and 450 days of age of 30,481 records of animals of the Nellore beef cattle breed from herds of states of Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, and Goiás were used to study the influence of environment genotype interaction on genetic evaluation of sires. Estimates of heritability between the states ranged from 0.09 to 0.14; 0.11 to 0.17; 0.16 to 0.27 and 0.17 to 0.35, respectively for live weights 120, 210, 365 and 450 days of age. The estimates of additive genetic correlation between the same characteristic for the different states presented values lower than 0.80. Spearman correlations between breeding values obtained from live weights of sires lowered as the intensity of selection on sires increased. The presence of environment genotype interaction has greater impact on the genetic evaluation of breeding under high intensity of selection, being an interesting consideration in the process of genetic evaluation. Estimates of genetic trends for all body weights have been increasing over the years in all three states.

Resumo Objetivo: Avaliar a associação entre atividade física total, atividade física no tempo livre e estado nutricional com a autopercepção de saúde em adolescentes de ambos os sexos. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo com abordagem quantitativa, que integra o levantamento epidemiológico transversal de base escolar e abrangência estadual, cuja amostra foi constituída por 6.261 adolescentes (14 a 19 anos) selecionados por meio de uma estratégia de amostragem aleatória de conglomerados. Os dados foram coletados a partir do questionário Global School-based Student Health Survey. O teste de qui-quadrado (χ2) e o modelo de regressão de Poisson com variância robusta foram usados nas análises dos dados. Resultados: Observou-se que 27,3% dos adolescentes tinham uma autopercepção de saúde negativa, maior entre as meninas (33,0% vs. 19,0%; p < 0,001). Após o ajuste pelos potenciais fatores de confusão, constatou-se que tinham maior chance de ter uma autopercepção de saúde negativa os meninos que não praticavam atividade física no tempo livre (RP = 1,44; IC 95%: 1,15-1,81) e que eram classificados como insuficientemente ativos (RP = 1,27; IC 95%: 1,04-1,56) e as meninas que não praticavam atividade física no tempo livre (RP = 1,15; IC 95%: 1,02-1,29) e que eram classificadas como sobrepesadas (RP = 1,27; IC 95%: 1,01-1,29). Conclusão: Questões comportamentais podem ter diferentes repercussões na autopercepção de saúde quando comparados os meninos e meninas. A autopercepção de saúde negativa esteve associada ao estado nutricional entre as meninas e a um menor nível de atividade física entre os meninos e a prática de atividade física no tempo livre foi tida como fator de proteção para uma autopercepção de saúde negativa para os adolescentes de ambos os sexos.

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the association between total physical activities, physical activity in free time and nutritional status with self-perceived health in adolescents of both genders. Methods: This is a quantitative study that integrates the school-based, cross-sectional epidemiological survey with statewide coverage, whose sample consisted of 6261 adolescents (14 -19 years old) selected by random conglomerate sampling. Data were collected using the Global School-based Student Health Survey. The chi-squared test (χ 2) and the Poisson regression model with robust variance were used in the data analyses. Results: It was observed that 27.3% of the adolescents had a negative health self-perception, which was higher among girls (33.0% vs. 19.0%, p < 0.001). After adjusting for potential confounding factors, it was observed that boys who did not practice physical activity during free time (PR = 1.44, 95% CI: 1.15 -1.81) and were classified as insufficiently active (PR = 1.27, 95% CI: 1.04 -1.56), as well as girls who did not practice physical activity during free time (PR = 1.15, 95% CI: 1.02 -1.29) and were classified as overweight (PR = 1.27, 95% CI: 1.01 -1.29) had a greater chance of negative health self-perception. Conclusion: Behavioral issues may have different effects on health self-perception when comparing boys with girls. Negative health self-perception was associated with nutritional status in girls and a lower level of physical activity in boys, and the practice of physical activity in the free time was considered a protective factor against a negative health self-perception for adolescents of both genders.

RESUMO Objetivou-se avaliar a influência da somatotropina recombinante bovina (rbST) sobre a produção e os constituintes do leite de búfalas entre 63 e 154 dias em lactação. Foram utilizadas 22 búfalas, distribuídas em dois grupos experimentais: grupo rbST - aplicação de 500 mg de rbST a cada 14 dias; grupo controle - sem aplicação de rbST. A cada sete dias, foi aferida a produção de leite de todas as búfalas e coletada uma amostra para análise físico-química. As variáveis produtivas e as oriundas de análises laboratoriais foram avaliadas como medidas repetidas no tempo, utilizando-se o comando Repeated gerado pelo procedimento GLM do SAS. A média dos parâmetros estudados para os grupos rbST e controle foram, respectivamente: produção de leite - 6,54 vs. 6,68 kg; gordura - 6,31 vs. 6,34%; proteína 3,86 vs. 3,81%; lactose - 4,96 vs. 5,02%; sólidos totais - 16,05 vs. 16,03%; extrato seco desengordurado - 9,75 vs. 9,74%; contagem de células somáticas - 329,90 vs. 171,68 (x 1000/mL); e elecondutividade - 2,87 vs. 2,81mS/cm. A utilização de 500mg de rbST administrados quinzenalmente, entre 63 e 154 dias em lactação não alterou a produção de leite, a proporção dos constituintes e a CCS do leite de búfalas leiteiras.

ABSTRACT This study aimed to evaluate the effect of recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbST) on milk yield and the proportion of buffalo milk components during lactation. Twenty-two buffaloes randomly distributed in two experimental groups were used: Group rbST - application of 500mg rbST every 14 days, between 63 and 154 days in milk (DIM); Control Group - without treatment. Weekly, the milk yield of buffaloes was measured and a sample was collected for physicochemical analysis. The response variables were evaluated as repeated measures, using the Repeated procedure through the GLM procedure of SAS. Means of each variable after rbST and Control were: Milk yield - 6,54 vs. 6,68 kg; Fat - 6,31 vs. 6,34%; Protein - 3,86 vs. 3,81%; Lactose - 4,96 vs. 5,02%; Milk solids - 16,05 vs. 16,03%; Defatted dry matter - 9,75 vs. 9,74%; Somatic Cells Count - 329,90 vs. 171,68 (x 1000/mL); and electrical conductivity- 2,87 vs. 2,81mS/cm. The use of 500mg of rbST administered every two weeks, between 63 and 154 DIM did not affect milk yield, proportion of milk constituents and SCC of dairy buffaloes.

RESUMO: O sistema de pastejo rotacionado irrigado é uma alternativa para a ovinocultura do semiárido. No entanto, a maior limitante para sua implementação são as dificuldades para controlar as parasitoses gastrintestinais. Neste trabalho objetivou-se determinar medidas de manejo para o controle das helmintoses gastrintestinais de ovinos em pastejo rotacionado irrigado e fazer a análise econômica do sistema. O experimento foi realizado em uma fazenda no Munícipio de Belém do São Francisco, Pernambuco, no período de abril de 2013 a setembro de 2014, em um rebanho de 646 a 859 ovinos mestiços da raça Dopper com Santa Inês, criados em uma área de 12 ha de pastagem de capim coast cross (Cynodon dactylon) dividida em 24 piquetes. Para o pastejo os ovinos foram divididos em dois grupos, um de ovelhas paridas e outro de ovelhas secas e borregas de mais de dois meses, que pastejavam três dias em cada piquete. Os piquetes tinham 36 dias de descanso. Foi feito teste de resistência aos anti-helmínticos no início de experimento e anualmente, que resultou na mudança anual do produto utilizado. No segundo ano, para as coletas de fezes e para o tratamento anti-helmíntico seletivo, as ovelhas paridas e as ovelhas secas foram divididas em dois subgrupos cada: paridas gordas, paridas magras, secas magras e secas gordas. Todos os meses coletavam-se fezes de 10% dos ovinos de cada subgrupo para fazer OPG e coprocultura. Cada grupo era tratado quando apresentavam média de mais de que 1000 OPG. Coletaram-se amostras de capim a cada dois meses para fazer a contagem e identificação de larvas do pasto. Durante os 18 meses de estudo foram tratados individualmente aproximadamente 3797 ovinos, equivalente a 6,49 tratamentos por ovino (3,97 em 2013 e 2,52 em 2014). O helminto mais prevalente nas coproculturas (50-85%) e no pasto (83,2%) foi Haemonchus contortus. Os menores números de larvas infectantes no pasto (94 a 111 larvas L3/ kg MS) ocorreram nos dias 35 e 2 a 8 de pastejo e os maiores números entre os dias 17 a 20 (374 a 761 L3/kg MS). A produção de carne da fazenda foi 1023 kg por hectare e a rentabilidade de 3,31%. Conclui-se que o pastoreio dos potreiros por três dias, com um descanso de 36 dias, com a utilização de tratamento seletivo, permite controlar as helmintoses gastrintestinais em sistemas de pastoreio rotacional irrigado. No entanto, é necessário realizar testes de resistência dos parasitas aos anti-helmínticos anualmente para contornar esse problema.

ABSTRACT: The irrigated rotational grazing system is an alternative for sheep farming in the Brazilian semi-arid region. However, the mean limitation for its implementation is the difficulty to control gastrointestinal nematodes. The objective of this research was to determine management measures for the control of the gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep in irrigated rotational grazing and to perform the economic analysis of the system. The experiment was carried out on a farm in the Municipality of Belém do São Francisco, Pernambuco, from April 2013 to September 2014, in a herd of 646 to 859 crossbred Dorper x Santa Inês sheep, reared in an area of 12 hectares with coast cross (Cynodon dactylon) pastures divided into 24 paddocks. For grazing, the sheep were divided into two groups: one of lactating ewes and their lambs, and the other with non-lactating ewes and ewe hoggets older than two months. Both groups grazed three days in each paddock and each paddock lasted 36 days without being grazed. Antihelminth Fecal Egg Count Reduction Tests were performed at the beginning of the experiment and annually, resulting in the annual change of the drug used. In the second year, for fecal collections and for selective anthelmintic treatment, the ewes and the non-lactating sheep were divided into two subgroups each: fat and thin lactating ewes, and fat and thin non-lactating ewes. Each month, feces of 10% of the sheep of each subgroup were collected for egg counts and larval culture. Treatments were performed when the mean fecal egg counts were greater than 1000/g. Samples of grass were collected every two months to count and identify grass free-living Trichostrongylidae larvae. During the 18 months of study, approximately 3797 individual anthelmintic treatments were performed, equivalent to 6.49 treatments per sheep (3.97 in 2013 and 2.52 in 2014). The most prevalent helminth in coprocultures (50%-85%) and pasture (83.2%) was Haemonchus contortus. The lowest numbers of infective larvae in the pasture (94 to 111 larvae L3/kg DM) occurred on days 35 and 2 to 8 of grazing. The highest numbers occurred between days 17 to 20 (374 to 761 L3/kg DM). The meat production of the farm was 1023 kg per hectare and the profitability was 3.31%. It is concluded that grazing the paddocks for 3 days, with a rest of 36 days and using selective treatments, allows the control of gastrointestinal nematodes in irrigated rotational grazing systems. However, annual resistance tests are necessary to mitigate resistance of parasites to anti-helminths.

RESUMO Foram utilizadas placentas de vacas abatidas em frigorífico com diversos tempos gestacionais. Fragmentos de placentomo de todos os grupos foram processados e avaliados em microscopia eletrônica de transmissão. Após análise dos fragmentos, observou-se que a placenta bovina é do tipo epiteliocorial no início da gestação, tornando-se sinepiteliocorial progressivamente a partir do início do segundo mês de gestação. Não existem evidências ultraestruturais de inflamação na região das carúnculas durante toda a gestação, apesar da invasão da lâmina própria caruncular por células trofoblásticas. No entanto, durante toda a gestação e em especial ao seu final, foram observados sinais evidentes de degeneração celular, tanto do trofoblasto como do epitélio uterino. As células trofoblásticas ativas fagocitam intensamente os debris celulares originados dessas degenerações. Existem complexas interdigitações entre a superfície do trofoblasto e do epitélio uterino, o que estaria relacionado com o aumento da superfície de troca entre mãe e feto. Ao final da gestação, praticamente desaparecem essas interdigitações, favorecendo o descolamento e a expulsão da placenta após o parto.

ABSTRACT Placentas from pregnant cows with different gestation periods were used. Placental fragments of all groups were processed and evaluated by transmission electron microscopy. After fragment analysis, bovine placenta was observed to be epitheliochorial type in early pregnancy, becoming progressively sinepiteliocorial at the beginning of the second trimester. There are no ultrastructural evidences of inflammation in the region of caruncles throughout gestation, despite the invasion of caruncle proper lamina by trophoblast cells. However, throughout pregnancy and especially at the end, there were evident signs of cell degeneration in both trophoblast and the uterine epithelium. The active trophoblast cells intensely phagocytize cellular debris. There are complex interdigitations between the surface of the trophoblast and the uterine epithelium, which is related to the increase of the exchange surface between mother and fetus. At the end of pregnancy, interdigitations disappear, favoring the detachment and expulsion of the placenta after birth.

RESUMO Este trabalho objetivou apresentar a caracterização da morfologia do testículo de cutia (Dasyproctaprymnolopha) macho, com o intuito de colaborar com o conhecimento da morfofisiologia reprodutiva da espécie. Foram utilizados testículos de 47 animais, com idade entre um e dois anos, pesos homogêneos (2,08 ± 0,23kg), oriundos do Núcleo de Estudos e Preservação de Animais Silvestres do Centro de Ciências Agrárias da Universidade Federal do Piauí. As estruturas foram dissecadas, descritas, e fragmentos foram processados para a microscopia de luz, sendo, posteriormente avaliada a atividade gonadal. Observou-se que os testículos são órgãos elipsoides alongados, podendo ser encontrados na região inguinal ou na cavidade abdominal, não apresentando um escroto bem delimitado. Verificou-se também parênquima com característica histológica padrão para o órgão em mamíferos, com a identificação de oito tipos de associações celulares, caracterizando os estádios do ciclo do epitélio seminífero, com menor e maior frequência dos estádios 3 e 5, respectivamente.

ABSTRACT This study meant to characterize the morphology of the testicle from (Dasyprocta prymnolopha) agouti males, in order to collaborate with the knowledge of reproductive morphophysiology of the specie. Testicles were used from 47 animals aged between 1 and 2 years, homogeneous weight (2.08±0.23kg), coming from the Centre for the Study and Conservation of Wild Animals of Agricultural Sciences Center of the Federal University of Piauí. The structures were dissected, described and fragments were processed for light microscopy, and, subsequently, gonadal activity was evaluated. Testes were observed to be elongated ellipsoidal bodies that can be found in the groin or in the abdominal cavity, not having a clearly defined scrotum. We also could see parenchymal with standard histological characteristic for the mammalian body, with the identification of eight types of cell associations, characterized epithelium Seminiferous stages of the cycle, with lower and higher frequency of stages 3 and 5, respectively.

RESUMO: Em função da grande variabilidade na composição da glicerina oriunda do biodiesel, torna-se imprescindível a busca por informações que contribuam estabelecê-la com uma alternativa na alimentação de aves. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da inclusão de glicerina com alto de teor de metanol em dietas para frangos de corte sobre o desempenho e parâmetros sanguíneos. Foram utilizados 90 pintos de corte machos da linhagem Cobb, com 8 dias de idade, distribuídos em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado com três tratamentos (níveis de inclusão de 0, 6 e 12% de glicerina) e seis repetições de cinco aves cada, totalizando 18 unidades experimentais. As dietas foram formuladas a base de milho e farelo de soja para atender as exigências nutricionais e a glicerina utilizada continha 1,4% de metanol e 3158Kcal/kg de energia metabolizável. Aos 21, 33 e 42 dias de idade as sobras de ração e as aves foram pesadas para determinação do consumo de ração, peso médio, ganho de peso e conversão alimentar. Foram colhidos de 1 a 3mL de sangue venoso das aves, nos últimos dias de cada fase de criação (19-21, 31-33 e 40-42 dias de idade), para determinação do hematócrito, concentração de hemoglobina, reticulócitos, proteínas plasmáticas totais e fibrinogênio. Para avaliação da bioquímica sérica foram colhidos sangue venoso das aves sem anticoagulante, apenas na fase final da criação (40-42 dias). Os dados de desempenho, parâmetros hematológicos e bioquímicos obtidos foram submetidos à análise de variância. Utilizou-se o teste de Tukey com α=0,05 de probabilidade, para comparação das médias. Não foram observadas diferença estatística dos tratamentos sobre as variáveis de desempenho, parâmetros sanguíneos e bioquímicos, exceto para as proteínas plasmáticas entre 19 e 21, que aumentaram com a inclusão de glicerina, e para os reticulócitos que reduziram com a inclusão de glicerina. A inclusão de até 12% de glicerina com 1,4% de metanol residual em dietas de frangos de corte de 8 a 42 pode ser realizada sem prejuízos no desempenho e saúde dos mesmos.

ABSTRACT: Due to the great variability in the composition of glycerin derived from the biodiesel, it is essential to search for information which helps establish it with an alternative in poultry feed. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of inclusion of glycerin with high methanol content in diets for broilers on performance and blood parameters. They used 90 Cobb male broiler chicks with 8 days old, distributed in a completely randomized design with three treatments (0, 6 and 12% glycerin inclusion levels) and six replications of five birds each, a total of 18 experimental units. Diets were formulated based on corn and soybean meal to meet the nutritional requirements and glycerin used contained 1.4% methanol and 3158Kcal/kg of metabolizable energy. At 21, 33 and 42 days of age the remains of feed and the birds were weighed to determine the feed intake, body weight, body weight gain and feed conversion. Were collected 1 to 3ml of venous blood of the birds during the last days of each phase (19 to 21, 31 to 33 and 40 to 42 days of age) for determination of hematocrit, hemoglobin concentration, reticulocyte total plasma proteins and fibrinogen. To evaluate the serum biochemistry were collected venous blood of birds without anticoagulant, only in the final phase (40 to 42 days). Performance data, hematological and biochemical obtained were submitted to analysis of variance. We used the Tukey test with α = 0.05 probability, to compare the means. There were no statistical difference between the treatments on the performance parameters and biochemical and blood parameters, except plasma proteins for between 19 and 21, which increased with the inclusion of glycerin, and reticulocytes that reduced with the inclusion of glycerin. The inclusion of up to 12% glycerin with 1.4% residual methanol in broiler diets (8 to 42 days of age) can be performed without loss in performance and health.