Objective: To describe the service use profile of Child and Adolescent Psychosocial Care Centers (Centro de Atenção Psicossocial Infanto-Juvenil [CAPSi]) in Brazil regarding diagnostic categories, sociodemographic aspects, and care modalities between 2008 and 2012. Methods: A descriptive, ecological study was performed using data from the Unified Health System regarding high-complexity procedure authorizations (Autorização de Procedimentos de Alta Complexidade [APAC]) for the period from 2008-2012. The variables sex, age, diagnosis (F00-F99 of ICD-10), and type of care provided were examined. The data were processed using TabWin and STATA version 12. Results: A total of 837,068 records were examined, each representing one visit to CAPSi. Most visits were by male users (68.8%). The most common diagnoses were hyperkinetic disorders (13%), pervasive developmental disorders (12.4%), and conduct disorders (8.4%). Conclusions: Behavioral and emotional disorders that usually appear during childhood or adolescence and psychological development disorders were frequent, with more than 50% of the latter comprising autism spectrum disorders. Regional differences were observed, with a higher presence of this diagnosis in the Southeast, while the North and Northeast had a high percentage of visits due to mental retardation.

Objective: To analyze the prevalence of common mental disorders (CMD) assessed with the Self Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ-20), using the established cutoff point, and comparing it with the results of a joint correspondence factor analysis (CFA) and cluster analysis and of a latent class analysis (LCA). Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out in an urban sample of 1,095 women aged 19 to 55 years. Joint CFA-cluster analysis and LCA were used. Results: We found a high prevalence of CMD, regardless of classification method (37.6% when using the cutoff point; 44.4% and 52% for LCA and joint CFA-cluster, respectively). The alternative analysis strategies describe the cases more efficiently when compared to the traditional cutoff method, especially regarding more severe symptoms. Both alternative strategies also provide a description of the SRQ-20 dimensions in their particularities, which may be useful for the planning and implementation of specific actions in a given population. Conclusion: The SRQ-20 cutoff point seems to underestimate the magnitude of CMD among women. The alternative methods of analysis presented herein highlight the different possibilities of using this important instrument of screening for mental health.

Objective: To identify the prevalence of internalizing and externalizing behavior problems among preschoolers from the city of Salvador, state of Bahia, Brazil, and their associations with maternal mental health and family characteristics. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study of 349 children aged 49 to 72 months, randomly selected from 20,000 households representing the range of socioeconomic and environmental conditions in Salvador. In 1999, we assessed sociodemographic variables and family environment characteristics. In 2001, we used the Child Behavior Checklist to measure and describe the frequencies of behavior problems. We conducted bivariate and multivariate analysis to estimate associations between family and maternal factors and prevalence of behavior problems. Results: The overall prevalence of behavior problems was 23.5%. The prevalence of internalizing problems was 9.7%, and that of externalizing problems, 25.2%. Behavior problems were associated with several maternal mental health variables, namely: presence of at least one psychiatric diagnosis (odds radio [OR] 3.01, 95%CI 1.75-5.18), anxiety disorder (OR 2.06, 95%CI 1.20-3.46), affective disorder (OR 2.10, 95%CI 1.21-3.65), and mental health disorders due to use of psychoactive substances (OR 2.31, 95%CI 1.18-4.55). Conclusion: The observed prevalence of child behavior problems fell within the range reported in previous studies. Maternal mental health is an important risk factor for behavior problems in preschool-aged children.

Nos sistemas agrícolas o conteúdo de N-NH4+ e N-NO3- é significativamente afetado pelo manejo do solo. Estudou-se a dinâmica do nitrogênio (N) inorgânico (NH4+ e NO3-) em experimento com avaliação de sistemas de manejo do solo (SMS) implantado em 1988, na Estação Experimental da Fundação ABC, em Ponta Grossa, região Centro-Sul do Estado do Paraná. Objetivou-se, com este trabalho, avaliar as alterações ocasionadas pelos SMS no fluxo do N-NH4+ e N-NO3- na camada superficial de um Latossolo Vermelho, em um período de 12 meses. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos completos ao acaso, em esquema de parcelas subdivididas com três repetições. As parcelas foram constituídas pelos seguintes SMS: 1) preparo convencional (PC); 2) preparo mínimo (PM); 3) plantio direto com escarificação a cada três anos (PDE); e 4) plantio direto permanente (PDP). Para avaliar a dinâmica do N inorgânico, as subparcelas foram constituídas pelo tempo de coleta (11 tempos de coleta - T1 a T11). O conteúdo de N amoniacal (N-NH4+) e de N nítrico (N-NO3-) foi superior nos sistemas com menor mobilização do solo (PM e PDE) e sem mobilização (PDP), em comparação com o PC. No período de outubro de 2003 a fevereiro de 2004, o conteúdo de N-NH4+ no solo foi superior ao de N-NO3-. Entretanto, no período de maio de 2004 a julho 2004 o conteúdo de N-NO3- foi superior. A maior flutuação do conteúdo do N-NH4+ e do N-NO3- ocorreu na camada de 0-2,5 cm, e o maior pico na concentração N-NH4+ e do N-NO3- aconteceu depois da aplicação de N em cobertura da cultura do trigo. Tanto o N-NH4+ quanto o N-NO3- apresentaram elevada correlação com o conteúdo de C-orgânico do solo, indicando que tais atributos variam juntos no sistema.

In agricultural systems the N-NH4+ and N-NO3- contents is significantly affected by soil management. This study investigated the dynamics of inorganic nitrogen (N; NH4+ and NO3-) in an experimental evaluation of soil management systems (SMSs) adopted in 1988 at the experimental station of the ABC Foundation in Ponta Grossa, in the Central South region of the State of Paraná. The objective of this study was to evaluate the changes in N-NH4+ and N-NO3- flux in the surface layer of a Red Latosol arising from SMSs over a 12-month period. The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized block design in split plots, in three replications. The plots consisted of the following SMSs: 1) conventional tillage (CT); 2) minimum tillage (MT); 3) no-tillage with chisel plow every three years (NT CH); and 4) continuous no-tillage (CNT). To evaluate the dynamics of inorganic N, the subplots represented samplings (11 sampling times, T1 - T11). The ammonium N (N-NH4+) and nitric N (N-NO3-) contents were higher in systems with reduced tillage (MT and NT CH) and without tillage (CNT) than in the CT system. In the period from October 2003 to February 2004, the N-NH4+ was higher than the N-NO3- soil content. Conversely, in the period from May 2004 to July 2004, the N-NO3- was higher than the N-NH4+ content. The greatest fluctuation in the N-NH4+ and N-NO3- contents occurred in the 0-2.5 cm layer, and the highest peak in the N-NH4+ and N-NO3- concentrations occurred after the surface application of N. Both N-NH4+ and N-NO3- were strongly correlated with the soil organic C content, which indicated that these properties vary together in the system.

RESUMO A maioria dos estudos sobre teores de nutrientes em matas naturais se concentra na serapilheira. No Brasil, em Mata Atlântica, foram realizadas pesquisas na Mata de Dois Irmãos/PE, na Floresta da Tijuca/RJ e na Mata Salão Dourado/MG. Neste trabalho, a área em estudo constitui um remanescente de Mata Atlântica, enquadrando-se como Floresta Estacional Semidecidual. O trabalho objetivou determinar, por meio da fitossociologia, as dez espécies de maior valor de importância (VI), avaliar os teores dos nutrientes Ca, Mg, P, K e N nas folhas dessas espécies, estimar sua biomassa foliar e determinar a eficiência de utilização biológica desses nutrientes, ampliando assim, o conhecimento sobre os remanescentes de Mata Atlântica no Brasil. Metodologicamente, depois de definidas as dez espécies de maior VI, amostraram-se os indivíduos de maior circunferência a 1,30 m do solo (CAP) de cada espécie, e coletaram-se as folhas da parte intermediária da copa, formando uma amostra composta em que foram determinados os teores de Ca, Mg, P, K e N. Neste estudo, estimou-se a biomassa foliar em cada espécie e para transformar essa biomassa em kg/ha, somaramse as biomassas foliares dos indivíduos da espécie encontrados na área. O conteúdo de nutrientes na biomassa foliar das espécies (kg/ha) foi obtido multiplicando-se o teor (g/kg) pela biomassa foliar (kg/ha) de cada espécie. A eficiência de utilização biológica foi calculada pela razão entre a biomassa foliar e o conteúdo de nutrientes das espécies. Os teores dos nutrientes, nas folhas, apresentaram a seguinte ordem decrescente N>Ca>K>Mg>P, porém em algumas espécies o teor de K foi maior do que o de Ca. A biomassa foliar das dez espécies de maior VI foi de 3,3 t ha-1, e representaram 24,5% da biomassa foliar total (13,4 t ha-1) do fragmento. A espécie Schefflera morototoni (Aubl.) Maguire, Steyerm & Frodin foi responsável pelo maior aporte via foliar de Ca e Mg e Helicostylis tomentosa (Poepp. & Endl.) J.F., Macbr. pelo de P, K e N no fragmento. A eficiência de utilização de nutrientes apresentou a seguinte ordem P>Mg>K>Ca>N.

ABSTRACT The vast majority of research on nutrients in natural forest is concentrated in the litter. In Brazil, in Atlantic Forest, some investigations have been conducted in few locations such as Dois Irmãos Forest (PE), Tijuca Forest (RJ) and Salão Dourado Forest (MG). In the present research, the studied area was characterized as remaining of Atlantic Forest classified as slope, ombrofilous forest. The objective was to determine by a phytosociologic study the ten species of most important value (VI) and to evaluate the Ca, Mg, P, K and N nutrients contents in these species leaves, likewise to estimate leaf biomass and the efficiency of biological nutrient utilization, increasing the knowledge about Atlantic Forest residues in Brazil. After determining the ten species of most important value, the largest circumference individuals at 1.30 m from soil surface (CAP) in each specie were sampled and the leaves from the intermediate part of the trees top were collected, making a composed sample, being determined Ca, Mg, P, K and N contents. In this study, the leaf biomass was estimate in each species and, to transform this biomass in kg/ha, the leaf biomasses from the species' individuals were added in the area. The nutrient contents in leaf biomass from the species (kg/ha) were achieved multiplying the content (g/kg) by leaf biomass (kg/ha) in each specie. The biological utilization efficiency was calculated considering the ratio between the leaf biomass and the nutrient contents from species. The leaves nutrient contents were in a decreasing order N>Ca>K>Mg>P, but in some species the K content was higher than Ca content. The leaf biomass of the ten most important value species was 3.3 t ha-1 which represented 24.5 % of the total spot leaf biomass (13.4 t ha-1). Schefflera morototoni (Aubl.) Maguire, Steyerm & Frodin showed the most leaf entrance of Ca e Mg while Helicostylis tomentosa (Poepp. & Endl.) J.F., Macbr. showed the best results for P, K and N in the spot. The biological utilization efficiency presented the sequence P>Mg>K>Ca>N.

INTRODUÇÃO: Foi desenvolvida uma escala para medir aderência ao conceito Bleuleriano e Schneideriano de esquizofrenia entre psiquiatras trabalhando em São Paulo, analisando relações entre variáveis sociodemográficas e de formação sobre o escore obtido. MÉTODOS: Questionário contendo escala visual analógica com dezessete enunciados sobre conceitos Schneideriano e Bleuleriano de esquizofrenia, foi distribuído para 150 psiquiatras. As sub-escalas Bleuleriana e Schneideriana foram avaliadas por metódos psicométricos de consistência interna, estrutura das subescalas e confiabilidade test- reteste. RESULTADOS: Completaram o questionário 117 psiquiatras. A subescala Schneideriana demonstrou melhor consistência interna e melhores coeficientes de correlação intraclasse. Não houve associação negativa entre os escores das subescalas. Discordância com o conceito Bleuleriano predominou entre profissionais treinados na USP. CONCLUSÕES: A baixa confiabilidade da sub-escala Bleuleriana limita a confiabilidade do instrumento como um todo, embora contribua para a discussão dos modelos em questão. Argumenta-se que o modelo Bleuleriano, por exigir maior inferência, torna-se propenso a baixa confiabilidade.

INTRODUCTION: Among psychiatric disorders schizophrenia is often said to be the condition with the most disputed definition.The Bleulerian and Schneiderian approaches have given rise to diagnostic formulations that have varied with time and place. Controversies over the concept of schizophrenia were examined within European/North American settings in the early 1970s but little has since been reported on the views of psychiatrists in developing countries. In Brazil both concepts are referred to in the literature. A scale was developed to measure adherence to Bleulerian and Schneiderian concepts among psychiatrists working in S. Paulo. METHODOLOGY: A self-reported questionnaire comprising seventeen visual analogue-scale statements related to Bleulerian and Schneiderian definitions of Shizophrenia, plus sociodemographic and training characteristics, was distributed to a non-randomised sample of 150 psychiatrists. The two sub-scales were assessed by psychometric methods for internal consistency, sub-scale structure and test-retest reliability. Items selected according to internal consistency were examined by a two-factor model exploratory factor analysis. Intraclass correlation coefficients described the stability of the scale. RESULTS: Replies were received from 117 psychiatrists (mean age 36 (SD 7.9)), 74% of whom were made and 26% female. The Schneiderian scale showed better overall internal consistency than the Bleulerian scale. Intra-class correlation coefficients for test-retest comparisons were between 0.5 and 0.7 for Schneiderian items and 0.2 and 0.7 for Bleulerian items. There was no negative association between Bleulerian and Schneiderian scale scores, suggesting that respondents may hold both concepts. Place of training was significantly associated with the respondent's opinion; disagreement with a Bleulerian standpoint predominated for those trained at the University of S. Paulo. CONCLUSIONS: The less satisfactory reliability for the Bleulerian sub-scale limits confidence in the whole scale but on the other hand this questionnaire contributes to the understanding of the controversy over Bleulerian and Schneiderian models for conceptualisation of schizophrenia, the former requiring more inference and therefore being prone to unreliability.

INTRODUÇÃO: Foi desenvolvida uma escala para medir aderência ao conceito Bleuleriano e Schneideriano de esquizofrenia entre psiquiatras trabalhando em São Paulo, analisando relações entre variáveis sociodemográficas e de formação sobre o escore obtido. MÉTODOS: Questionário contendo escala visual analógica com dezessete enunciados sobre conceitos Schneideriano e Bleuleriano de esquizofrenia, foi distribuído para 150 psiquiatras. As sub-escalas Bleuleriana e Schneideriana foram avaliadas por metódos psicométricos de consistência interna, estrutura das subescalas e confiabilidade test- reteste. RESULTADOS: Completaram o questionário 117 psiquiatras. A subescala Schneideriana demonstrou melhor consistência interna e melhores coeficientes de correlação intraclasse. Não houve associação negativa entre os escores das subescalas. Discordância com o conceito Bleuleriano predominou entre profissionais treinados na USP. CONCLUSÕES: A baixa confiabilidade da sub-escala Bleuleriana limita a confiabilidade do instrumento como um todo, embora contribua para a discussão dos modelos em questão. Argumenta-se que o modelo Bleuleriano, por exigir maior inferência, torna-se propenso a baixa confiabilidade.

INTRODUCTION: Among psychiatric disorders schizophrenia is often said to be the condition with the most disputed definition.The Bleulerian and Schneiderian approaches have given rise to diagnostic formulations that have varied with time and place. Controversies over the concept of schizophrenia were examined within European/North American settings in the early 1970s but little has since been reported on the views of psychiatrists in developing countries. In Brazil both concepts are referred to in the literature. A scale was developed to measure adherence to Bleulerian and Schneiderian concepts among psychiatrists working in S. Paulo. METHODOLOGY: A self-reported questionnaire comprising seventeen visual analogue-scale statements related to Bleulerian and Schneiderian definitions of Shizophrenia, plus sociodemographic and training characteristics, was distributed to a non-randomised sample of 150 psychiatrists. The two sub-scales were assessed by psychometric methods for internal consistency, sub-scale structure and test-retest reliability. Items selected according to internal consistency were examined by a two-factor model exploratory factor analysis. Intraclass correlation coefficients described the stability of the scale. RESULTS: Replies were received from 117 psychiatrists (mean age 36 (SD 7.9)), 74% of whom were made and 26% female. The Schneiderian scale showed better overall internal consistency than the Bleulerian scale. Intra-class correlation coefficients for test-retest comparisons were between 0.5 and 0.7 for Schneiderian items and 0.2 and 0.7 for Bleulerian items. There was no negative association between Bleulerian and Schneiderian scale scores, suggesting that respondents may hold both concepts. Place of training was significantly associated with the respondent's opinion; disagreement with a Bleulerian standpoint predominated for those trained at the University of S. Paulo. CONCLUSIONS: The less satisfactory reliability for the Bleulerian sub-scale limits confidence in the whole scale but on the other hand this questionnaire contributes to the understanding of the controversy over Bleulerian and Schneiderian models for conceptualisation of schizophrenia, the former requiring more inference and therefore being prone to unreliability.