ABSTRACT Purpose: Bacterial cellulose (BC) has shown high capacity for the treatment of wounds and burns, providing a moisty environment. Calcium alginate can be associated with BC to create gels that aid in wound debridement and contribute to appropriate wound healing. This study is aimed at characterizing and evaluating the use of bacterial cellulose/alginate gel in skin burns in rats. Methods: Cellulose and cellulose/alginate gels were compared regarding the capacity of liquid absorption, moisture, viscosity, and potential cytotoxicity. The 2nd degree burns were produced using an aluminum metal plate (2.0cm) at 120ºC for 20s on the back of rats. The animals were divided into non-treated, CMC(Carboxymethylcellulose), Cellulose(CMC with bacterial cellulose), and Cellulose/alginate(CMC with bacterial cellulose and alginate). The animals received topical treatment 3 times/week. Biochemical (MPO, NAG and oxidative stress), histomorphometry and immunohistochemical assays (IL-1β IL-10 and VEGF) were conducted on the 14th, 21st, 28th, and 35th days. Results: Cellulose/Alginate gel showed higher absorption capacity and viscosity compared to Cellulose gel, with no cytotoxic effects. Cellulose/alginate presented lower MPO values, a higher percentage of IL-10, with greater and balanced oxidative stress profile. Conclusions: The use of cellulose/alginate gel reduced neutrophils and macrophage activation and showed greater anti-inflammatory response, which can contribute to healing chronic wounds and burns. Purpose (BC environment cellulosealginate rats Methods moisture cytotoxicity nd 2.0cm 20cm cm 2 0cm (2.0cm ºC s nontreated, nontreated non treated, treated non-treated CMCCarboxymethylcellulose, CMCCarboxymethylcellulose CMC Carboxymethylcellulose , CMC(Carboxymethylcellulose) CelluloseCMC cellulose, cellulose) Cellulose/alginateCMC CellulosealginateCMC alginate. . alginate) timesweek times week times/week MPO, (MPO stress, stress) IL1β ILβ IL 1β β IL10 10 IL-1 VEGF 14th th 21st st 28th days Results CelluloseAlginate Alginate effects Cellulosealginate values IL10, 10, profile Conclusions antiinflammatory anti inflammatory response CMC(Carboxymethylcellulose alginateCMC IL1 1 IL-

RESUMO Este estudo objetivou descrever a experiência do Brasil e dos Estados Unidos da América (EUA) em relação aos dados de morbimortalidade por Covid-19, segundo a raça/cor/etnia. Para isso, procurou-se descrever os fatores envolvidos no tratamento e divulgação dos dados de morbimortalidade por essa patologia nos dois países. Foram analisados boletins epidemiológicos divulgados pelo Ministério da Saúde, resultados parciais da Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílio (PNAD) Covid-19 realizada pelo Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE) no Brasil e o estado da arte em saúde sobre os impactos da pandemia nos EUA, sob a perspectiva de raça/cor/etnia. Apesar da baixa qualidade da informação em saúde referente à morbimortalidade da população negra por Covid-19, os resultados desvelam iniquidades raciais em saúde para essa doença, ratificando o racismo estrutural/institucional em ambos os países. Como contribuição, enfatiza-se a necessidade de qualificar os dados sobre raça/cor/etnia, relacionando-os com idade, local de moradia, tipo de residência, acesso a saneamento básico, ocupação, entre outros determinantes sociais que, sabidamente, impactam no modo de adoecer e morrer pela Covid-19, a fim de viabilizar estratégias e políticas públicas verdadeiramente promotoras da equidade.

ABSTRACT This study sought to describe the experience of Brazil and the United States of América (USA) in relation to Covid-19 morbimortality data according to race/skin color/ethnicity. Toward this end, it seeks to describe the factors involved in the treatment and dissemination of the morbimortality data for such pathology in the two countries. The analysis includes epidemiological bulletins released by the Brazilian Ministry of Health, partial results from Brazil’s National Household Sample Survey (PNAD) for Covid-19 collected by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), and state-of-the-art health data about the impact of the pandemic in the USA, from the perspective of race/skin color/ethnicity. Despite the low quality of health information on Covid-19 morbimortality of black population, the results corroborate racial inequities in health for the disease, confirming the existence of structural and institutional racism in both countries. This article highlights the need to qualify data about race/skin color/ethnicity, by relating them to age, place of residence, type of residence, access to basic sanitation, and occupation, among other social determinants that impact how individuals become ill and die from Covid-19, in order to enact strategies and public policies that truly promote equity.

Ese estudio examina la producción de información sobre raza/color de la piel de los cadáveres sometidos a autopsia en el Instituto de Medicina Legal (IML) de Salvador/Bahia en 2007. Los datos se obtuvieron por medio de entrevistas con médicos legistas, ayudantes de autopsia y con el personal de la División de Entrega de Cadáveres, en la observación y en fuentes documentales. El análisis reveló que el proceso de identificación de la raza/color de la piel se omite, es impreciso y distorsiona las informaciones finales que constan en los Certificados de Defunción. Hubo una clasificación difusa de negros y mestizos como faiodermas, generando una "niebla" en la información, mientras que la muerte de los blancos fue "accidental". El asesinato lleva la marca de la violencia marginal, relacionada con drogas y crimen y con todo lo que inscribe al muerto en un horizonte de culpa, casi justificando la muerte violenta y la discriminación.

Este estudo analisa a produção da informação sobre raça/cor da pele dos indivíduos submetidos à necrópsia no Instituto Médico Legal (IML) de Salvador, Bahia, no ano de 2007. As evidências foram obtidas em entrevistas com médicos legistas, auxiliares de necrópsia e funcionários do Setor de Liberação de Cadáveres, em observação e fontes documentais. A análise revelou que o processo de identificação da raça/cor da pele é omisso, impreciso e distorce a informação final da declaração de óbito. Houve uma indistinta classificação dos pretos e pardos como faiodermas, criando uma "névoa" informacional, enquanto a morte dos brancos que chegam ao IML foi "acidental". Já o homicídio traz a marca da violência marginal, relacionada com drogas, crime, com aquilo que inscreve o morto em um horizonte de culpabilidade, quase que justificando a morte violenta e a discriminação.

This study aims to analyze the production of information on the race/skin color of individuals submitted to autopsy at the Institute of Forensic Medicine (IFM) of Salvador/Bahia, in 2007. The evidence was obtained through interviews with forensic surgeons (coroners), autopsy assistants and the staff of the Corpse Release Department, as well as observations and documentary sources. The analysis revealed that the process of identifying race/skin color is neglectful, inaccurate and distorts the final information on death certificates. There was an indistinct classification of black and brown individuals as "pardos", which creates an informational "fog", while the death of whites coming to the IFM was "accidental." Murder, in turn, bears the mark of marginal violence, related to drugs, crime, which inscribes the dead in a horizon of culpability, almost justifying the violent death and the discrimination.