ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Specific types of violence such as intimate partner sexual violence and intimate partner homicide occur more frequently in rural areas. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to systematically review the literature on the knowledge and attitudes of rural healthcare providers regarding cases of domestic violence against women. DESIGN AND SETTING: Systematic review developed at Universidade Federal de Uberlândia. METHODS: We conducted an electronic search of six databases, which only included observational studies, regardless of the year, language, or country of publication, except for studies that used secondary data and were exclusively qualitative. Two reviewers performed the selection, data extraction, and risk of bias assessment using a specific Joanna Briggs Institute tool. RESULTS: Six studies met the inclusion criteria. All the studies had a low risk of bias. Approximately 38% of these professionals identified injuries caused by violence in patients. When asked about knowing the correct attitude to take in cases of confirmed violence, between 12% and 64% of rural healthcare providers answered positively; most of them would refer to specialized institutions and promote victim empowerment and counseling. The number of professionals with an educational background in the field ranged from 16% to 98%. CONCLUSIONS: The evident disparity across studies shows that some professionals have suboptimal knowledge and require training to adopt the correct attitude when identifying female victims of domestic violence in clinical practice. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION: This systematic review was registered in the Open Science Framework Database under the registration http://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/B7Q6S.

ABSTRACT Organic residue in the substrate and the availability of light influence the production of high-quality seedlings for ex situ cultivation of native forest species. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of doses of chicken manure incorporated in the soil and shading levels on the morphophysiological responses and quality of Alibertia edulis (Rich.) A. Rich seedlings. Five doses of chicken manure (CM) were tested, 0.00, 2.08, 4.16, 6.24, and 8.32 g CM kg-1 soil, under two shade conditions, 0% (full sun) and 50% shading. At 215 days after transplanting, the maximum height obtained for A. edulis was 47.35 cm with 5.64 g CM kg-1 soil under 50% shade. Shaded seedlings had a higher number of leaves. The maximum leaf and root areas were 796.64 and 118.83 cm2 with 5.32 and 4.21 g CM kg-1 soil, respectively, both under 50% shade. Seedlings in 0% shade had lower physiological indices. Shading levels did not affect stomatal limitation, but CM contributed to physiological efficiency. Shoot biomass was higher under 50% shade with higher CM doses. The highest quality indexes occurred with 3.98 and 6.28 g kg-1 CM under 0 and 50% shade, respectively. A. edulis seedlings responded positively to the addition of CM to the soil and presented plasticity under contrasting light conditions. A. edulis seedlings produced under 50% shading with the addition of 6.24 g CM kg-1 soil presented high morphophysiological and seedling quality indicators. The addition of 4.32 g CM kg-1 soil contributed to high seedling quality under full sun conditions.

RESUMO O uso de resíduo orgânico no substrato e a disponibilidade de luz influenciam na obtenção de mudas de elevada qualidade para o cultivo ex situ de espécies florestais nativas. Objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar o efeito de doses de cama de frango incorporadas ao solo e níveis de sombreamento sobre as respostas morfofisiológicas e qualidade de mudas de Alibertia edulis (Rich.) A. Rich. Foram estudadas cinco doses de cama de frango (CF): 0,00; 2,08; 4,16; 6,24 e 8,32 g kg-1 sob duas condições de sombreamento: 0% (pleno sol) e 50% de sombreamento. Aos 215 dias após o transplantio, a máxima altura da A. edulis foi 47,35 cm com 5,64 g CF kg-1 solo sob 50% de sombreamento. Mudas sombreadas tiveram maior número de folhas. A máxima área foliar e radicular foi de 796,64 e 118,83 cm2 com 5,32 g e 4,21 g CF kg-1 solo, respectivamente, ambos sob 50% de sombra. Mudas sob 0% de sombra tiveram menores índices fisiológicos. Os níveis de sombreamento não afetaram a limitação estomática, mas a CF contribuiu na eficiência fisiológica. As biomassas da parte aérea foram maiores sob 50% de sombra com maiores doses de CF. Os maiores índices de qualidade ocorreram com 3,98 e 6,28 g CF kg-1 solo sob 0 e 50% de sombra, respectivamente. Mudas de A. edulis responderam positivamente à adição de CF ao solo e apresentaram plasticidade às condições contrastantes de luz. Mudas de A. edulis produzidas em 50% de sombra com adição de 6,24 g CF kg-1 solo apresentaram maiores indicadores morfofisiológicos e qualidade de mudas. A adição de 4,32 g CF kg-1 solo contribuiu na qualidade de mudas sob pleno sol.

ABSTRACT Flooding is a stressful condition that causes damage to the photosynthetic apparatus, negatively affecting the growth of seedlings of fruit species, including Hymenaea courbaril L. Studies on physiological management, such as exogenous application of phytohormones, to alleviate abiotic stress have increased. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of foliar application of salicylic acid (SA) on H. courbaril seedlings subjected to flooding. The seedlings received foliar application of four concentrations of SA (0, 100, 200, and 400 mg L-1) and were subjected to two water regimes: a) control - non-flooded and irrigated daily and b) flooded - seedlings were placed in a plastic pool, keeping the water depth at ± 5.0 cm above the substrate level. After 35 days, we evaluated the gas exchange, initial growth, quality, and potential ecological resilience of the seedlings. All flooded seedlings survived, but had reduced photosynthesis, carboxylation of Rubisco efficiency, and water-use and stomatal conductance when they received 100-300 mg L-1 SA. The seedlings that received between 100 and 300 mg L-1 SA had greater growth, quality, and phenotypic plasticity. Foliar application of SA did not mitigated the effect of flooding on gas exchange but contributed to the growth of H. courbaril seedlings.

RESUMO O alagamento é um fator estressante e promove danos ao aparato fotossintético, afetando negativamente o crescimento de mudas de espécies frutíferas, dentre elas a jatobazeiro Estudos sobre o manejo fisiológico, tal como aplicação exógena de fitohormônio, para aliviar o estresse abiótico tem aumentado. Assim, objetivou-se com esse estudo avaliar o efeito da aplicação foliar de concentrações de ácido salicílico (AS) em mudas de H. courbaril submetidas ao alagamento. As mudas receberam aplicação via foliar de quatro concentrações de AS: 0, 100, 200 e 400 mg L-1, e submetidas a dois regimes hídricos: a) controle: - não alagadas e irrigadas diariamente e b) alagamento - acondicionamento das mudas em piscina com lâmina d’água (5.0 cm) acima do nível do substrato. Decorridos 35 dias avaliamos as trocas gasosas, crescimento inicial, qualidade e o potencial de resiliência ecológica das mudas. Observou-se que todas as mudas alagadas sobreviveram, mas tiveram redução da fotossíntese, eficiência instantânea de carboxilação da Rubisco e de uso da água e condutância estomática e quando receberam aplicação entre 100-300 mg L-1 de AS. As mudas que receberam aplicação das concentrações entre 100 e 300 mg L-1 de AS tiveram maiores características de crescimento, qualidade e plasticidade fenotípica. A aplicação foliar de ácido salicílico não mitigou o efeito do alagamento sobre as trocas gasosas, mas contribuiu no crescimento das mudas de H. courbaril.

Abstract The relationship between palm trees and communities is significant for the constitution of traditional territories and conservation of relevant ecosystems. The babassu palm, Attalea speciosa (Mart. ex Spreng.) has been called the “mother of the people” and has historically provided sustenance to quilombos in the common use lands where it occurs. But incessant privatization initiatives from the government and private endeavors threaten these socioeconomic and ecological processes within a land market that is not favorable to the quilombola tradition. This article analyzes the case of the Monte Alegre-Olho D’Água dos Grilos quilombo in the Mearim River Valley of Maranhão state, where collective lands are currently being illegally privatized. Quilombolas partnered with the authors in a research activity to inventory the trees in their territory; from the results of this inventory and information from oral memory about the vegetation we reflect on the conceptual motives for conserving babassu groves. The findings indicate that collective land tenure regularization is required but not sufficient to avoid the fragmentation of vegetation cover that hinders forest conservation. We conclude that land tenure rights (even though they are guaranteed by the constitution) will only be achieved if the government and society respect renewal of the tradition of common use by the quilombolas, as advocated by the revised ‘theory of managed commons’.

Resumo A relação entre palmeiras e comunidades é fator significativo para a constituição de territórios tradicionais e para a conservação de relevantes ecossistemas. Designada como ‘mãe do povo’, a palmeira babaçu – Attalea speciosa (Mart. ex Spreng.) – tem provido historicamente o sustento de quilombos em terras de uso comum, nas áreas de sua ocorrência. Porém, contínuos assédios governamentais e civis de privatização ameaçam tais processos socioeconômicos e ecológicos, sob um mercado de terras desfavorável à tradição quilombola. É analisado o caso do quilombo Monte Alegre-Olho D’Água dos Grilos, no vale do rio Mearim, Maranhão, atualmente sob processo ilegal de privatização de terras coletivas. Quilombolas, em parceria de pesquisa-ação com os autores, realizaram inventário da vegetação arbórea no seu território. Resultados desse inventário e dados da memória oral sobre a vegetação arbórea permitem refletir sobre bases conceituais para a conservação dos babaçuais. Os resultados indicam que a regularização fundiária na modalidade coletiva é necessária, mas não suficiente para evitar a fragmentação da cobertura vegetal prejudicial à conservação florestal. Conclui-se que os direitos territoriais reivindicados, embora garantidos constitucionalmente, só serão concretizados se Estado e sociedade respeitarem a renovação da tradição do uso comum pelos quilombolas, conforme preconizado na revisada ‘teoria dos comuns manejados’.

Abstract Background: Different immune mechanisms of myocardial damage involved in the pathophysiology of Chagas disease coexist with high titers of autoantibodies induced by T. cruzi . There are few studies in the literature about the adaptive role of anti-β1 and anti-M2 antibodies in chronic Chagas cardiomyopathy (CCC). Objectives: To evaluate the association between anti-β1 and anti-M2 antibodies with heart rate variability (HRV) parameters on 24h Holter monitoring and the rate-pressure product (RPP) on cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET). Methods: Anti-β1 and anti-M2 antibody titers were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in 64 patients affected by CCC. Analysis of HRV was performed through the time-domain indices NNs, mean NN, SDNN, SDANN, SDNN index, NNNs, RMSSD, and pNN50. Spearman’s correlation coefficient was used to assess the association between antibody titers and numerical variables. The Mann–Whitney test was used for comparison between two groups. Multiple linear regression was used to identify independent variables capable of explaining anti-β1 and anti-M2 antibody titers at the 5% significance level. Results: On 24h Holter, during the period of greatest parasympathetic activation (2:00-6:00 a.m.), an inverse association was found between anti-β1 titers and SDNN (rs=-0.13, p =0.041, n=43), as well as a direct association between anti-M2 titers and SDANN ( r s=0.317, p =0.039, n=43). Regarding CPET variables, anti-β1 titers were directly associated with RPP (rs=0.371, p =0.005, n=56). The subgroup of patients with a normal chronotropic response showed higher anti-β1 titers than the subgroup with an impaired response (p=0.023). RPP was an independent explanatory variable for anti-β1 titers, although with a low coefficient of determination (R2=0.147). Conclusion: The findings of this study suggest that, in patients with CCC, anti-β1 and anti-M2 antibodies may affect HRV parameters. RPP was directly associated with higher anti-β1 titers.

RESUMO: A descoberta de novos aditivos naturais a partir de resíduos agroindustriais é considerada um importante tópico de pesquisa. Este estudo teve como objetivo investigar a viabilidade da extração assistida por ultrassom (EAU) de compostos antioxidantes do estigma do milho (EM) e o efeito de variáveis independentes (tempo e relação sólido-solvente) e sua interação na extração de EM. Os resultados indicaram que a EUA aumenta a atividade antioxidante e reduz o tempo de extração em 67%. Condições otimizadas para a extração simultânea de antioxidantes e polifenóis do EM foram obtidas com 5 min e uma relação sólido-solvente de 0,05 g mL-1. O extrato de EM obtido pela EUA foi caracterizado por ESI-ToF-MS e 27 fitoquímicos foram encontrados. O extrato apresentou atividades antifúngicas e antibacterianas promissoras contra 23 dos micro-organismos estudados. Portanto, o extrato de EM obtido pela extração assistida por ultrassom pode ser utilizado como fonte de compostos bioativos e antimicrobianos para uso como ingrediente funcional na indústria alimentícia e farmacêutica.

ABSTRACT: The discovery of new natural additives from agro-industrial waste is considered an important research topic. This study investigated the feasibility of ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) of antioxidant compounds from corn stigma (CS) and the effect of independent variables (time and solid-solvent ratio) and their interaction in the extraction of CS. Results indicated that the UAE method increases the antioxidant activity and reduces the extraction time by 67%. Optimized conditions for the simultaneous extraction of antioxidants and polyphenols from CS were obtained using 5 min and a solid-solvent ratio of 0.05 g mL-1. The CS extract obtained by UAE was characterized by ESI-ToF-MS and 27 phytochemicals were reported. The extract showed promising antifungal and antibacterial activities against 23 of the studied microorganisms. Therefore, the CS extract obtained by the UAE can be used as a source of bioactive and antimicrobial compounds for use as a functional ingredient in the food and pharmaceutical industry.

Abstract: Sugarcane is an important Brazilian commodity, being usually cultivated in soils with low natural fertility. This study aimed to isolate diazotrophic endophytes from sugarcane tissues and evaluate the morphological and physiological characteristics of their colonies as well as their plant growth-promoting (PGP) traits in select diazotrophic endophytic bacteria. Fifty-six bacterial isolates were identified in the sugarcane tissues, and these isolates presented distinct morphological and physiological traits. A total of thirty-five bacterial isolates were biochemically evaluated. Overall, Bacillus was the dominant genus. Isolates of Methylobacterium spp. and Brevibacillus agri were present only in leaves, while Herbaspirillum seropedicae occurred only in stems. Except to IPA-CF45A, all isolates were nitrogenase positive. All endophytes exhibit production of indol 3-acetic acid. Over 50% of endophytes solubilize phosphate, release N-acyl homoserine lactones, and present the activity of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid deaminase, catalase, lipase and protease. The network analysis showed that isolates belonged to Burkholderia, Herbaspirillum, and Methylobacterium interact with Bacillus. Bacterial endophytes exhibited distinct morphological, physiological, and PGP traits that are useful for sustainable agriculture, highlighting the isolates IPA-CC33, IPA-CF65, IPA-CC9 and IPA-CF27. Further studies on the effects of these diazotrophic endophytes and their potential for providing microbial inoculants for improving sugarcane fields will provide valuable information to maintain the sustainability and environment quality.

Resumo A Campomanesia adamantium (guavira) é nativa do Cerrado brasileiro e utilizada como alimentícia e medicinal. A planta tem sido explorada indiscriminadamente em seu hábitat, o que, somado às queimadas e ao desmatamento, levam-na ao risco de extinção. Para a preservação da espécie, é essencial seu manejo in situ e ex situ, e as práticas agroecológi-cas associadas à adubação verde são um sistema recomendado. Neste estudo, investigamos o desenvolvimento da C. adamantium cultivada com os adubos verdes Stylosanthes macrocephala, Pueraria phaseoloides, Calopogonium mucunoides e Cajanus cajan, além dos atributos químicos e microbiológicos do solo. Os adubos verdes tiveram maiores produções de massas frescas e secas no segundo corte, e as plantas de C. mucunoides, S. macrocephala e P. phaseoloidestiveram maiores concentrações de nutrientes. A massa do C. mucunoidesteve rápida decomposição e influenciou os atributos químicos do solo, havendo maior atuação dos microrganismos do solo no processo bioquímico de decomposição dos resíduos orgânicos. As plantas de C. adamantium mais bem desenvolvidas e com maiores produções e teores de nutrientes nas folhas foram cultivadas com os adubos verdes C. mucunoides e S. macrocephala. Os resultados mostraram que as plantas de C. adamantium respondem positivamente ao uso do adubo verde C. mucunoides, com aumento da produção de folhas. Este cultivo agroecológico contribui para a preservação de C. adamantium e para o uso adequado dos recursos naturais do Cerrado.

Abstract Campomanesia adamantium (guavira) is a native plant of the Brazilian Cerrado used both as food and as medicine. The plant has undergone indiscriminate overexploitation in its habitat, which, in association with fires and deforestation, puts the species at risk of extinction. To preserve the species, in situ and ex situ management actions are required and agroecological practices associated with green manuring is the recommended system. In this study, we investigated the development of C. adamantium grown with the green manures Stylosanthes macrocephala, Pueraria phaseoloides, Calopogonium mucunoides, and Cajanus cajan, as well as the chemical and microbiological properties of the soil. The green manures had the highest production of fresh and dry masses at the second cut and C. mucunoides, S. macrocephala, and P. phaseoloides presented the highest nutrient concentrations. C. mucunoides mass decomposed rapidly and influenced the chemical properties of the soil, with a greater role of soil microorganisms in the biochemical process of decomposition of the organic residues. The bestdeveloped and highest yielding plants with the highest leaf nutrient content were obtained for C. adamantium grown with the green manures C. mucunoides and S. macrocephala. The results showed that C. adamantium responded positively to the use of the green manure C. mucunoides with increased leaf production. This agroecological cultivation to contributes for the preservation of C. adamantium and the appropriate use of the natural resources of the Cerrado.

ABSTRACT The improvement of carbon (C) accumulation in soils has been one of the main purposes of the conservation systems in agricultural production. This study aimed to assess the long-term effect of conventional tillage (CT) and no-tillage (NT) combined with winter cover crops, black oat and oilseed radish, and fallow on C accumulation and stabilization in a very clayey Oxisol in Southern Brazil. Soil samples were collected in the 0-0.05, 0.05-0.10 and 0.10-0.20 m layers of a 26-year-old experiment. Distribution of size-class aggregates, C stock in aggregates, total C stock, and C stocks in the physical fractions, free particulate organic matter (free-POM), occluded particulate organic matter (occluded-POM) and mineral-associated organic matter (min-OM) were assessed. NT had a higher percentage of macroaggregates and C stock in this size-class, and also higher C stock in bulk soil, free-POM and occluded-POM fractions than CT in 0-0.05 m (Tukey’s test p < 0.05), due to higher input of biomass and minimum soil mobilization in NT. Oat and radish had higher C stock in macroaggregates than fallow in 0.05-0.10 m (Tukey’s test p < 0.05). Radish had the highest C stock in the free-POM (0-0.05 m). Fallow decreased the stabilization of macroaggregates and C accumulation in free-POM, due to the lower C input from aboveground biomass over the years. In conclusion, NT after 26 years improved C accumulation and stabilization, mainly in the superficial layer and in POM fractions, and winter cover crops favored the formation and stability of macroaggregates.

ABSTRACT This study deals with the process of secularization of education in Brazil. It aims to analyze the discussion on the nature of lay teaching, in the chronological arc between the end of the Empire and the beginnings of the Republic. It is a bibliographic research that discusses the political, economic, social and cultural transformations that Brazil went through and that had repercussions on the historical conformation of a secular status. The results point to the presence, since the Empire, of conceptions of lay teaching whose legal foundations were applied to educational laicization in the early years of the Republic. They show that the proposals of secularism presented by Rui Barbosa were central in defending the American legal matrix that was included in the 1891 Constitution, despite clashes with the positivist interpretation of secularism and the Catholic Church. On the other hand, followers of positivism conceived secularism based on the French matrix, lending it anti-clerical or anti-religious connotations.

RESUMEN Este estudio trata del proceso de laicización de la educación en Brasil. Objetiva analizar la discusión acerca de la naturaleza de la enseñanza laica en el marco cronológico del final del Imperio y los primordios de la República. Es una investigación bibliográfica que discute cambios políticos, económicos, sociales y culturales por los cuáles ha pasado Brasil y que repercutieron en la conformación histórica de un estatuto de la laicidad. Los resultados apuntan la constancia, desde el Imperio, de concepciones de enseñanza laica cuyos fundamentos jurídicos fueron aplicados a la laicización educacional en los primeros años de la República. Muestra que las propuestas de laicidad presentadas por Rui Barbosa fueron centrales, defendiendo la matriz estadunidense, que fue inserida en la Constitución de 1891, a pesar de los embates con la interpretación positivista de laicidad y con la Iglesia Católica. De otra parte, los adeptos del positivismo en Brasil conceptuaron la laicidad desde la matriz francesa, imprimiendo connotaciones anticlericales o antirreligiosas.

RESUMO Este estudo trata do processo de laicização da educação no Brasil. Objetiva analisar a discussão sobre a natureza do ensino leigo no arco cronológico entre o final do Império e os primórdios da República. É uma pesquisa bibliográfica que discute transformações políticas, econômicas, sociais e culturais pelas quais passou o Brasil e que repercutiram na conformação histórica de um estatuto de laicidade. Os resultados apontam a presença, desde o Império, de concepções de ensino leigo cujos fundamentos jurídicos foram aplicados à laicização educacional nos primeiros anos da República. Mostram que as propostas de laicidade apresentadas por Rui Barbosa foram centrais, defendendo a matriz jurídica estadunidense, que foi inserida na Constituição de 1891, apesar dos embates com a interpretação positivista da laicidade e com a Igreja Católica. Por outro lado, adeptos do positivismo conceberam a laicidade com base na matriz francesa, imprimindo conotações anticlericais ou antirreligiosas.

ABSTRACT Nasturtium (Tropaeolum majus L.) is an unconventional plant or vegetable grown for ornamental, food and medicinal purposes. However, information on cultivation of the species involving organic residue is incipient. Therefore, aimed to evaluate plant growth, flower yield, and nutrient contents of leaves and flowers of Nasturtium cultivated with addition of chicken manure. Five doses of chicken manure were studied, applied in the soil incorporated (I) (1, 6, 10, 14 and 19 t ha-1) and cover (C) (1, 6, 10, 14 and 19 t ha-1) forms, using the experimental array Plan Puebla III, leading to nine combinations of doses and forms of adding the chicken manure, in randomized blocks with four replicates. The greatest plant height (35.75 cm) was achieved at 168 days after transplanting (DAT) under 10 t ha-1 I and 10 t ha-1 C. The greatest yield terms of in number (15.4 million ha-1) and fresh (10.45 t ha-1) and dry weights (0.849 t ha-1) of flowers were found by using doses close to 10 t ha-1 I and 10 t ha-1 C. To obtain the best development and yield of Nasturtium flowers, 10 t ha-1 I and 10 t ha-1 C of chicken manure should be used.

RESUMO A investigação objetiva identificar impactos da disseminação da gripe espanhola em instituições escolares da cidade do Rio de Janeiro em 1918 e discutir as transformações que ocorreram na organização institucional. Trata-se de pesquisa documental, que utiliza edições do jornal Correio da Manhã, analisadas com base em pesquisas sobre aquela epidemia e em bibliografia da História da Educação, principalmente do campo teórico-metodológico da História de Instituições Escolares. Os resultados assinalam que, inicialmente, várias unidades foram fechadas. Mas revelam, sobretudo, que instituições escolares de diversos tipos foram transformadas em postos de socorros, incorporando mudanças na sua finalidade social. Mostram também que as condições de enfrentamento da epidemia da gripe espanhola exigiram novas ações dos sujeitos educativos, principalmente dos professores, que assumiram protagonismo na prevenção e no atendimento à saúde da população.

ABSTRACT The investigation aims to identify the impacts of the spread of the Spanish flu in school institutions in the city of Rio de Janeiro in 1918, and to discuss the transformations that occurred in the institutional organization. This is a documentary research which uses editions of the newspaper Correio da Manhã, analyzed based on researches on that epidemic and on the bibliography of the History of Education, mainly from the theoretical-methodological field of the History of School Institutions. The results indicate that, initially, several units were closed. But they reveal, above all, that school institutions of different types have been transformed into health help posts, incorporating changes in their social purpose. And they also show that the conditions for facing the Spanish flu epidemic demanded new actions from educational subjects, mainly from teachers, who assumed a leading role in the prevention and care of the population’s health.

Resumo Condenações durante o abate são importantes fontes de informação sobre a sanidade dos rebanhos. Ainda são altas as incidências de doenças parasitárias, as quais trazem consequências à saúde dos animais, são zoonoses e têm sua importância negligenciada em diversos países. O estudo objetivou quantificar não apenas as perdas encontradas, mas o prejuízo econômico resultante das condenações ao abate por causas parasitárias. Para isso foram analisados dados de abate de bovinos do Ministério da Agricultura Pecuária e Abastecimento, no período de 2012 a 2015, e dados da Secretaria da Agricultura Pecuária e Irrigação, do estado do Rio Grande do Sul, no período de 2014 a 2018. A quantidade de órgãos e carcaças condenados foi multiplicada pelos respectivos valores (em Reais), obtidos da indústria frigorífica e, posteriormente, convertidos para dólar. A análise brasileira de estabelecimentos com SIF (Serviço de Inspeção Federal) mostrou que mais de 1,2 milhão de órgãos (3.884.505 kg) e 20 mil carcaças (4.547.718 kg) foram condenados devido a causas parasitárias durante a inspeção. No estado do Rio Grande do Sul, nos estabelecimentos de inspeção estadual, foram condenados mais de 1,7 milhão de órgãos (8.210.559 kg) e 5 mil carcaças (1.243.200 kg). Os dados são alarmantes e ressaltam a necessidade de políticas públicas para controlar estas parasitoses.

Abstract Slaughter condemnations are important sources of information on cattle health. The incidence of bovine parasitic diseases is still very high in Brazil. These diseases, in addition to causing harm to the animals health, are neglected zoonotic diseases in several parts of world. The study analysed not only the Carcass losses, but also the economic damage resulting from slaughter condemnations due to parasitic causes. Cattle slaughter data from the Brazilian Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Supply (MAPA), over the period of 2012 to 2015 and data from the Secretary of Livestock and Irrigation of the state of Rio Grande do Sul (SEAPI-RS) were analyzed between 2014 and 2018.The number of organs and carcasses condemned was multiplied by the respective values (in Brazilian Real) obtained from slaughterhouses and subsequently converted into dollars. Brazilian analysis in SIF (Federal Inspection System) establishments showed that more than 1.2 million organs (3,884,505 kg) and 20,000 carcasses (4,547,718 kg) were condemned only due to parasitic causes during post-mortem inspection. In Rio Grande do Sul, in state inspection establishments, more than 1.7 million organs (8,210,559 kg) and 5,000 carcasses (1,243,200 kg) were condemned. These data are alarming and support the need for public policies to control these parasitic diseases.

Abstract The aim was to evaluate the effect of chicken manure and substrate liming in the Campomanesia xanthocarpa (‘gabiroba’) physiology, nutrition and growth. Five dosages of chicken manure (0; 5; 10; 15 and 20 Mg ha-1) were studied without and with substrate liming. The treatments were arranged in a 5 x 2 factorial scheme, in a randomized block design with four replications. There was an improvement on the chemical attributes in the substrate and nutrients contained in the plants where liming was performed. The highest plant height of C. xanthocarpa occurred with liming and 9.03 Mg ha-1 of chicken manure. The diameters were liming-grown plants and 4.57 mm with 5 Mg ha-1 of chicken manure. The photochemical efficiencies of PSII occurred in plants grown on liming substrate. It was concluded that C. xanthocarpa plants had their development optimizes with substrate liming and incorporation of 5 Mg ha-1 chicken manure.

A mecânica quântica é aqui construída a partir de elementos constitutivos gerais com ênfase nos aspectos experimentais que fundam a teoria. A presente abordagem estabelece como pontos de partida as definições de sistemas de referências e a estrutura do espaço tempo, a natureza das simetrias e dos sistemas de referência, a noção de estado e as relações causais entre estados diferentes, o que leva a equação de Schrödinger. Um aspecto importante é que a mecânica quântica é decodificada como uma teoria de campo; nesse sentido o conceito de ponto material é descrito. A abordagem tem sido aplicada com sucesso em cursos de Pós-gradução do Mestrado Nacional Profissionalizante em Ensino de Física e se mostra muito eficiente na discussão dos fundamentos da mecânica quântica, em particular quanto às bases experimentais da teoria.

In this paper, the quantum mechanics is presented from general constitutive elements with emphasis on the experimental aspects that support the theory. This approach establishes as starting points the definitions of reference systems and the structure of the space time, the nature of symmetries and reference systems, the notion of state and the causal relationships between different states, which leads to the Schrödinger equation. A crucial aspect is that the quantum mechanics is decoded as a field theory, in which meaning the concept of material point is described. The approach has been successfully applied in post-graduate courses of the National Professional Master?s Degree in Physics Teaching and proves very efficient in discussing the fundamentals of quantum mechanics, in particular as the experimental pillars of the theory.