Resumen El fréjol es un cultivo importante debido a su alto valor nutritivo. En los últimos años la producción en Ecuador de este cultivo ha disminuido drásticamente debido entre otros factores a ineficientes procesos y falta de tecnificación en la producción. Entender cómo se generan y determinan los componentes del rendimiento del grano es primordial para diseñar estrategias que permitan aumentar el rendimiento del cultivo. En este estudio, se modificó la densidad de plantas con el objetivo de evaluar su impacto sobre el número de granos, peso de granos y rendimiento, bajo condiciones de campo en una región andina de Ecuador. Se realizaron dos experimentos sembrados en fechas distintas, donde se evaluaron densidades de plantas contrastantes 4 y 11 plantas m−2. El efecto de los tratamientos se estudió sobre la duración del periodo emergencia - antesis, el número de vainas llenas y vanas, el número de granos, el peso seco de 100 granos y el rendimiento de grano. Los resultados indican que la densidad de plantas tiene un efecto significativo (p<0,05) sobre el rendimiento, alcanzando un promedio de 257,15 g m−2 en alta densidad y 151,45 g m−2 en baja densidad. Los componentes principales del rendimiento mostraron una respuesta distinta a la modificación de la densidad de plantas; el número de granos presentó una fuerte variabilidad y fue positivamente asociado con el rendimiento final del grano (p<0,05), mientras que el peso del grano no fue afectado.

Abstract Common bean is an important crop due to its high nutritional value. However, its production in Ecuador has decreased due to biotic and abiotic factors. Understanding the mechanisms that determine the yield components of this crop is essential to establish strategies that allow increasing the yield. In this study, the plant density was modified to evaluate its impact on yield and its two main components, the grain number and grain weight under field conditions in an Andean region of Ecuador. Two experiments planted on different dates were performed, where two planting densities 4 and 11 plants m−2 were evaluated. The effect of the treatments was studied on the length of the period, from emergence to anthesis, the number of full and empty pods, grain number, 100 grain weight and grain yield. The results indicate that the plant density has a significant effect (p<0.05) on the yield, reaching an average of 257.15 g m−2 in high density, and 151.45 g m−2 in low density. The yield main components showed a different response to plant density modification; the grain number exhibited a strong variability and was positively associated with final grain yield (p<0.05) while the grain weight was not affected.

Abstract Background: The chloroplast genomes of Cactaceae exhibit boundary modifications in the inverted repeat regions (IRs), gene inversions, and deletions. Among nine Mammillaria species, three distinct chloroplast structures have been identified, although not all of these correspond to the morphology-based classification of the genus. Question: Is there a distinct chloroplast genome structure in the species of Mammillaria series Stylothelae? Studied species: Mammillaria bocasana and M. erythrosperma. Study site and dates: Mexico from 2019 to 2023. Methods: Chloroplast DNA was sequenced, and chloroplast genomes were de novo assembled using the Fast-Plast program. Complete plastome sequences were annotated and verified. The sequences were aligned in MAUVE program to detect possible structural changes. A maximum likelihood phylogeny was executed to evaluate the relationships of the studied species. Results: The plastomes ranged from 107,368 bp in Mammillaria bocasana to 108,069 bp in M. erythrosperma. Both presented a quadripartite structure and contained 108 genes. The IRs were ~ 1,600 bp long and included the genes rpl2, rpl23 (pseudo), and trnI-CAU. MAUVE identified a ~ 21 kb inversion in the large single copy containing a block of genes related to photosynthesis. The phylogenetic analysis placed both species in a single clade separated from the other species within Mammillaria subg. Mammillaria. Conclusions: The studied species of Mammillaria series Stylothelae exhibited a different and synapomorphic chloroplast genome structure. Other Mammillaria chloroplast genome structures have evolved independently in different lineages.

Resumen Antecedentes: Los genomas de cloroplasto de Cactaceae exhiben modificaciones en los límites de las regiones repetidas inversas (IRs), inversiones de genes y deleciones. En nueve especies de Mammillaria, se han encontrado tres estructuras de cloroplasto distintas, aunque no todas corresponden a las clasificaciones basadas en morfología. Pregunta: ¿Existe una estructura de genoma de cloroplasto distinta en las especies de Mammillaria serie Stylothelae? Especies estudiadas: Mammillaria bocasana y M. erythrosperma. Sitio y años de estudio: México, de 2019 a 2023. Métodos: ADN de cloroplasto fue secuenciado y los plastomas fueron ensamblados de novo usando el programa Fast-Plast. Las secuencias completas fueron anotadas y verificadas. Las secuencias fueron alineadas en el programa MAUVE para detectar posibles cambios estructurales. Un análisis filogenético con máxima verosimilitud evaluó las relaciones de las especies estudiadas. Resultados: Los plastomas variaron desde 107,368 pb de longitud en Mammillaria bocasana hasta 108,069 pb en M. erythrosperma. Ambos presentaron una estructura cuadripartita y contuvieron 108 genes. Las IRs tuvieron ~1,600 pb y contuvieron los genes rpl2, rpl23 (pseudo) y trnI-CAU. MAUVE identificó una inversión de ~21 kb en la región larga de copia única que contiene genes relacionados con la fotosíntesis. El análisis filogenético recuperó a ambas especies como grupos hermanos dentro de Mammillaria subg. Mammillaria. Conclusiones: Las dos especies estudiadas de Mammillaria serie Stylothelae presentaron una estructura de plastoma sinapomórfica. Otras estructuras de plastomas de Mammillaria han evolucionado independientemente en linajes diferentes.

Abstract Schinus fasciculatus (Griseb.) I.M. Johnst and S. gracilipes I.M. Johnst are plants rich in secondary metabolites traditionally used for dye, fodder, and medicinal purposes. This work is a comprehensive comparative analysis of leaf architecture and histochemistry between the two species to determine the in situ localization of their secondary metabolites. Leaf anatomy was characterized by classical histological methods. Fresh leaf cross-sections were treated with ferric chloride, Fast Blue B, aluminium chloride, vanillin-HCl, 1% KOH, Sudan IV, Neu´s, NADI, Liebermann-Burchard, PAS, and lugol. The leaves of both species shared morphological traits suitable for survival in water-limited environments, such as amphistomacy and anomocytic stomata. Glandular and non-glandular trichomes were abundant in S. gracilipes suggesting that they have a protective role against biotic and abiotic stresses. Some features like mesophyll structure and thickness indicate S. fasciculatus leaves respond better to the selective pressure of extreme environments. The histochemical analysis revealed a widespread distribution of phenolic compounds and terpenoids in the mesophyll tissue of both species. Glandular trichomes contained polysaccharides, terpenoids and phenolic compounds, including flavonoids. Numerous schizogenous phloem ducts containing terpenoids were observed in both species, with alkaloids only present in the phloem ducts of S. fasciculatus. These findings suggest that terpenoids and phenolic compounds in both Schinus species serve as plant defenses and protect against environmental stresses. The distribution and abundance of tannins and flavonoids suggest they protect against excessive UV radiation and reactive oxygen species. The ecophysiological significance of the results are discussed in relation to other Anacardiaceae species. Griseb. Griseb (Griseb. IM I M I.M S dye fodder purposes methods crosssections cross sections chloride B vanillinHCl, vanillinHCl vanillin HCl, HCl vanillin-HCl 1 KOH IV Neus Neu s Neu´s NADI LiebermannBurchard, LiebermannBurchard Liebermann Burchard, Burchard Liebermann-Burchard PAS lugol waterlimited water limited environments stomata nonglandular non glandular stresses polysaccharides (Griseb

Abstract: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most prevalent arrhythmia and is related to significant morbidity, mortality and costs. In spite of relevant advances in the prevention of embolic events and rhythm control, little has been done to reduce its prevalence, progression and impact since it increases with aging as well as with common risk factors such as alcohol intake, tobacco use and stress as well as with arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, heart failure, sleep apnea, kidney failure, chronic pulmonary obstructive disease, ischemic heart disease and stroke, among other important comorbidities. Fortunately, new evidence suggests that lifestyle modifications and adequate risk factors and comorbidities control could be effective in primary and secondary AF prevention, especially in its paroxysmal forms. This is why a multidisciplinary approach integrating lifestyle modifications, risk factors and comorbidities control is necessary for conjunction with rhythm or rate control and anticoagulation. Unfortunately, that holistic approach strategy is not considered, is scarcely studied or is subtilized in general clinical practice. The present statement’s objectives are to: a) Review the relationship between habits, risk factors and illnesses with AF, b) Review the individual and common physiopathology mechanisms of each one of those conditions that may lead to AF, c) Review the effect of control of habits, risk factors and co-morbidities on the control and impact of AF, d) Supply guidelines and recommendations to start multidisciplinary and integrative AF treatment.

Resumen: La fibrilación auricular (FA) es la arritmia más frecuente y se asocia con importante morbilidad, mortalidad y costos. A pesar de los grandes avances en la prevención de eventos embólicos y en el control del ritmo, poco se ha realizado para reducir su prevalencia, progresión e impacto, debido a que incrementa con la edad y con la presencia de múltiples factores de riesgo muy comunes en la población, como obesidad, sedentarismo, alcoholismo, tabaquismo y estrés, así como hipertensión arterial sistémica, diabetes mellitus, insuficiencia cardiaca, apnea del sueño, enfermedad renal crónica, enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica, cardiopatía isquémica y enfermedad vascular cerebral, entre otras comorbilidades importantes. Nuevas evidencias demuestran que las modificaciones en el estilo de vida y el control adecuado de factores de riesgo y comorbilidades pueden ser efectivos en la prevención primaria y secundaria de la FA, especialmente en sus formas paroxísticas; para ello es necesario un manejo multidisciplinario que integre las modificaciones en el estilo de vida, el manejo de factores de riesgo y control de comorbilidades en el tratamiento de la FA en conjunto con el control de ritmo o frecuencia y la anticoagulación. Desafortunadamente, en la práctica clínica, estas estrategias frecuentemente no son tomadas en cuenta, son subutilizadas y poco estudiadas. Los objetivos del presente posicionamiento son: a) revisar la relación entre factores de riesgo y comorbilidades con FA, b) revisar los mecanismos fisiopatológicos de cada una de estas condiciones, c) revisar el impacto del control de factores de riesgo y comorbilidades en el control e impacto de la FA y d) proporcionar guías y recomendaciones para la puesta en práctica de programas de tratamiento multidisciplinario e integral en pacientes con FA.

Abstract. In the present work, the corrosion behavior of the as-cast Cu-9Al-3Ag alloy, with shape memory, SMA, and with tempering heat treatments at two temperatures, 400 and 600 °C, were studied. These treatments were selected due to the austenite-martensite phase transition or vice versa. For this investigation, a 0.5 M NaCl electrolyte was used. Micrographs using optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy show the martensite phase in the Cu-9Al-3Ag alloy, likewise, in the tempered samples the austenite-martensite phases were also observed. For the evaluation of the corrosion behavior, the Tafel model was implemented, for whose curves a potential of ±200 mV was used from the Ecorr. It was observed that the sample with SMA presented a good resistance to corrosion, as well as the tempered samples, unlike the as-cast sample. Finally, impedance tests were carried out using a frequency range of 100 kHz to 10 mHz and an amplitude of 10 mV, in order to observe the resistances to the solution and to the charge transfer present in each one of the samples used.

Resumen. En el presente trabajo se estudió el comportamiento de corrosión en la aleación Cu-9Al-3Ag en estado de colada, con memoria de forma en conjunto con tratamientos térmicos de revenido a temperaturas de 400 y 600 °C. Dichos tratamientos fueron seleccionados debido al cambio de transición de fase austenita-martensita o viceversa. Para esta investigación se utilizó un electrolito a 0.5 M NaCl. Las micrografías mediante microscopia óptica y microscopia electrónica de barrido muestran la fase martensita en la aleación Cu-9Al-3Ag, así mismo, en las muestras revenidas se puede observar las fases austenita-martensita. Para la evaluación del comportamiento de corrosión se implementaron las curvas de Tafel, en las cuales se utilizó un potencial de ±200 mV a partir del Ecorr. Se observó que la muestra con SMA presento una buena resistencia a la corrosión al igual que las muestras revenidas a diferencia de la muestra en estado de colada. Por último, se realizaron pruebas de impedancia utilizando un rango de frecuencia de 100 kHz a 10 mHz y una amplitud de 10 mV, con la finalidad de observar las resistencias a la solución y a la transferencia de carga presentes en cada una de las muestras utilizadas.

Abstract The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of decreased spacing between 'Roxo de Valinhos' fig (Ficus carica) trees with different numbers of fruiting branches on green fig production. Fig trees, with two or four fruiting branches, were distributed in four blocks, at a standard spacing of 2.5 m between rows, three spacing between plants in a row (0.50, 0.75, and 1.00 m), and densities of 8,000, 5,333, and 4,000 plants per hectare. The experiment was conducted during two cycles (2020/2021 and 2021/2022). Green fruits were harvested twice a week, and the total number of fruits per harvest and the total harvest weight per plant were quantified. The average production per plant and the estimated yield were calculated for each evaluation cycle. Decreasing the spacing between fig trees increases their yield. The spacing of 0.50 m decreases production per plant, but increases yield in 73%. There is no difference in the production of green figs between trees with two or four fruiting branches. Roxo Valinhos Ficus carica blocks 25 2 5 2. rows 0.50, 050 0 50 (0.50 075 75 0.75 100 1 00 1.0 m, , m) 8000 8 000 8,000 5333 333 5,333 4000 4 4,00 hectare 2020/2021 20202021 2020 2021 (2020/202 2021/2022. 20212022 2021/2022 . 2022 2021/2022) week quantified cycle 0.5 73 73% 05 (0.5 07 7 0.7 10 1. 800 8,00 533 33 5,33 400 4,0 2020/202 2020202 202 (2020/20 2021202 2021/202 0. (0. 80 8,0 53 3 5,3 40 4, 2020/20 202020 20 (2020/2 202120 2021/20 (0 8, 5, 2020/2 20202 (2020/ 20212 2021/2 ( 2020/ (2020 2021/ (202 (20 (2

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da diminuição do espaçamento entre figueiras 'Roxo de Valinhos' (Ficus carica) com diferentes números de ramos produtivos na produção de figos verdes. As figueiras, com dois ou quatro ramos produtivos, foram distribuídas em quatro blocos, com espaçamento padrão de 2,5 m entre linhas, espaçamentos entre plantas na linha de 0,50, 0,75 e 1,00 m, e densidades de 8.000, 5.333 e 4.000 plantas por hectare. O experimento foi conduzido durante dois ciclos (2020/2021 e 2021/2022). Os frutos verdes foram colhidos duas vezes por semana, tendo-se quantificado o número total de frutos por colheita e o peso total de colheita por planta. A produção média por planta e a produtividade estimada foram calculadas para cada ciclo de avaliação. A diminuição do espaçamento entre as figueiras aumenta a sua produtividade. O espaçamento de 0,50 m diminui a produção por planta, mas aumenta a produtividade em 73%. Não há diferença na produção de figos verdes entre as figueiras com dois ou quatro ramos produtivos. Roxo Valinhos Ficus carica blocos 25 2 5 2, linhas 050 0 50 075 75 0,7 100 1 00 1,0 8000 8 000 8.000 5333 333 5.33 4000 4 4.00 hectare 2020/2021 20202021 2020 2021 (2020/202 2021/2022. 20212022 2021/2022 . 2022 2021/2022) semana tendose tendo se avaliação 0,5 73 73% 05 07 7 0, 10 1, 800 8.00 533 33 5.3 400 4.0 2020/202 2020202 202 (2020/20 2021202 2021/202 80 8.0 53 3 5. 40 4. 2020/20 202020 20 (2020/2 202120 2021/20 8. 2020/2 20202 (2020/ 20212 2021/2 2020/ (2020 2021/ (202 (20 (2 (

Abstract: Wetlands vegetation systems have high vulnerability due to hydrologic changes. The ob jective of this study was to describe the spatiotemporal changes in the physiognomy of a wetland vegetation's by variations on its water streaming. For this purpose, a model was developed based on remote perception of a high-altitude Andean wetland vegetation's located southwest of the Michincha salt flat (Tarapacá Region, 4100 masl.). We used flo- ra-vegetatiom records, vegetation coverages was obtained from supervised classifica tion of high and medium satellite images resolutions during the period 1985-2019 and trend analysis of the vegetational activity according to multiespectral Landsat's index NDVI and WETNESS. The results showed important physiognomic vegetation's changes on time, such us the replacement of a high Andean peatland vegetation's to a mixture of wet meadow and grassland at first, later, into areas with stubble and finally in units of wet meadow and grassland, remaining dead vegetation. The implemented model is based on multitemporal analysis of historical satellite images, validated with flora-vegetation observed records. These results allow us to understand the effect of hydric variations in high-altitude wetlands and guide measures according to its protection and conservation.

Resumen: Los sistemas azonales presentan una alta vulnerabilidad a cambios hidrológicos. El pre sente estudio tuvo como propósito describir cambios espaciotemporales en la fisiono mía de un humedal con variaciones en el suministro hídrico. Para tal fin, se desarrolló un modelo basado en percepción remota de la vegetación azonal altoandina ubicada al su roeste del salar Michincha (Región Tarapacá, 4.200 m snm). Se utilizaron registros de flo ra-vegetación, se delimitaron los recubrimientos entre 1985-2019 mediante clasificación supervisada con imágenes satelitales de alta y media resolución y se realizó un análisis tendencial de la actividad vegetal según índices de Landsat NDVI y WETNESS. Los resul tados detectan cambios fisionómicos, siendo más importante el reemplazo de bofedal por bofedal-vega y pajonal hídrico, posteriormente a áreas con rastrojo y recientemente en unidades de vega, pajonal hídrico conservando vegetación muerta. Los cambios sucesionales ocurren principalmente por el recambio a especies menos dependientes del suministro hídrico, acompañado de descensos en cobertura y actividad vegetal, y altas superficies de rastrojo. El modelo implementado, se basa en el análisis multitemporal de imágenes históricas, respaldado con catastros de flora-vegetación. Los resultados permi ten comprender el efecto de variaciones hídricas en humedales altiplánicos para orientar el diseño de medidas adecuadas de protección/conservación.

ABSTRACT. Sea cucumbers (holothuroids) play a major role in coastal environments; their detritivore conduct favors oxygen penetration in the sediments and the disposal of pathogens on the sea floor. This study determined holothuroid diversity in the rocky intertidal zone of Matanchén Bay, Mexico. Sampling campaigns were carried out in January, March, May, and July 2018. Linear transects (10 m length and 1 m width) perpendicular to the coastline in rocky areas (0-3 m depth) were established, where the density (ind m-2) and proportion (%) of sea cucumbers were estimated. Organisms were photographed, examined live, and preserved in 70% alcohol for subsequent identification utilizing ossicle characterization. Our results show the presence of four sea cucumber species: Holothuria (Halodeima) inornataSemper, 1868, Holothuria (Selenkothuria) lubricaSelenka, 1867, Holothuria (Selenkothuria) portovallartensisCaso, 1954, and Holothuria (Mertensiothuria) viridiaurantiaBorrero-Pérez & Vanegas-González, 2019. The average density per species was 0.208, 0.108, 0.017, and 0.025 ind m-2, respectively; each species' proportion was 58.1, 30.2, 4.7, and 7.0%, respectively. Due to the above values, we found that the number and spatial distribution of sea cucumber species vary in Matanchén Bay.

This work deals on the preparation of silicon oxycarbide (SiOC) and silicon boron oxycarbide (SiBOC) ceramics from pyrolysis involving alkoxysilanes with different organic groups. Boron content, organic substituent and annealing time were evaluated on crystallization and composition of resulting ceramics. B-free precursors composed of methyltriethoxysilane (MTES), phenyltriethoxysilane (PTES) and vinyltrimethoxysilane (VTMS) were obtained by the sol-gel method, whilst B-containing precursors were prepared by adding to each alkoxysilane a proper amount of boric acid resulting in B/Si atomic ratios of 0.1 and 0.5. Precursors were pyrolyzed at 1500 ºC for 1 and 3 h to produce respective SiOC and SiBOC ceramics. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns revealed enhanced SiC phase crystallization for PTES-derived ceramics, followed by those containing vinyl and methyl groups, which was also confirmed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) from percentages of SiºC and Si?O bonds. Csp2 and Csp3 amounts varied among ceramics, indicating direct influence of organic substituent on conductive carbon phase development. Boron addition induced the growth of SiC crystallites, having more evident effect in matrices with higher proportions of amorphous fraction and lower residual carbon amounts. Organic group nature, boron content and annealing time played an important role for production and evolution of SiC and C phases into ceramics.

Abstract Background: The Neotropical woody bamboos (NWB) comprise a clade native to the Western Hemisphere. Taxonomically the NWB are classified into three subtribes: Arthrostylidiinae, Chusqueinae, and Guaduinae. These woody bamboos are distributed from northern Mexico and the West Indies to south-central Chile and Argentina and from sea level to over 4,000 m in elevation. The most recent comprehensive treatment of the diversity and classification of NWB was published just over 20 years ago, and knowledge of the NWB has greatly increased in the interim. Questions and / or Hypotheses: How much has our knowledge of Neotropical woody bamboo diversity, distribution and classification changed in the last 20 years? Results: The present work reviews the current state of Neotropical woody bamboo taxonomy and provides 1) new morphological keys (in English and Spanish) to and synoptic descriptions of the NWB genera; 2) an updated comprehensive species list; and 3) a biodiversity analysis by country and habitat type. Neotropical woody bamboo diversity presently totals 446 species in 23 genera. In the 21st century, 103 new species and five genera of NWB have been described. Conclusions: The new species and genera described since 2000 have produced an increase in species richness of 29.5 % and a net increase in generic richness of 26.3 %. This new review will be useful for systematists, ecologists, conservation biologists and others working with woody bamboos in the Neotropics.

Resumen Antecedentes: Los bambúes leñosos neotropicales (NWB) pertenecen al clado nativo de América. Taxonómicamente los NWB se clasifican en tres subtribus: Arthrostylidiinae, Chusqueinae, y Guaduinae. Estos bambúes se distribuyen desde el norte de México y las Indias occidentales hasta el Sur - Centro de Chile y Argentina, y desde el nivel del mar hasta por encima de los 4,000 m. El tratamiento más completo de la diversidad y clasificación de los NWB fue publicado hace 20 años y el conocimiento de los NWB se ha incrementado desde entonces. Preguntas y/o Hipótesis: ¿Cuánto ha cambiado nuestro conocimiento de la diversidad, distribución y clasificación de los bambúes leñosos neotropicales en los últimos 20 años? Resultados: En en este estudio se realiza una revisión del estado actual de los bambúes leñosos neotropicales y se provee 1) nuevas claves morfológicas (inglés y español) y una descripción sinóptica a nivel de géneros; 2) una lista completa y actualizada de las especies; y 3) un análisis de la biodiversidad por país y tipo de hábitat. La diversidad total de los bambúes leñosos neotropicales actualmente es de 446 especies y 23 géneros. En este siglo 21, se han descrito 103 especies y 5 nuevos géneros. Conclusiones: Las especies y géneros nuevos descritos desde el 2000 han producido un incremento en la riqueza del 29.5 % y un incremento neto a nivel genérico del 26.3 %. Esta nueva revisión será útil para los taxónomos, ecólogos, biólogos de la conservación y otros que trabajen con bambúes leñosos en el Neotrópico.

ABSTRACT Recent studies suggested that cannabis use influences on the emergence of psychosis by disrupting neurodevelopmental processes that occur during adolescence and early adulthood and which are reflected on brain anatomical changes detectable with MRI. However, no MRI studies have investigated whether intrauterine neurodevelopmental abnormalities also interact with later cannabis use to influence on psychosis risk. We investigated differences between first-episode psychosis (FEP) patients with history of cannabis use (FEPC+, n=28), FEP subjects without cannabis use (FEPC-, n=78) and healthy controls (n=80) in regard to the frequency of absent or short Adhesio Interthalamica (AI), a well-established marker of intrauterine neurodevelopment. The FEPC+ subgroup had a significantly lower prevalence of absent AI than FEPC- subjects, as well as a lack of a significantly shorter AI length compared to controls (as found in FEPC- subjects). These preliminary results show that psychosis subjects with cannabis use present a low rather than high frequency of absent AI, suggesting that fixed intrauterine neurodevelopmental abnormalities may not be associated with cannabis use later in life to influence on the emergence of psychosis. This is consistent with a view that multiple different etiological processes may lead to similar clinical presentations in patients with FEP.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to evaluate the productive performance and nutritional value of seven clover genotypes at three altitude levels (PA I: 2300-2800 m above sea level, PA II: 2801-3300 and PA III: 3301-3800) of the northern highlands of Peru during a year. Four genotypes of white clover (Trifolium repens) and three genotypes of red clover (Trifolium pratense) were installed in each altitudinal floor (PA). The germination power, weight and purity of the seeds were evaluated to ensure the viability of the number of seeds sown. The yield (kg DM ha-1 year-1), growth rate (kg DM ha-1 day-1), plant height (cm) and nutritional value for each genotype were determined. The highest yields and the best growth rates (p<0.01) in the three PAs corresponded to the three varieties of Trifolium pratense (Tuscan, Americano and Relish). PA I (p<0.01) obtained the highest dry matter production (12 340.6 kg DM ha-1 year-1), followed by PA II (7808.4 kg DM ha-1 year-1) and PA III (3923.4 kg DM ha-1 year-1), showing the same trend for the growth rate (p<0.01). Crude protein levels ranged from 19.75 to 23.77% (p=0.009). The results indicate that all genotypes of Trifolium pratense and Trifolium repens should be considered as a good alternative to associate with pastures in the highlands of northern Peru.

RESUMEN El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar el comportamiento productivo y el valor nutricional de siete genotipos de trébol en tres niveles de altitud (PA I: 2300-2800 msnm, PA II: 28013300 msnm y PA III: 3301-3800 msnm) de la sierra norte de Perú durante un año. Se instalaron cuatro genotipos de trébol blanco (Trifolium repens) y tres genotipos de trébol rojo (Trifolium pratense) en cada piso altitudinal (PA). Se evaluó el poder germinativo, peso y pureza de la semilla para asegurar la viabilidad del número de semillas sembradas. Se determinó el rendimiento (kg MS ha-1 año-1), tasa de crecimiento (kg MS ha-1 día-1), altura de la planta (cm) y valor nutricional para cada genotipo. Los rendimientos más altos y las mejores tasas de crecimiento (p<0.01) en los tres PA correspondieron a las tres variedades de Trifolium pratense (Tuscan, Americano y Relish). El PA I (p<0.01) obtuvo la mayor producción de materia seca (12 340.6 kg MS ha-1 año-1), seguido del PA II (7808.4 kg MS ha-1 año-1) y PA III (3923.4 kg MS ha1 año-1), mostrando la misma tendencia para la tasa de crecimiento (p<0.01). Los niveles de proteína cruda variaron de 19.75 a 23.77% (p=0.009). Los resultados encontrados indican que todos los genotipos de Trifolium pratense y Trifolium repens deben considerarse como una buena alternativa para asociarse con pastos en las tierras altas del norte del Perú.

RESUMO Objetivo. Avaliar a associação entre comportamentos relacionados ao uso de álcool durante a pandemia de COVID-19 e quarentena, sintomas de ansiedade e características sociodemográficas na América Latina e no Caribe (ALC). Métodos. Os dados foram coletados em uma pesquisa transversal online (amostra não probabilística) realizada pela Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde (OPAS) em 33 países e dois territórios da ALC entre 22 de maio e 30 de junho de 2020. Participaram da pesquisa pessoas com 18 anos ou mais de idade que não haviam feito viagens ao exterior desde 15 de março de 2020 (n = 12 328, mediana [M] de idade = 38,1 anos, 65% do sexo feminino). Quatro comportamentos relacionados ao uso de álcool (socialização online com o uso de álcool, uso de álcool na presença de crianças, uso de álcool antes das 5 da tarde e episódios de consumo excessivo de álcool) foram as variáveis de resposta e quarentena, sintomas de ansiedade e covariáveis sociodemográficas foram as variáveis explicativas. Resultados. A quarentena teve uma associação positiva com uma maior frequência de socialização online com o uso de álcool e o uso de álcool na presença de crianças, mas demonstrou uma associação negativa com uma maior frequência de episódios de consumo excessivo de álcool. Sintomas de ansiedade foram associados a uma maior frequência de episódios de consumo excessivo de álcool, socialização online com uso de álcool e uso de álcool antes das 5 da tarde. Houve uma aparente associação entre maior nível de renda e todos os comportamentos relacionados ao uso de álcool estudados. As mulheres em geral relataram menos uso de álcool antes das 5 da tarde e menos episódios de consumo excessivo de álcool durante a pandemia. Conclusões. A quarentena durante a pandemia de COVID-19 parece influenciar o comportamento relacionado ao uso de álcool e indicadores de saúde mental, como sintomas de ansiedade. Este é o primeiro estudo que procurou dimensionar a repercussão da quarentena no uso de álcool e na saúde mental das pessoas na ALC durante a pandemia de COVID-19. Diante das associações observadas, recomenda-se rastrear problemas relacionados ao uso de álcool e de saúde mental e oferecer intervenções breves.

ABSTRACT Objective. To assess the association between drinking behaviors during the COVID-19 pandemic and quarantine, anxiety symptoms, and sociodemographic characteristics in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). Method. Data was collected through a cross-sectional online survey (non-probabilistic sample) conducted by the Pan American Health Organization between May 22 and June 30, 2020, in 33 countries and two territories of LAC. Participants were 18 years of age or older and must not have traveled outside of their country since March 15, 2020 (n= 12 328, M age= 38.1 years, 65% female). Four drinking behaviors (online socializing drinking [OSD], drinking with child present [DCP], drinking before 5 p.m. [DB5]), heavy episodic drinking [HED]) were response variables, and quarantining, anxiety symptoms and sociodemographic covariables were explanatory variables. Results. Quarantine was positively associated with a higher frequency of OSD and with DCP, but negatively associated with a higher frequency of HED. Anxiety symptoms were associated with a higher frequency of HED, more OSD, and DB5. Higher incomes seemed to be more associated with all the studied drinking behaviors. Women tended to report less DB5 and less HED during the pandemic. Conclusions. Quarantine during the COVID-19 pandemic seems to affect drinking behavior and mental health indicators like anxiety symptoms. This study is the first effort to measure the consequences of the quarantine on alcohol consumption and mental health in LAC during the COVID-19 pandemic. Considering the associations found, screenings and brief interventions targeting alcohol consumption and mental health are recommended.

RESUMEN Objetivo. Evaluar la asociación entre comportamientos relacionados con el consumo de alcohol durante la pandemia de COVID-19 y la cuarentena, los síntomas de ansiedad y las características sociodemográficas en América Latina y el Caribe. Método. Se recopilaron datos mediante una encuesta transversal en línea (muestra no probabilística) realizada por la Organización Panamericana de la Salud entre el 22 de mayo y el 30 de junio del 2020 en 33 países y 2 territorios de América Latina y el Caribe. Los participantes tenían 18 años o más y no tenían que haber viajado fuera de su país después del 15 de marzo del 2020 (n= 12 328, edad M= 38,1 años, 65% mujeres). Las variables de respuesta eran cuatro comportamientos relacionados con el consumo de alcohol: beber socializando en línea, beber en presencia de niños, beber antes de las 5 de la tarde o consumo excesivo episódico. La cuarentena, los síntomas de ansiedad y las covariables sociodemográficas fueron las variables explicativas. Resultados. La cuarentena se relacionó positivamente con una mayor frecuencia de consumo de alcohol socializando en línea y en presencia de niños, pero negativamente con una mayor frecuencia de consumo excesivo episódico. Los síntomas de ansiedad se relacionaron con una mayor frecuencia de consumo excesivo de alcohol, un mayor consumo de alcohol socializando en línea y con beber antes de las 5 de la tarde. Aparentemente los ingresos más altos estuvieron más asociados con todos los comportamientos relacionados con el consumo del alcohol estudiados. Las mujeres tendieron a notificar menos consumo de alcohol antes de las 5 de la tarde y menos consumo excesivo episódico de alcohol durante la pandemia. Conclusiones. La cuarentena durante la pandemia de COVID-19 parece afectar el comportamiento relacionado con el consumo de alcohol y los indicadores de salud mental, como los síntomas de ansiedad. Este estudio es la primera iniciativa para medir las consecuencias de la cuarentena sobre el comportamiento relacionado con el consumo de alcohol y la salud mental en América Latina y el Caribe durante la pandemia de COVID-19. Dadas las asociaciones encontradas, se recomienda llevar a cabo pruebas de tamizaje e intervenciones breves para abordar el consumo del alcohol y la salud mental.

Abstract Background Western countries share an interest in evaluating quality of care in the healthcare field. In spite of this, there is a lack of intercultural comparison of the perceptions of professionals. One reason for this may be the lack of standardized instruments. The objective of this study was to investigate the psychometric properties and dimensions of the Spanish version of the Quality in Psychiatric Care-Inpatients Staff (QPC-IPS) instrument. Methods After translation and revision of the instrument by a panel of experts, a questionnaire was obtained in Spanish that was administered to a pilot sample. A total of 163 professionals participated in the study. Results After conducting pilot testing and a cognitive interview with 30 professionals, it was determined that the QPC-IPS was adequate and could be self-administered. Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed six factors that explained 60.9% of the variation. In terms of internal consistency, a Cronbach's alpha of 0.92 was obtained for the full instrument. For test re-test reliability, the intraclass correlation coefficient for the overall questionnaire was 0.91. Convergent validity was analyzed using the NTP394 satisfaction instrument, yielding a positive correlation (0.58). Conclusions The results demonstrated that the psychometric properties in terms of internal consistency, temporal stability (test-retest), content validity, and construct validity (confirmatory factor analysis) were adequate. These results confirm that the structure of the Spanish version is similar to the original Swedish version of the QPC-IP.

Resumen Fundamento Los países occidentales comparten un interés en evaluar la calidad de la atención en el campo de la salud. A pesar de esto, existe una falta de comparación intercultural de las percepciones de los profesionales. Una razón para esto puede ser la falta de instrumentos estandarizados. El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar las propiedades psicométricas y las dimensiones de la versión española del instrumento Quality in Psychiatric Care-Inpatients Staff (QPC-IPS). Métodos Tras la traducción y revisión del instrumento por un panel de expertos se obtuvo un cuestionario en español que fue administrado a una muestra piloto. La muestra estuvo configurada por 163 profesionales. Resultados Después de realizar una prueba piloto y una entrevista cognitiva con 30 profesionales, se determinó que el QPC-IPS era adecuado y podía autoadministrarse. El análisis factorial confirmatorio confirmó seis factores que explican el 60,9% de la varianza. Mediante el análisis de consistencia interna, se obtuvo un alfa de Cronbach de 0,92 para el total del instrumento. Para la fiabilidad del test-retest, el coeficiente de correlación intraclase para el cuestionario general fue de 0,91. La validez convergente se analizó utilizando el instrumento de satisfacción NTP394, produciendo una correlación positiva (0,58). Conclusiones Los resultados demostraron que las propiedades psicométricas en términos de consistencia interna, estabilidad temporal (test-retest), validez de contenido y validez de constructo (análisis factorial confirmatorio) fueron adecuadas.

Se describió la composición y estructura florística del bosque amazónico de tierra firme del sector Alto Madera de la provincia centrosureña (fide Navarro). Se instalaron cinco parcelas de una hectárea (100x100 m), entre 140 a 156 m de altitud y geográficamente esta de 9 °55'a 10°19'S y 65°34' a 65°46'O; donde, se evaluaron e identificaron todos los árboles y lianas ≥10 cm de DAP. La densidad registrada fue de 480 (±13) arboles/ha y la diversidad promedio fue 152 (±8) especies/ha, 105 (±4) géneros/ha y 45(±2) familias/ha, basados en la evaluación de 2398 árboles y 137 lianas en 5 ha. La estructura se presentó en forma de J invertida, con mayor cantidad de individuos en las clases menores y a medida que aumenta el tamaño el número de individuos disminuye. En este bosque, las especies de mayor importancia ecológica (IVI) fueron Attalea vel. sp. nov. (palla) y Peltogyne heterophylla (morado), seguida de Euterpe precatoria (asaí), Pseudolmedia laevis (nuí peludo), Tetragastris altissima (isigo colorado), Tachigali vasquezii (palo santo colorado), Brosimun lactescens (quecho verde) y Bertholletia excelsa. En conclusión, el bosque de tierra firme del Alto Madera, es el bosque de mayor diversidad arbórea en Bolivia. No obstante, los valores se encuentran en el rango de diversidad para sus latitudes. Además, presentan composición florística diferente a otros bosques amazónico de tierra firme, la dominancia de la palla (Attalea vel. sp. nov.) y el morado (Peltogyne heterophylla) entre otras especies exclusiva le confieren una particularidad florística y fisionómica a esta formación forestal.

We describe the composition and floristic structure of the terra firme Amazon forest of the Alto Madera sector of the Centro-sureñan province (fide Navarro). Five plots of one hectare (100x100 m) were installed at an altitude of 140 to 156 m at the geographically locale 9 "55' to 10°19'S and 65°34' to 65°46'W; with all trees and lianas ≥ 10 cm diameter measured. The density is 480 (± 13) trees/ha and the diversity is greater than at other sites in Bolivia, with an average of 152 (± 8) species/ha, 105 (± 4) genera/ha and 45 (± 2) families/ha, based on the evaluation of 2398 trees and 137 vines. The structure is pyramidal or in the form of an inverted J, with a greater number of individuals in the smaller classes. In this forest, the most ecologically important species are Attalea sp. nov. (palla) and Peltogyne heterophylla (morado), followed by Euterpe precatoria (asaí), Pseudolmedia laevis (nuí peludo), Tetragastris altissima (isigo colorado), Tachigali vasquezii (palo santo colorado), Brosimum lactescens (quecho verde) y Bertholletia excelsa. In conclusion, the Alto Madera terra firme forest is the forest with the greatest tree diversity in Bolivia. However, the values are in the range of diversity of forests of similar latitudes. In addition, they have a floristic composition different from other Amazon forests of the terra firme, the dominance of the palla (Attalea sp. nov.) and the Purple Heart (Peltogyne heterophylla) among other exclusive species giving this formation a floristic and physiognomic particularity to this forest formation.