Abstract Bioactive, technological and sensory properties of wheat and rice breads added of chia (Salvia hispânica L.) protein hydrolyzate were evaluated. The hydrolyzate was added to breads at concentrations of 1, 3 and 5 mg of hydrolyzate/g of flour. The specific volume, total score, bread crumb firmness, color, sensory analysis and antioxidant activity of breads were evaluated. The results showed that the protein content of the protein concentrate (79.56%) increased significantly compared with the defatted chia flour (32.52%). The results of antioxidant activity of chia protein hydrolyzate showed that at 0.50 and 1.0 mg of hydrolyzate/mL showed the highest values of activity by the DPPH method (66.09 and 65.43%). However, the chia protein hydrolyzate at 0.5 mg/mL presented the highest activity with a value of 83.74% by ABTS method. The reducing power results indicated that the hydrolyzate showed a dose-dependent relation since an increase from 0.50 to 2.00 mg/mL resulted in a significant increasing from 0.380 to 0.881 in absorbance. The addition of chia hydrolyzate resulted in good technological characteristics and antioxidant properties, in both breads. The breads with 3 mg of chia hydrolyzate/g flour had good sensory characteristics, which were not lower than those of the control breads.

Resumo A farinha de banana verde (FBV) é uma alternativa viável para o aproveitamento dos frutos e possui alto teor de amido resistente (AR), que apresenta papel fisiológico similar ao das fibras alimentares. O objetivo deste trabalho foi produzir FBV de dois genótipos de bananeira (Prata e Caturra), além de selecionar aquele com maior teor de AR, para posterior substituição de parte da farinha de trigo integral por FBV, em uma formulação de pão de fôrma integral. Para a produção das farinhas, os frutos foram descascados, cortados em rodelas e estas foram submersas em uma solução de ácido ascórbico e ácido cítrico, sendo então distribuídas em bandejas e secas a 50 °C, por 7 horas, e moídas. As farinhas foram submetidas às análises de composição proximal e determinação do teor de AR. Posteriormente, foram processados pães integrais com a substituição de 10%, 15% e 20% de farinha de trigo integral pela FBV que obteve o maior teor de AR. Os pães controle e aquele que apresentou maior teor de AR e boas características tecnológicas, como volume específico, dureza e cor, foram submetidos aos testes sensoriais de aceitação e intenção de compra. O teor de AR encontrado para as FBV Prata e Caturra foram 24,1% e 13,7%, respectivamente. O pão com substituição de 15% de farinha de trigo integral por FBV foi escolhido para a análise sensorial. As formulações controle e com 15% de FBV atingiram Índices de Aceitação Sensorial de 88,7% e 82,1%, respectivamente. A atitude dos avaliadores foi positiva, segundo a qual 56% dos avaliadores “comprariam frequentemente” ou “comprariam sempre” o pão com 15% de FBV, não tendo sido observada rejeição para nenhuma das formulações.

Abstract Unripe banana flour (UBF) is a viable alternative for using the fruit, since it has a high resistant starch (RS) content which presents a physiological role similar to that of dietary fibre. The objective of this study was to produce UBF from two banana genotypes (Lady Finger and Cavendish), and select the one with the highest level of RS for subsequent replacement of part of the whole wheat flour by UBF in a formulation for whole wheat loaves. For the production of UBF, the fruits were peeled, cut into slices, submerged in a solution of ascorbic acid and citric acid, spread on trays, dried at 50 °C for 7 hours and then ground. The flours were submitted to proximate composition and RS content analyses. Whole wheat loaves were then processed, replacing 10%, 15% and 20% of the whole wheat flour by the UBF containing the highest resistant starch content. The control loaves and the one with the highest RS content and good technological characteristics, such as specific volume, hardness and colour, were submitted to a sensory test for acceptance and purchase intent. The resistant starch contents found in the Finger and Cavendish UBF samples were 24.1% and 13.7% respectively. Loaves with 15% substitution of the whole wheat flour by UBF were chosen for the sensory analysis. The Control loaf formulation and that with 15% UBF reached acceptance levels of 88.7% and 82.1%, respectively. The attitude of the judges was positive since 56% of them answered they would buy the bread with 15% UBF frequently or always, and none of the formulations were rejected.

Abstract The goal of this work is to determine the optimal conditions for the obtaining of protein concentrates from rice bran. The effects of defatting processes applied to this product in laboratory and in industrial scales were investigated. Through two experimental designs were performed, and production conditions to obtain the protein concentrates were chosen with values of protein contents average 59.9% and 57.1%, with protein yields of 61.6% and 30.7%. The concentrates produced with industrially defatted rice bran showed higher digestibility and increased thermal stability compared with the product obtained with laboratory defatted rice bran. Both concentrates show molecular weight proteins below 50 kDa. The morphology of the precipitated proteins, analyzed by scanning electron microscopy, there was a great difference in the size of particles, which form the wet precipitates. The differences presented by the concentrates can be due to defatting processes which raw materials were submitted. Thus, studying the protein extraction conditions and knowing its characteristics is very important for the industry, because food processing requires knowing the behavior of each compound during and after processes they will be submitted.

Resumo Os portadores da doença celíaca, uma enteropatia, apresentam intolerância ao glúten e a restrição de alimentos que o contenham mostra-se eficaz na normalização da função intestinal e das manifestações clínicas. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o efeito da adição de colágeno em pó e em fibra nas características estruturais, tecnológicas e sensoriais de pães sem glúten, elaborados com farinha de arroz. Primeiramente, foram realizadas adições de 2%, 4%, 6% e 8% de colágeno, sob as formas em pó e em fibra, em pães elaborados com farinha de arroz, sendo estes avaliados quanto às suas características tecnológicas: volume específico, firmeza do miolo e cor da crosta e do miolo. O pão que apresentou as melhores características tecnológicas foi caracterizado quanto à sua composição química (proteínas, lipídios, cinzas, umidade e carboidratos), avaliado quanto às perdas decorrentes da cocção e submetido à análise sensorial. As massas cruas dos pães adicionados com o colágeno em fibra, assim como a massa do pão padrão (sem adição de colágeno), foram avaliadas através de reologia e microscopia eletrônica de varredura. A adição de colágeno aos pães elaborados com farinha de arroz não colaborou para a formação de uma rede semelhante à formada pelo glúten. O pão da formulação com 4% de colágeno em fibra apresentou as características tecnológicas mais próximas ao esperado, não diferindo significativamente quanto à composição química, do pão padrão. Por meio da análise sensorial, constatou-se que os pães sem glúten (padrão e com 4% de colágeno em fibra) obtiveram aceitação sensorial superior a 75%. Conclui-se, com o estudo, que é possível adicionar colágeno em pães sem glúten, sendo que o pão adicionado de 4% de colágeno em fibra apresentou características mais próximas às do pão padrão testado.

Summary Patients with celiac disease, an enteropathy, present gluten intolerance and the restriction of food containing it is shown to be effective in the normalization of intestinal function and clinical manifestations. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of collagen powder and collagen fibre on the structural, technological and sensory characteristics of gluten-free bread made with rice flour. Firstly 2%, 4%, 6% and 8% of collagen powder and collagen fibre were added to bread formulations made from rice flour to evaluate the physical parameters (specific volume, crumb hardness, and crust and crumb colours). The bread showing the best technological properties was then characterized for its chemical composition (protein, fat, ash, moisture and carbohydrates) and cooking losses, and submitted to a sensory evaluation. A rheological assessment and scanning electron microscopy were carried out on the uncooked doughs of the control and of that containing collagen fibre. The addition of collagen to rice flour breads did not contribute to the formation of a network similar to that formed by gluten. The bread formulation containing 4% collagen fibre presented technological characteristics closest to those expected, with no significant differences in the chemical composition when compared to the control. The results of the sensory evaluation showed that the gluten-free breads (control and with 4% collagen fibre) presented sensory acceptance greater than 75%. It was concluded that the addition of collagen to gluten-free bread formulations was possible, and the bread containing 4% collagen fibre exhibited characteristics closest to the control.

Summary The objective of this work was to determine the technological, nutritional and sensory characteristics of bread produced by substituting 25 and 50% of conventional wheat flour by whole rice flour (Oryza sativa L). The final products were evaluated in terms of specific loaf volume, appearance of the central slice, crumb firmness, moisture content, dietary fibre, phytates, minerals, kinetics of amylopectin retrogradation determined by differential scanning calorimetry, and a sensory evaluation using a 9-point hedonic scale. In general, the addition of whole rice flour to the formulation showed significant differences in the kinetics of amylopectin retrogradation as comparing to the control sample (retrogradation enthalpy changed from 2.4 to 1.8-2.1 J/g). It also caused a decrease in the specific volume of the bread (from 4.48 to 2.26-2.86 cm3/g) which was directly related to an increase in crumb firmness (from 0.77 to 1.90-3.85 N). However, good overall sensory consumer acceptance (7.2-7.3) was observed. As for the minerals, calcium and zinc may be bioavailable in the 25% formulation and in the control samples. In products with whole rice flour, a significant increase in the triphosphate myo-inositol level (from negligible values to 0.38-0.44 μmoles/g) was observed, which is considered to exert positive biological activity in the body. It is important to consider that mineral bioavailability in whole grain products is related to the formulation and the bread-making process, basically due to the presence of phytates. In fact, a high proportion of phytates was present in the formulation with 50% of whole rice flour, so low mineral bioavailability was expected as predicted by phytate/mineral molar ratios above the threshold for the inhibition values for iron and zinc absorption.

Resumen El objetivo del presente trabajo fue determinar las características tecnológicas, nutricionales y sensoriales del pan elaborado por sustitución de 25 y 50% de la harina de trigo convencional por harina integral de arroz (Oryza sativa, L). Los productos desarrollados se evaluaron en términos de volumen específico del pan, aspecto de la rebanada central, dureza de la miga, contenido de humedad, fibra dietética, fitatos, minerales, cinética de retrogradación de la amilopectina por calorímetro diferencial de barrido y evaluación sensorial mediante escala hedónica de nueve puntos. En general, la incorporación de la harina integral de arroz a la formulación mostró diferencias significativas en cuanto a la cinética de retrogradación de la amilopectina en comparación con las muestras control (entalpía de retrogradación varió desde 2,4 a 1,8-2,1 J/g). También repercutió en una disminución del volumen de la pieza panaria (desde 4,48 a 2,26-2,86 cm3/g) que estuvo directamente relacionado con un aumento de la dureza de la miga (desde 0,77 a 1,90-3,85 N). No obstante, se observó una alta aceptación global por parte del consumidor (7,2-7,3). En cuanto a los minerales, el Ca y el Zn podrían estar biodisponibles en la formulación del 25% y en las muestras controles. En los productos con harina integral de arroz se observó un aumento significativo del nivel de trifosfatos de mio-inositol (desde valores despreciables a 0,38-0,44 μmoles/g), el cual se considera que ejerce actividad biológica positiva en el organismo. Es importante considerar que la biodisponibilidad de minerales en los productos integrales está relacionada con la formulación y el proceso de elaboración del pan, principalmente por la presencia de fitatos. Éstos están presentes en alta proporción en la formulación con 50% de harina integral de arroz, por lo que se estima una baja biodisponibilidad de minerales debido a que las relaciones molares fitato/mineral superan los valores de umbral de inhibición de la absorción de hierro y zinc.

A chia (Salvia hispanica L.) é uma semente antiga utilizada pelos maias e astecas como alimento para aumentar a resistência física. Essa semente é fonte natural de ácidos graxos ômega-3, fibras e proteínas, além de outros componentes nutricionais importantes, como os antioxidantes. Além disso, oferece um potencial na indústria de alimentos devido aos seus componentes funcionais, com aplicações no enriquecimento de pães, bolos e barras de cereais, produção de hidrolisados proteicos para aplicação em produtos de panificação, produção de maionese com adição de mucilagem de chia, entre outros produtos. Esta revisão tem como objetivo apresentar as possíveis aplicações em alimentos, demonstrando o quanto a chia ainda pode ser explorada nessa área.

Chia (Salvia hispanica L.) is an ancient seed used by the Mayas and Aztecs as an endurance-boosting food. This seed is a natural source of omega-3 fatty acids, fibre and protein as well as containing other important nutritional components such as antioxidant agents. Moreover, the functional components of chia seeds offer various applications in the food industry, such as the enrichment of breads, cakes and cereal bars, production of protein hydrolysates for use in bakery products and the production of mayonnaise with the addition of chia mucilage. This review aims to present its possible applications in foods, demonstrating how much chia could further be explored in the food industry.

Este trabalho teve como objetivos elaborar e avaliar biscoitos tipo "cookie" formulados com diferentes concentrações de farelo de trigo ou arroz. Foram elaborados biscoitos: controle (sem farelo) e adicionados de 10, 20 e 30% de farelo de arroz, além de 15, 30 e 45% de farelo de trigo. Estes foram avaliados quanto às características físicas (massa, volume aparente, volume específico, diâmetro, espessura e fator de expansão), aceitabilidade quanto a atributos sensoriais (cor, aparência, aroma, crocância, maciez, mastigabilidade e sabor) e atitude de compra. As características físicas dos biscoitos formulados com diferentes farelos assemelharam-se às dos respectivos biscoitos controle. Quanto aos atributos sensoriais, o biscoito com 20% de farelo de arroz apresentou todos os atributos iguais ou melhores que o controle, com exceção da mastigabilidade. Os biscoitos elaborados com farelo de trigo não diferiram entre si em quatro dos sete atributos estudados, além de apresentarem melhor aparência e cor do que o controle. O biscoito com 15% de farelo de trigo foi o mais crocante. Quanto à intenção de compra, 32 a 43% e 31 a 46% dos provadores comprariam os biscoitos elaborados com farelo de trigo e farelo de arroz, respectivamente. Portanto, os farelos estudados podem ser adicionados em biscoitos (15% de farelo de trigo e até 20% de farelo de arroz) sem prejuízos às características físicas e sensoriais destes, com mercado consumidor potencial.

This work aimed at elaborating and evaluating cookies formulated with different concentrations of wheat or rice brans. The cookies were produced substituting 10, 20 and 30% of the wheat flour with rice bran or 15, 30 and 45% of the wheat flour with wheat bran, as well as standard cookies containing no bran. The cookies were evaluated in relation to their physical characteristics (weight, apparent volume, specific volume, diameter, thickness and spread factor), sensory acceptability (color, appearance, flavor, crispiness, softness, chewiness and taste), and purchase attitude. The physical characteristics of the cookies formulated with different brans were similar to the respective standard cookies. As for the sensory attributes, the 20% rice bran cookie presented all the attributes equal or better than the standard cookies, except for chewiness. The cookies elaborated with wheat bran did not differ from each other in four of the seven attributes studied, besides showing a better appearance and color than the standard cookies. The 15% wheat bran cookie was the crispiest. In relation to purchase intention, from 32 to 43% and from 31 to 46% of the panelists would buy the cookies elaborated with wheat bran and rice wheat, respectively. Therefore, the brans studied can be added to cookies (15% of wheat bran and up to 20% of rice bran) without altering their physical and sensory characteristics, with a potential consumer market.

Com a finalidade de oferecer pão sem glúten para consumidores com síndrome celíaca, em razão da intolerância ao glúten, elaboraram-se produtos com farinha de arroz em substituição à farinha de trigo. Para aumentar o conteúdo proteico dos pães adicionou-se a microalga Spirulina platensis seca, na faixa de 2 a 5% (base farinha). Os pães foram avaliados pelo volume específico, dureza do miolo uma e 24h após o forneamento e a cor do miolo. Verificou-se que o volume específico e a dureza dos pães não sofreram alteração com a adição de até 4% da alga, porem mostraram redução de 22% nos valores de volume e aumento de 113% na dureza quando se adicionou-se 5% (em base de farinha). Quando comparados ao pão não enriquecido, a adição de Spiriulina platensis provocou uma melhoria da qualidade nutricional dos pães, confirmada pelo aumento significativo de 39,04% do conteúdo protéico, alem de vários aminoácidos essenciais (treonina, metionina, isoleucina e leucina). Com relação a cor, os pães com Spirulina apresentaram redução de luminosidade com o aumento de adição de microalga, sendo também observada tendência de aumento de tonalidade verde. Na avaliação sensorial, não se verificou diferença significativa quanto a preferência entre os pães adicionados com 3% e 5% de Spirulina na formulação.

With the objective of offering a product for people with celiac disease, due to their gluten intolerance, gluten-free bread made with rice flour was elaborated, in substitution of the wheat flour. To increase the protein content of the bread, dried Spirulina platensis, a microalga, was added to the products in the range from 2 to 5% (flour basis). The bread samples were evaluated according to their specific volume (V/W), crumb hardness, measured with a texturometer, and the crumb color. It was shown that the specific volume and crumb hardness were not affected by the addition of up to 4% of alga, but a decrease of 22% in the volume and an increase of 113% in crumb hardness of the bread were noted with the addition of 5%. The addition of Spirulina resulted in products with improved nutritional quality, with a significant increase of 39.04% in the protein content as well as of some essential amino acids (threonine, methionine, isoleucine and leucine), when compared to bread without the addition of the alga. With respect to color, the bread with Spirulina showed a decrease in luminosity with increase in the addition of the alga and a displacement of the hue angle towards a green color. With respect to the sensory evaluation, no significant difference was found between the bread with 3 and 5% of Spirulina in the formulation.

A proposta deste trabalho foi investigar o efeito da concentração de açúcar e de lipídio na qualidade tecnológica de biscoitos tipo cookie. Para estudar o efeito das variáveis independentes nas respostas, foi realizado delineamento fatorial 2² (quatro ensaios fatoriais) com três repetições no ponto central, totalizando sete ensaios. Os parâmetros avaliados foram massa e diâmetro antes e após o forneamento, espessura, fator de expansão, volume específico e força de quebra dos biscoitos. Foi observado que, em concentrações de açúcar entre 44 e 57% e em concentrações de gordura entre 30 e 38%, foram obtidos os maiores diâmetros depois do forneamento e biscoitos com cor amarela mais intensa. Biscoitos com elevadas concentrações de açúcar apresentaram maior fator de expansão e biscoitos com elevadas concentrações de gordura apresentaram menor força de quebra.

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of sugar and lipid concentrations on the technological quality of cookies. To study the effect of independent variables on the answers, a factorial design 2² (four factorial assay) with three repetitions at the central point, totalizing seven tests, was developed. The parameters evaluated were mass and diameter before and after baking, thickness, expansion factor, specific volume, and break force. It was observed that for sugar concentrations between 44 and 57% and fat concentrations between 30 and 38%, cookies with more intense yellow color and the largest diameter after baking were obtained. Cookies with high sugar concentrations presented larger expansion factor, and cookies with high fat concentrations presented smaller break force.

O presente estudo teve como objetivo utilizar soro de leite in natura concentrado e desidratado na elaboração de bolos e avaliar a influência deste na composição química e nas características tecnológicas e sensoriais do produto. Os resultados foram avaliados estatisticamente por análise de variância (ANOVA), as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey (p < 0,05) e os resultados do teste sensorial de ordenação foram avaliados estatisticamente mediante tabela de Friedman. Os bolos com adição de soro apresentaram aumento no teor proteico e no teor de cinzas quando comparados ao bolo padrão. As notas das características tecnológicas dos bolos com soro in natura foram superiores às notas dos bolos com soro concentrado e desidratado. No entanto, na avaliação sensorial, segundo teste de ordenação, os bolos com adição de soro concentrado e desidratado apresentaram preferência por parte dos julgadores em relação ao bolo contendo soro in natura.

The objective of this work was to make cakes with the addition of liquid, concentrated and dry milk whey to analyze the influence of this ingredient on the chemical composition, and on the technological and sensorial characteristics of cakes. Results were evaluated with variance analysis, the average compared by Tukey's test (p < 0.05) and results of sensorial preference test-rankings were evaluated with the Friedman method. The cakes with the addition of whey presented an increase in protein and ash content when compared with standard cakes. The technological characteristics score of cakes made with liquid whey was higher than the score of cakes made with the addition of concentrated and dry whey. However in the sensorial evaluation through preference test-ranking, cakes with the addition of dry and concentrated whey were preferred by the panelists compared to the cakes with added liquid whey.

The objective of this work was to obtain hydrolysates with different degrees of hydrolysis using Alcalase 2.4L® and to evaluate the effect of the enzyme [E] and substrate [S] concentration on the functional properties of the hydrolysates. It was obtained hydrolysates with hydrolysis degree values ranging from 12.2 to 43.7%. The values of solubility and water holding capacity were similar for the greater number of the hydrolysates with minimum values in the pH 5.0. The hydrolysis degree showed direct relationship with the solubility and indirect with the water holding capacity, oil holding capacity, emulsifying capacity and foaming capacity.

The objective of this work was to study the influence of enzymes Alcalase, Flavourzyme and Novozym in the functional properties of hydrolysates of Bluewing searobin (Prionotus punctatus) minced. The hydrolysates of Bluewing searobin were evaluated for the chemical composition and the functional properties. The Novozym enzyme presented greater specific activity differing significantly from the enzymes Alcalase and Flavourzyme. The hydrolysates of Bluewing searobin presented protein content above of 87% and excellent solubility, capacity of water retention, capacity of oil retention and emulsifying capacity.

The enzymatic modification of proteins has been widely studied with the aim of add value to low commercial value fish. The objective of this work was to evaluate and optimize the parameters involved in the production process of an enzymatic protein hydrolyzed with high protein content. The results showed that for Alcalase the most significant parameters were temperature, pH and substrate concentration and for Flavourzyme were pH, substrate concentration and enzyme concentration. It was obtained for Alcalase a predictive model for the recovered nitrogen and for Flavourzyme a predictive model for the hydrolysis degree.

To study the action of Alcalase and Flavourzyme on the proteins of chicken meat, the influence of the substrate concentration [S], enzyme concentration [E] and hydrolysis time on the degree of hydrolysis (DH) of the proteins was evaluated. The highest DH for breast meat was obtained with a [S] of 3.3% (w/v), with a [E] of 6% (w/w) and reaction time of 90 min, for both enzymes. For thigh meat the conditions to get the highest DH were: [S] of 5% (w/v), [E] of 8% (w/w) and a reaction time of 120 min, for both enzymes.

Este trabalho teve como objetivos elaborar pães enriquecidos com proteína de pescado para aumentar o conteúdo deste nutriente no produto e avaliar estes pães sensorial, tecnológica e físico-quimicamente. A proteína de pescado foi obtida a partir de cabrinha (Prionotus punctatus), espécie de baixo valor comercial. Para obtenção da polpa de cabrinha, a matéria-prima foi submetida a um processo de lavagem, seguido de secagem. Foram desenvolvidas cinco formulações de pão: 30, 40 e 50% de polpa lavada úmida (PU) e 3 e 5% de polpa lavada seca (PS) em base à farinha. Os pães foram avaliados sensorial (teste de ordenação, escala hedônica e perfil de atributos), tecnológica (notas das características internas, externas e volume específico) e físico-quimicamente (composição centesimal). O teste de perfil de atributos mostrou que o pão com 5% PS não diferiu significativamente (alfa = 0,05) do padrão para nenhum atributo avaliado. Todos pães apresentaram aceitação superior a 74%, no entanto ocorreu diminuição das notas das características internas e externas e do volume específico dos pães com o aumento da adição de polpa em todas as formulações, caracterizando queda da qualidade tecnológica. Os pães com 3 e 5% de PS e 50% de PU apresentaram um aumento no conteúdo protéico de 31, 45 e 48% respectivamente, em relação ao conteúdo protéico do pão padrão.

This work had as objectives to elaborate breads enriched with minced meat of fish and evaluate them sensorial, technological and physico-chemically. The fish protein was obtained from cabrinha (Prionotus punctatus), a low commercial value specie. To obtain the minced fish, the grinded meat was submitted to three wash steps with water, resulting the wet washed minced fish (WWMF). When the WWWF was dried and sifted, it was obtained the dry washed minced fish (DWMF). Five bread formulations with addition of 30, 40 and 50% of WWMF and 3 and 5% of DWMF were tested. All breads obtained were evaluated sensorial (preference test ranking, nine-point hedonic scale and attribute profile), technological (specific volume and technological score for the external and internal characteristics) and physico-chemically (centesimal composition). The attribute profile test showed that the bread containing 5% DWMF didn’t differ significantly (alpha = 0.05) from the bread without addition of fish protein in any attribute. All formulations showed an acceptance index higher than 74%, however it was observed a decreasing of technological score and specific volume values with the increasing amount of minced fish in all formulations, resulting technological quality loss. Breads containing 3 and 5% of DWMF and 50% of WWMF presented a protein increase of 31, 45 e 48%, respectively, when compared to the protein of the bread without addition of fish.