Abstract The relevance of this study lies in the lack of a qualitative study of such an important historical phenomenon as the order of knights serı. Steppe knights as the last manifestation of the fighting spirit of the Kazakh people is a wonderful personification of nomadic culture. The real nomads were members of the cavalry order who descended from the famous military aristocracy of the nomads. Their musical and poetic world included in the history of military service and culture is a vivid embodiment of nomadic life. The aim of the paper is to formulate the conventional representation of the cultural and spiritual values of the Kazakh people, making a cultural and philosophical analysis of all manifestations of the nomadic people. During the research, a cultural evaluation was given of some ideological, religious-ethical, and storylines dating back to the era of the Ancient Saks, Huns, and Turkic Khaganate that unfolded in Central Asia in the 18-19th and early 20th centuries, the latest manifestations of free thought, the art of the colonised people, the talent of comrades-in-arms, the ancient art of the Kazakh people that has not lost its characterisation based on folk traditions and religious beliefs. In this study, various methods such as induction, deduction, historical, and cross-analysis were used. The results of the study reveal the exceptional features of the formation and development of nomadic knights and their deep influence on the culture of the peoples of Central Asia, which will be useful for understanding the folk identity of culture, aspects of their origin, and history.

Resumo O urso-negro asiático está presente em uma variedade de habitats, como folhas largas e florestas de coníferas, estendendo-se do nível do mar até 4.300 m de altitude e mudando seu habitat para fins alimentares sazonalmente. O presente estudo foi conduzido nos vales Kaghan e Siran, distrito de Mansehra, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Paquistão, para avaliar o habitat do urso preto. O método de transecto linear foi usado para a observação de sinais do urso. Parcelas de raio circular de 12 m foram selecionadas para a vegetação de preocupação, ou seja, árvores, arbustos e ervas, e 3 a 6 parcelas foram colocadas em cada transecto. No resultado da pesquisa de sinais, 13 categorias diferentes de sinais de urso foram registradas e a taxa de encontro foi calculada para cada sinal. Um total de 1858 sinais foi observado durante os levantamentos de campo. O total (81%) de espécies de coníferas foi recodificado entre as árvores, com maior aparecimento de Pinus wallichiana (34,22%) e Spruce spp (27,76%); árvores de folhas largas (18,56%) também foram recodificadas em parcelas de habitat. A maioria dos sinais foi encontrada em áreas com arbustos, enquanto um alto número de Viburnum spp (60,29%) estava presente. É indicado que o urso-negro prefere a mistura de árvores coníferas, espécies de viburnos e samambaias; provavelmente porque essas plantas fornecem alimento suficiente, proteção e abrigo meticuloso porque mais de 80% do habitat é composto por essas três espécies. Atualmente, a destruição do habitat e o aumento da população humana são questões crescentes para os animais selvagens, especialmente o urso-negro asiático, que é altamente sensível a esses problemas. Altos níveis de esforços de conservação são recomendados para a proteção do habitat do urso-negro e para evitar a interferência humana em seu território.

Abstract Asiatic black bear is present in variety of habitats like broad-leaves and coniferous forests, extending form sea level to 4300m elevation and change their habitat for food purpose seasonally. The present study was conducted at Kaghan and Siran Valleys, District Mansehra, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan to assess habitat of black bear. Line transect method was used for observation of bear signs. Twelve meter circular radius plots were selected for the concern vegetation’s i.e. (trees, shrubs and herbs) and three to six plots were placed in each transect. At the result of sign survey, thirteen different categories of bear signs were recorded and encounter rate was calculated for each sign. A total of 1858 signs were observed during field surveys. Total (81%) coniferous species were recoded among trees, with the highest appearance of Pinus wallichiana (34.22%) and Spruce spp (27.76%), similarly broad leaves trees (18.56%) were also recoded from habitat plots. Most of the signs were encountered in bushy areas, whereas high number of Viburnum Spp (60.29%) was present. It is indicated that black bear prefers blend of Coniferous Trees, Viburnum and Ferns Species; probably because these plants provide enough food, protection, and meticulous shelter because more than 80% of habitat composed of these three species. Currently habitat destruction and increase in human population are the up-growing issues for wild animals (especially Asiatic black bear), which is highly sensitive to such problems. High levels of conservation efforts are recommended for the protection of black bear habitat and to avoid human interference in their territory.

Resumen: La colocación de una sonda enteral es un procedimiento invasivo rutinario que puede presentar complicaciones graves. Presentamos el caso de un hombre de 54 años de edad que presentó paro cardiorrespiratorio secundario a infarto de miocardio y que, después de la colocación de una sonda nasoyeyunal, desarrolló neumotórax, por lo que ameritó su retiro, la colocación de una sonda endopleural y la administración de antibióticos. El paciente mostró adecuada expansión pulmonar, lo cual permitió el retiro de la sonda endopleural a los seis días de su instalación, la extubación del enfermo y finalmente su egreso por mejoría. El neumotórax asociado a la colocación de la sonda enteral se presenta en 1.2% de los pacientes. Los factores de riesgo son: déficit neurológico, alteración de la deglución y del reflejo tusígeno. El tratamiento descrito en la literatura es el retiro de la sonda, el uso de antibióticos y el drenaje torácico.

Abstract: Enteral tube placement is a routine invasive procedure that can present serious complications. We present the case of a 54-year-old man who presented with cardiorespiratory arrest secondary to myocardial infarction and who, after placement of a nasojejunal tube, developed pneumothorax that required removal of the tube, placement of a chest tube and administration of antibiotics. The patient presented adequate lung expansion, which allowed removal of the chest tube six days after its installation, extubation and finally discharge due to improvement. Pneumothorax associated with enteral tube placement occurs in 1.2% of patients. Risk factors are neurological deficit, impaired swallowing and cough reflex. Treatment described in the literature is removal of the tube, use of antibiotics and chest drainage.

Resumo: A colocação de sonda enteral é um procedimento invasivo de rotina que pode apresentar complicações graves. Apresentamos o caso de um homem de 54 anos que apresentou parada cardiorrespiratória secundária a infarto do miocárdio e que, após colocação de sonda nasojejunal, desenvolveu pneumotórax que exigiu sua retirada, colocação de sonda endopleural e administração de antibióticos.O paciente apresentou expansão pulmonar adequada, o que permitiu a retirada do tubo endopleural 6 dias após sua instalação, a extubação do paciente e por fim sua alta por melhora. O pneumotórax associado à colocação de sonda enteral ocorre em 1.2% dos pacientes. Os fatores de risco são: déficit neurológico, deglutição prejudicada e reflexo da tosse. O tratamento descrito na literatura é a retirada da sonda, uso de antibióticos e drenagem torácica.

Abstract Periodontal disease (gingivitis and periodontitis) is an inflammatory process caused by the activity of pathogenic bacteria and their products on the gingival sulcus, with the consequent activation of the immune response. Saliva and crevicular fluid contain a wide variety of enzymes and antimicrobial factors that are in contact with the supragingival and subgingival region, including β-defensins (hBDs). hHBDs are non-glycosylated, cysteine-rich cationic peptides produced by epithelial cells with antimicrobial and immunoregulatory effects, thus contributing to maintaining homeostasis in periodontal tissues. The changes in the microbiota and the immune response from a healthy periodontium to gingivitis and, finally, to periodontitis are complex. Their severity depends on a dynamic balance between bacteria associated with plaque, genetic and environmental factors. Recent advances have made it possible to understand the implication of hBDs in the detection, diagnosis, and therapy of periodontal disease and the relationship between periodontitis and other inflammatory conditions. This review aims to describe the effect of hBDs on the immune response and its use as a possible marker of the inflammatory activity of the periodontal disease.

Resumen La enfermedad periodontal (gingivitis y periodontitis) es un proceso inflamatorio ocasionado por la actividad de bacterias patógenas y sus productos sobre el surco gingival, con la consecuente activación de la respuesta inmunitaria. La saliva y el fluido crevicular contienen una gran variedad de enzimas y factores antimicrobianos que están en contacto con la región supragingival y subgingival; entre ellos, las β-defensinas (hBDs). Las hBDs son péptidos catiónicos no glicosilados ricos en cisteína, producidos por las células epiteliales; tienen efecto antimicrobiano e inmunorregulador; de esta forma, contribuyen al mantenimiento de la homeostasis en los tejidos periodontales. Los cambios en la microbiota y en la respuesta inmunitaria de un periodonto sano a gingivitis y, finalmente, a periodontitis, es compleja. Su severidad depende de un equilibrio dinámico entre las bacterias asociadas a la placa, factores genéticos y ambientales. Los avances recientes han permitido comprender la implicación de las hBDs en la detección, el diagnóstico y la terapéutica de la enfermedad periodontal, así como la relación que hay entre la periodontitis y otras enfermedades inflamatorias. El objetivo de esta revisión es describir el efecto de las hBDs en la respuesta inmunitaria y su utilización como marcadores de la actividad inflamatoria de la enfermedad periodontal.

RESUMEN Objetivo: El presente trabajo se realizó con la intención de Revisar, evaluar y sintetizar literatura disponible sobre factores neonatales, maternos y procedimientos invasivos realizados en el neonato asociados a sepsis neonatal tardía durante los últimos diez años. Métodos: Las bases de datos utilizadas para la búsqueda bibliográfica fueron: Pubmed/Medline, LILACS, SciELO y Google Scholar Se seleccionaron estudios analíticos sobre investigación de factores de riesgo para sepsis neonatal tardía por etapas (título, resumen y texto completo). El riesgo de sesgo se evaluó con la Escala Newcastle Otawa. Se evaluó la heterogeneidad y se realizó un metaanálisis de efectos aleatorios para los siguientes factores de riesgo: sexo, edad gestacional, peso al nacer, Apgar a los 5 min, ruptura prematura de membranas, vía de parto, uso de catéter venoso central y ventilación mecánica. El efecto se midió con odds ratio. La certeza de la evidencia se determinó utilizando la metodología GRADE. El protocolo se registró en PROSPERO. Resultados: Se recopilaron ocho estudios de 633 registros. La heterogeneidad fue alta. 3 estudios sexo masculino OR: 1,97(0,26-14,59) p=0.03; I2 =80%, prematuridad 2 estudios OR: 2,48 (1,13-5.45); p=0.04; I2 =72%, uso de catéter venoso central 4 estudios - OR: 3,83 (1,07 - 13,71) p<0.01; I2 =89% y ventilación mecánica 4 estudios OR: 2,83 (1,42 - 5,68); p<0.01; I2 =86%) fueron factores independientes para el desarrollo de sepsis neonatal tardía. Los estudios tuvieron la puntuación más baja en evaluación de comparabilidad al aplicarse el riesgo de sesgo. Los resultados tuvieron certeza baja de evidencia. Conclusión: Sexo masculino, prematuridad, uso de catéter venoso central y ventilación mecánica son factores de riesgo para sepsis tardía.

ABSTRACT Objective: To review, evaluate and synthesize available literature on neonatal and maternal factors and invasive procedures performed on the neonate associated with late neonatal sepsis during the last ten years. Methods: The databases used for the bibliographic search were: Pubmed/Medline, LILACS, SciELO, and Google Scholar. Analytical studies on the research of risk factors for late neonatal sepsis by stages (title, abstract and full text) were selected. The risk of bias was assessed using the Newcastle Ottawa Scale. Heterogeneity was assessed and a random-effects meta-analysis was performed for the following risk factors: gender, gestational age, birth weight, Apgar score at 5 min, premature rupture of membranes, route of delivery, use of a central venous catheter, and ventilation. mechanics. The effect was measured with an odds ratio. The certainty of the evidence was determined using the GRADE methodology. The protocol was registered in PROSPERO. Results: Eight studies from 633 records were collected. Heterogeneity was high. 3 male studies OR: 1.97(0.26-14.59) p=0.03; I2 =80%, prematurity 2 studies OR: 2.48 (1.13-5.45); p=0.04; I2 =72%, use of central venous catheter 4 studies - OR: 3.83 (1.07 - 13.71) p<0.01; I2 =89% and mechanical ventilation 4 studies OR: 2.83 (1.42 - 5.68); p<0.01; I2 =86%) were independent factors for the development of late neonatal sepsis. Studies had the lowest comparability assessment score when the risk of bias was applied. The results had low certainty of evidence. Conclusion: Male sex, prematurity, use of central venous catheter, and mechanical ventilation are risk factors for late sepsis.

Resumen Objetivo: Estudiar las diferentes maneras en que la Corte Constitucional de Colombia (1991-2020) ha venido fallando en casos donde estudiantes (o aspirantes a serlo) invocan el derecho a la libertad religiosa y de cultos en establecimientos educativos. Metodología: Desde una perspectiva cualitativa, se identifica la línea jurisprudencial relacionada con el tema, y se analizan los argumentos emitidos por la Corte en las sentencias que componen la línea. Resultados: Los argumentos de la Corte se dividen en dos tipos: uno que es categorizado como pluralista, en el cual se privilegia el derecho a la libertad religiosa de los individuos, y otro que es categorizado como uniformista, en el que se privilegian las normas institucionales independientemente de las creencias religiosas particulares. Conclusiones: La diversidad religiosa en establecimientos educativos revela algunos de los dilemas y tensiones existentes en la modernidad liberal, particularmente en lo concerniente al debate sobre el lugar de la religión en el espacio público y la posibilidad de que convivan diferentes sistemas de pensamiento y de valores en comunidades e instituciones que pretenden ser pluralistas.

Abstract Objective: To study the different ways in which the Constitutional Court of Colombia (1991-2020) has ruled in cases where students (or applicants) demand the respect of their right to freedom of religion and worship in educational institutions. Methodology: From a qualitative perspective, we identify the jurisprudential line related to the subject, and analyze the arguments issued by the Court in each the sentences that compose the line. Results: The Court’s arguments are divided into two types: one that is categorized as pluralist, which privileges the right to religious freedom of the individuals, and another one that is categorized as uniformist, in which institutional norms are privileged regardless of the particular religiosity of the individuals. Conclusions: Religious diversity in educational establishments reveals some of the dilemmas and tensions existing in liberal modernity, particularly concerning the debate on the management of different worldviews and value systems in communities and institutions that claim to be pluralistic.

RESUMEN. Objetivo/contexto: este trabajo examina los argumentos de la Corte Constitucional de Colombia en una sentencia que declaró que el pentecostalismo representa una amenaza para las culturas indígenas y para la diversidad cultural del país. La sentencia fue emitida en 1998, pocos años después de que la Constitución Política (1991) declarara que Colombia es una nación pluralista que protege la diversidad cultural del país y el derecho a la libertad religiosa. Metodología: se ha implementado un estudio cualitativo y hermenéutico de la sentencia con el fin de comprender los argumentos presentados por la Corte. Posteriormente, se ha realizado un análisis crítico de esos argumentos, cuestionando los presupuestos pluralistas relacionados con categorías clave como culturas indígenas, religión y diversidad. Conclusiones: la institución pluralista ha sido incapaz de reconocer las realidades dinámicas y múltiples de la religión vivida, así como los problemas relacionados con la doble marginación de una minoría religiosa dentro de una minoría étnica. Además, el imperativo pluralista de proteger la diversidad cultural pone límites a la alteridad y promueve nuevas formas de represión y exclusión. Originalidad: la jurisprudencia bajo escrutinio no se estudia en sus dimensiones legales o éticas -como se ha hecho en el pasado- sino como la implementación de una ideología pluralista basada en una determinada cosmovisión. El pluralismo se examina así críticamente en sus principios ontológicos, axiológicos, epistemológicos y praxeológicos.

ABRSTRACT. Objective/Context: This paper examines the arguments of the Constitutional Court of Colombia in a sentence declaring that Pentecostalism represents a threat to indigenous cultures and to the country’s cultural diversity. The sentence was issued in 1998, a few years after the political Constitution (1991) declared that Colombia is a pluralist nation that protects the cultural diversity of the country and the right to religious freedom. Methodology: A qualitative and hermeneutical study of the sentence was implemented to understand the arguments presented by the Court. Subsequently, a critical analysis of those arguments was carried out, questioning the pluralist presuppositions related to key categories such as “indigenous cultures,” “religion,” and “diversity.” Conclusions: The pluralist institution has been unable to recognize the dynamic and manifold realities of lived religion, as well as the problems related to the double marginalization of a religious minority within an ethnic minority. Furthermore, the pluralist imperative to protect cultural diversity places limits upon alterity and promotes new forms of exclusion. Originality: The jurisprudence under scrutiny is not studied in its legal or ethical dimensions-as it has been done in the past-but as the implementation of a pluralist ideology grounded in a certain worldview. Thus, pluralism is critically examined in its ontological, axiological, epistemological, and praxeological principles.

RESUMO. Objetivo/contexto: neste trabalho, examinam-se os argumentos do Tribunal Constitucional da Colômbia em uma decisão que declarou que o pentecostalismo representa uma ameaça às culturas indígenas e à diversidade cultural do país. A sentença foi emitida em 1998, poucos anos depois que a Constituição Política (1991) tivesse declarado que a Colômbia é uma nação pluralista que protege a diversidade cultural do país e o direito à liberdade religiosa. Metodologia: foi realizado um estudo qualitativo e hermenêutico da sentença para a compreensão dos argumentos apresentados pelo Tribunal. Posteriormente, procedeu-se a uma análise crítica desses argumentos, questionando os pressupostos pluralistas relacionados com categorias-chave como “culturas indígenas”, “religião” e “diversidade”. Conclusões: a instituição pluralista tem sido incapaz de reconhecer as realidades dinâmicas e múltiplas da religião vivida, bem como os problemas relacionados à dupla marginalização de uma minoria religiosa dentro de uma minoria étnica. Além disso, o imperativo pluralista de proteger a diversidade cultural limita a alteridade e promove novas formas de repressão e exclusão. Originalidade: a jurisprudência sob escrutínio não é estudada em suas dimensões jurídicas ou éticas -como se fazia no passado-, mas sim como a implementação de uma ideologia pluralista baseada em uma determinada cosmovisão. O pluralismo é, portanto, examinado criticamente em seus princípios ontológicos, axiológicos, epistemológicos e praxeológicos.

BACKGROUND: Universities across the world experienced lockdown and closure of all learning institutions around March 2020 because of the advent of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This lockdown and closure presented challenges to the traditional pedagogical approaches in the health sciences, which typically include both campus-based and clinical site-focused activities involving face-to-face interactions and work integrated learning. The onset of the COVID-19 pandemic resulted in a shift to emergency remote teaching (ERT) and learning OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to explore speech-language pathology (SLP) educators' experiences of the planning and implementation of ERT and learning during the COVID-19 pandemic METHOD: A qualitative, descriptive narrative design was adopted to meet the objectives of the study. Seven SLP educators from a single university in South Africa participated in this study by constructing narratives on their experiences. The narratives were analysed using thematic analysis RESULTS: Five themes emerged from the data analysis, and these included (1) uncertainty, (2) educator feelings, (3) capacity development, (4) influence of circumstances on teaching, learning and assessment and (5) troubleshooting. Current findings provide insight into the challenges encountered and strategies utilised by educators in planning and implementing ERT and learning CONCLUSION: Beyond the COVID-19 pandemic, most educators believe that a hybrid model would address some concerns identified, such as that of missing face-to-face contact, but that it would still allow for the full exploitation of online activities for teaching, learning and assessment required during clinical training

BACKGROUND: There has been an increased emergence of the use of telerehabilitation by speech-language therapists (SLTs) in South Africa since the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 OBJECTIVES: To explore the criteria that SLTs use when recommending telerehabilitation for children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), the technical skills required, strategies used by SLTs, the restrictions encountered when conducting telerehabilitation and the views of SLTs on telerehabilitation in comparison to face-to-face therapy for children with ASD METHOD: A descriptive, phenomenological, qualitative study design was utilised. Purposive and snowball sampling techniques were employed. Six SLTs from the private sector, who had experience providing telerehabilitation to children with ASD, were recruited from three provinces in South Africa. Data were gathered via semistructured online interviews and analysed using thematic analysis RESULTS: Two out of five themes that emerged from this study are presented in this paper, i.e. approaches to telerehabilitation and the benefits of telerehabilitation. Results revealed that telerehabilitation was used to provide assessment and therapy during the COVID-19 pandemic lockdowns as an alternative method of service delivery. Assessment and treatment strategies included synchronous and asynchronous methods, family collaboration, social stories, frequent breaks and interactive sessions. Telerehabilitation reduced the client's and SLT's travel costs and increased caregiver and clinician satisfaction. Client progress and increased awareness of SLT were viewed as further benefits CONCLUSION: Telerehabilitation was found to be beneficial to most children with ASD, and in most cases, the benefits far outweighed the challenges encountered. Clinical implications included the need for caregiver support in facilitating effective carryover, an increase in SLTs' knowledge and the opportunity to provide services to a broader geographical range. Limitations of the study are included

Abstract The production of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is constantly compromised by a complex of pathogens that cause root wilt and rot (RWR). Some of the strategies used for the management of this disease are the use of resistant varieties, crop rotation, solarization, removal of regrowths and use of seeds free of pathogens or treated with fungicides, although the results have been limited or not very satisfactory, in recent years, biological control and organic products have become more important. In the present work, polyphenols were obtained from ethanolic extracts by the ultrasound-microwave-assisted technique of plant species: thunder (L. lucidum) leaf, sorghum (S. bicolor) grains and moringa (M. oleifera) leaves. The corresponding qualitative analysis was carried out using HPLC masses and the antifungal effect of each group of polyphenol extracts on three phytopathogenic fungi that make up the complex of root wilt and rot was determined by means of the technique of plate dilution and poisoned medium. The percentage of inhibition and the inhibitory concentration (IC50) were determined. The results indicate that polyphenols have high biological effectiveness on the fungus Macrophomina and Fusarium solani, the activity for Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris depended on the polyphenols of each plant species; polyphenols of L. lucidum with a concentration of 491.99 ppm. Additionally, it was found that all the groups of polyphenols had in their chemical composition some compounds of recognized microbial activity such as: flavones, anthocyanins, catechins and alkylphenols, among others.

Resumen La producción del garbanzo (Cicer arietinum L.) constantemente está comprometida por un complejo de patógenos que ocasionan la marchitez y pudrición de raíz (MPR). Algunas de las estrategias empleadas para el manejo de esta enfermedad son el uso de variedades resistentes, rotación de cultivos, solarización, retiro de socas y uso de semillas libre de patógenos o tratadas con fungicidas, aunque los resultados han sido limitados o poco satisfactorios, en los últimos años, el control biológico y los productos orgánicos ha cobrado mayor importancia. En el presente trabajo se obtuvieron polifenoles de extractos etanólicos mediante la técnica asistida de ultrasonido- microondas de las especies vegetales: hoja de trueno (L. lucidum), granos de sorgo (S. bicolor) y hojas de moringa (M. oleífera). Se les realizó el correspondiente análisis cualitativo mediante HPLC masas y se determinó el efecto antifúngico de cada grupo de polifenoles extracto sobre tres hongos fitopatógenos que conforman el complejo de la marchitez y pudrición de raíz, por medio de la técnica de dilución en placa y medio envenenado. Se determinó el porcentaje de inhibición y la concentración inhibitoria (CI50). Los resultados indican que los polifenoles tienen elevada efectividad biológica sobre el hongo Macrophomina y Fusarium solani, la actividad para Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris dependió de los polifenoles de cada especie vegetal; polifenoles de L. lucidum con una concentración de 491.99 ppm. Adicionalmente se comprobó que todos los grupos de polifenoles tenían en su composición química algunos compuestos de reconocida actividad microbiana como lo son: flavonas, antocianinas, catequinas y alquifenoles, entre otros.

Abstract The research aimed to design a Web-App computer system for data recording in situ and for estimating aerial carbon storage in coffee plots in Huatusco, Veracruz, Mexico. This was raised by the needs of producers to automate calculations of CO2 capture that serve in contributing to climate change mitigation. The software was developed in the Montecillo Campus of the College of Postgraduates from February to October 2020 through the proposal of the PADPEEM methodology and was tested with the data obtained in some coffee crops in Huatusco in January 2020. The results showed the CarbonoCafé system, its architecture, navigation map and interfaces. The CarbonoCafé system will have an impact on the reduction of human, economic and time resources for the calculation of aerial carbon in situ. In addition, it contains databases that can be consulted from any computer or mobile phone.

Resumen La investigación tuvo por objetivo diseñar un sistema computacional Web-App para el registro de datos in situ y para la estimación del almacenamiento de carbono aéreo en parcelas de café en Huatusco, Veracruz, México. Lo anterior se planteó por las necesidades de los productores para automatizar los cálculos de captura de CO2 que sirven en la contribución de la mitigación del cambio climático. El software se elaboró en el Campus Montecillo del Colegio de Postgraduados de febrero a octubre de 2020 a través de la propuesta de la metodología PADPEEM y probado con los datos obtenidos en algunos cultivos de café en Huatusco en enero de 2020. En los resultados se mostró el sistema CarbonoCafé, su arquitectura, mapa de navegación e interfaces. El sistema CarbonoCafé será de impacto en la reducción de recursos humanos, económicos y de tiempo, para el cálculo de carbono aéreo in situ. Además, contiene bases de datos que se pueden consultar desde cualquier computadora o teléfono móvil.

Abstract The venous system is responsible for bringing blood from the lower limbs to the heart. To achieve this, various mechanisms are activated that work against gravitational force. A very important mechanism is the function of the venous valves. A family history of venous disease is most commonly associated with valve dysfunction, which can lead to venous hypertension, amongst several other risk factors, thus activating a cascade of events characterized by venous dilation and leukocyte migration. Chronic complications can be very expensive in relation to quality of life and the health system. At present, venous disease studies include several diagnostic methods that, together with a wide range of therapeutic tools, have achieved excellent results in the quality of life of patients.

Resumo A dengue é uma doença viral que é um sério problema de saúde das últimas décadas e a infecção transmitida através da picada de mosquito em humanos. Este estudo foi realizado para realizar a prevalência da dengue no distrito de Swabi. Foram coletadas 196 amostras de sangue de pacientes com faixa etária (0 a 80 anos) com dengue com base nos sintomas físicos do Complexo Médico Bacha Khan de Swabi, no período de agosto a outubro de 2017. Foram realizados testes sorológicos para detecção de IgM, IgG e NS1 (antígeno proteico não estrutural do vírus) contra a dengue. Do total de 196 casos confirmados de dengue, o sexo mais propenso foi o masculino 123 (62%), enquanto 73 (38%) eram do sexo feminino. Entre as faixas etárias; A faixa etária de 21 a 30 anos 62 (31,6%) foi a faixa etária mais predominante. As áreas altamente afetadas no distrito de Swabi foram Topi (40,8%), seguidas por Main Swabi (27%), Maneri (8,2%), Marghuz (6%), Shawa Ada (5,1%), Shah Mansoor (5,1%), Gohati (4,1%) e Chota Lahore (3,6%). Portanto, o departamento de saúde deve tomar ações educando o público sobre a limpeza básica do meio ambiente. A comunidade deve ser incentivada a participar do controle de tais doenças / infecções baseadas em vetores.

Abstract Dengue is a viral disease which is serious health concern from last few decades and the infection transmitted through mosquito bite into human. This study was conducted to carry out prevalence of dengue fever in District Swabi. A total of 196 blood sample were collected from patients with age ranges (0-80 years) having dengue fever on the basis of physical symptoms from Bacha Khan Medical Complex Swabi during August to October 2017. Serological test were performed for detection of IgM, IgG and NS1 (Non structural protein antigen of virus) against dengue. Out of total 196 confirmed dengue cases the most prone gender was male 123(62%) while 73(38%) were female. Among the age groups; 21-30 years group 62 (31.6%) was found the most predominated age group. The higly affected areas in district Swabi were Topi (40.8%) followed by Main Swabi (27%), Maneri (8.2%), Marghuz (6%), Shawa Ada (5.1%), Shah Mansoor (5.1%), Gohati (4.1%), and Chota Lahore (3.6%). Therefore, the health department should take actions by educating the public about basic cleanliness of the environment. The community should be encouraged to participate in the control of such vector based diseases/infections.

Resumen En algún momento de sus vidas las personas se preguntan sobre el significado que tienen sus nombres y apellidos. No obstante, pocos logran conocerlo, ya que muchos de estos provienen de una lengua originaria; los cuales, con el tiempo perdieron su significado y originalidad, debido al contacto entre lenguas y culturas. Por ello, en el presente artículo se analiza desde el enfoque antroponímico las transformaciones que se han dado a nivel fonológico, semántico o morfológico en los apellidos aimaras; para ello, se utiliza el método de documentación escrita, puesto que se recurre a investigaciones realizadas sobre los apellidos aimaras. En ese sentido, el artículo concluye que los apellidos sufrieron transformaciones fonológicas, morfológicas y semánticas, debido a la sustitución de fonemas oclusivos por fonemas simples, la sustitución de fonemas aimaras por fonemas del castellano y la adición de fonemas, lo que ocasionó la pérdida de su significado y originalidad.

Abstract At some point in their lives, people wonder about the meaning of their first and last names. However, few get to know it, since many of these come from an original language; which, over time, lost their meaning and originality, due to contact between languages and cultures.Therefore, this article analyzes from the anthroponymic approach the transformations that have occurred at the phonological, semantic or morphological level in Aymara surnames; For this, the written documentation method is used, since it uses] research carried out on Aymara surnames. In this sense, the article concludes that the surnames that underwent phonological, morphological and semantic transformations, due to the substitution of stop phonemes for simple phonemes, the substitution of Aymara phonemes for Spanish phonemes and the addition of phonemes, which caused the loss of its meaning and originality.

Abstract Organic manures are more preferred and environmentally friendly than chemical fertilizers for minimally contaminating soil, water and environmental resources, but the determination of right source of organic manures continues to remain an unexplored aspect. Considering the important issue, a multi-year field trial was carried out to determine the response of forage soybean to four sources of nutrients such as chemical fertilizers (IF), poultry litter (PL), bovine’s farm yard slurry (BFYS) and sewage sludge (SS) and their seven binary combinations (PL+BFYS, PL+SS, PL+IF, BFYS+SS, BFYS+IF, SS+IF and PL+BFYS+SS). Supplementation of organic manures with mineral fertilizers remained superior to their sole application, particularly BFYS + IF was found significantly (p≤0.05) superior for yielding the highest fresh biomass (23.9, 26.4 and 25.7 t ha–1) with improved nutritional quality. The same combination of integrated fertilizer management also recorded higher sustainability as per sustainable forage yield index along with the highest net income and the benefit-cost ratio. PL and SS applied in conjunction with IF performed better than sole or binary application of organic manures. Therefore, BFYS + IF may be recommended for adoption to produce comparable forage yield and nutritional quality of soybean along with reducing dependency on chemical fertilizers.