Resumo Os Xenarthra, endêmicos das Américas, consistem em dois clados distintos, Pilosa (tamanduás e preguiças) e Cingulata (tatus). A associação entre xenartros e humanos remonta aos tempos antigos. Embora essas associações não pareçam ter impactado negativamente todas as populações selvagens, a caça provavelmente contribuiu para a extinção de alguns xenartros nos tempos arqueológico-geológicos e, mais recentemente, para o esgotamento ou extinção das populações locais. Sem dúvida, as atividades humanas estão impactando cada vez mais as populações selvagens de muitas espécies de xenartros. De acordo com a última avaliação da Lista Vermelha de Espécies Ameaçadas da IUCN, 15 das 30 espécies de Xenarthra são classificadas como Menos Preocupantes (LC), 5 como Deficientes em Dados (DD), 5 como Quase Ameaçadas (NT) e 5 são incluídas em uma categoria ameaçada, com uma (Bradypus pygmaeus) sendo considerado Criticamente em Perigo (CR) e quatro (Myrmeco- phaga tridactyla, Bradypus torquatus, Priodontes maximus . Tolypeutes tricinctus) designados como Vulneráveis (VU). Aqui, discutimos os desafios taxonômicos atuais do trabalho com xenartros e os impactos desses desafios na conservação desses animais. Avaliamos as principais ameaças que afetam os Xenarthra agora e no futuro, identificamos algumas iniciativas de conservação bem-sucedidas e destacamos a importância das iniciativas de especialistas individuais. Nossos objetivos são resumir o status atual dos xenartros e facilitar o desenvolvimento e a implementação de estratégias de conservação para esses animais.

Abstract The Xenarthra, which are endemic to the Americas, consist of two distinct clades, the Pilosa (anteaters and sloths) and the Cingulata (armadillos). The association between xenarthrans and humans dates back to ancient times. Although these associations do not appear to have negatively impacted all wild populations, hunting probably contributed to the extinction of some xenarthrans in archaeological-geological times and, more recently, to the depletion or extinction of local populations. Undoubtedly, human activities are increasingly impacting the wild populations of many xenarthran species. According to the last assessment for the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, 15 of the 30 species of Xenarthra are classified as Least Concern, five as Data Deficient, five as Near Threatened, and five are included in a threatened category, with one (Bradypus pygmaeus) being considered Critically Endangered, and four (Myrmecophaga tridactyla, Bradypus torquatus, Priodontes maximus, and Tolypeutes tricinctus) designated as Vulnerable. Here, we discuss the current taxonomic challenges of working with xenarthrans and the impacts of those challenges on the conservation of these animals. We evaluate the main threats affecting the Xenarthra now and in the future, we identify some successful conservation initiatives, and we highlight the importance of initiatives by individual experts. Our goals are to summarize the current status of xenarthrans and to facilitate the development and implementation of conservation strategies for these animals.

Abstract The pichi (Zaedyus pichiy; Cingulata: Chlamyphoridae) is an armadillo whose ectoparasite fauna is composed of ticks and fleas. Fleas were collected from 218 pichis in southern Mendoza, Argentina, in summer and winter of 2015 and 2016. Prevalences were analyzed and differences in the intensities of the total number of fleas related to host (age, sex, weight, size and physical condition) and environment-related (seasonality and year) factors evaluated. Phthiropsylla agenoris was the only species found. Intensities of fleas were higher in 2015, in juveniles, and in males. Individuals with poor physical condition were more parasitized than those with good or normal body condition. The main explanatory variable was sampling year. This factor was directly associated with precipitation. The extreme conditions and heavy rains during the El Niño event in 2015/2016 led to environmental changes that seem to have severely affected the life cycle of fleas.

Resumen En Colombia se han registrado seis especies de armadillos, de las cuales cinco se encuentran en la región de la Orinoquia. Para el departamento de Arauca, la información sobre estas especies es insuficiente y desactualizada. Determinamos la abundancia y los usos de dos géneros de armadillos (Dasypus y Priodontes), mediante la aplicación de encuestas, a través de transectos lineales y por medio del empleo de cámaras trampa. Obtuvimos un total de 22 avistamientos, de los cuales 13 correspondieron a Dasypus sabanicola, 8 a D. novemcinctus y 1 a Priodontes maximus. El 2.8 % (4) de las personas entrevistadas aseguran, además, haber observado a D. kappleri. A través de las entrevistas desarrolladas, encontramos que el 95.2 % de las personas aprovechan los armadillos como fuente de proteína, el 3.4 % los usan como mascotas y el 1.4 % los comercializan. Los armadillos en el municipio de Arauca pueden estar en estado de amenaza, debido a la cacería de subsistencia y la destrucción y fragmentación de sus hábitats.

Abstract Six species of armadillos have been recorded in Colombia, five of which are found in the Orinoco region. For the department of Arauca, information on these species is insufficient and outdated. We determined the abundance and uses of two genera of armadillos (Dasypus and Priodontes) through the application of surveys, linear transects and the use of trap cameras. We obtained a total of 22 sightings, of which 13 corresponded to Dasypus sabanicola, 8 to D. novemcinctus and 1 to Priodontes maximus. 2.8 % (4) of the people interviewed assured they had observed D. kappleri. Through the interviews developed, we found that 95.2 % of people take advantage of armadillos as a source of protein, 3.4 % use them as pets and 1.4 % commercialize them. The armadillos in the municipality of Arauca may be threatened due to subsistence hunting and the destruction and fragmentation of their habitats.

Resumo:Inquéritos sorológicos para detecção de anticorpos contra Leptospira interrogans, Brucella abortus, e Chlamydophila abortus foram realizados em 21 tamanduás-bandeira (Myrmecophaga tridactyla) de vida livre do Parque Nacional das Emas (Goiás, Brasil, n=6), o Parque Nacional da Serra da Canastra (Minas Gerais, Brasil, n=9) e RPPN SESC Pantanal (Mato Grosso, Brasil, n=6) entre julho de 2001 e setembro de 2006. Os sor os foram testados para anticorpos contra 22 sorotipos de Leptospira interrogans com um teste de aglutinação microscópica. Doze animais foram considerados positivos para L. interrogans sorovares sentot (n=5 em PN Emas, n=2 em PN Serra da Canastra), butembo (n=2 em PN Serra da Canastra), autumnalis, bataviae e shermani/icterohaemorrhagiae(n=1 para cada sorovar em SESC Pantanal). Uma fêmea adulta testou positivo para B. abortuscom o teste do antígeno tamponado. Todos os soros se mostraram negativos para C. abortusatravés do teste de fixação do complemento. Este é o primeiro relato de patógenos que podem interferir na dinâmica reprodutiva de populações de tamanduás em estado selvagem.

Abstract:A serological survey for antibodies against Leptospira interrogans, Brucella abortus, and Chlamydophila abortus was conducted in 21 clinically healthy, free-ranging giant ant- eaters (Myrmecophaga tridactyla) from Parque Nacional das Emas (Goiás State, Brazil; n=6), Parque Nacional da Serra da Canastra (Minas Gerais State, Brazil; n=9), and RPPN SESC Pantanal (Mato Grosso State, Brazil; n=6) between July 2001 and September 2006. Sera were screened for antibodies against 22 serovars of Leptospira interrogans with a microscopic agglutination test. Twelve tested positive for L. interrogansserovars sentot (n=5 in PN Emas, n=2 in PN Serra da Canastra), butembo (n=2 in PN Serra da Canastra), autumnalis, bataviae, and shermani/icterohaemorrhagiae(n=1 each in SESC Pantanal)One adult female tested positive for B. abortus with the buffered plate antigen test. All sera were negative for C. abortususing the complement fixation text. This is the first report of pathogens that may interfere with the reproduction and population dynamics of free-ranging giant anteaters.

The home range of the screaming hairy armadillo Chaetophractus vellerosus was estimated and its spatial pattern described under different degrees of land use pressure. Fieldwork was performed between 2006 and 2011 on a cattle ranch in Magdalena (Buenos Aires , Argentina), in two paddocks of similar size but with different intensities of use (North: low; South: high). A total of 213 individuals were captured (102 males and 111 females). Data from 30 adult individuals (12 males and 18 females) were analyzed in order to determine the home range using the minimum convex polygon method. The spatial pattern was described based on 85 captures and the nearest neighbor method. No significant differences in home range size were observed between sexes and seasons (fall-winter: males 0.23 ha, females 0.27 ha; spring-summer: males 0.75 ha, females 0.13 ha). The spatial distribution of armadillos was aggregated in both paddocks in fall-winter, being higher in the paddock with low intensity of use. An aggregated distribution was also observed during spring-summer in the southern paddock, while a random arrangement was found in the northern paddock. The home range of C. vellerosus is not affected by sex or season. The spatial arrangement of individuals is influenced by the intensity of land use.

Se estimó el área de acción del armadillo Chaetophractus vellerosus y se describió su patrón espacial teniendo en cuenta la presión de uso del ambiente. Los muestreos se realizaron en un campo ganadero de Magdalena (Buenos Aires, Argentina), entre 2006 y 2011, en dos potreros de tamaño similar pero con distintas intensidades de uso (norte: baja; sur: alta). Se efectuaron 517 capturas de 213 individuos (102 machos y 111 hembras). Para determinar el área de acción se analizaron datos de 30 individuos adultos (12 machos y 18 hembras) mediante el método del mínimo polígono convexo. El patrón espacial se describió con 85 capturas y el método del vecino más cercano. No existieron diferencias significativas en el área de acción promedio entre sexos, ni entre estaciones (otoño-invierno: machos 0.23 ha, hembras 0.27 ha; primavera-verano: machos 0.75 ha, hembras 0.13 ha). Los individuos tuvieron una disposición agregada para ambos potreros en otoño-invierno, siendo mayor en el potrero de baja intensidad de uso. Durante primavera-verano en el potrero sur mantuvieron la misma distribución agregada, mientras que en el potrero norte presentaron una disposición al azar. El área de acción de C. vellerosus no se ve afectada por el sexo y las estaciones. La distribución espacial de los individuos es influenciada por la intensidad de uso del ambiente.

Cyclopes didactylus es uno de los xenartros menos estudiados. Su distribución abarca zonas tropicales de México, Centroamérica y Sudamérica. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la extensión de una población de C. didactylus aislada históricamente en la costa noreste de Brasil. Se obtuvo información sobre avistamientos, donaciones y decomisos de C. didactylus de las oficinas regionales del Instituto Brasileiro do Meio Ambiente e Recursos Renováveis (IBAMA). El área de distribución del serafín del platanar en la selva atlántica nordestina parece ser más amplia de lo conocido e incluye los estados de Rio Grande do Norte, Paraíba, Pernambuco y Alagoas.

The pichi Zaedyus pichiy is a small armadillo that lives in arid and semi-arid habitats of Argentina and Chile. We studied the intestinal parasites of 53 wild pichis from Mendoza Province, Argentina, and evaluated the distribution of the parasite species in the host population. We analyzed the feces by means of sedimentation and flotation techniques, estimated the parasite load, and performed fecal cultures. Ninety three percent of the samples were positive for protists and/or helminths. Among protists, we observed three different types of Eimeria (Coccidia, Eimeriidae) oocysts that suggest the existence of three different species. Among helminths, we identified eggs of Cestoda: Mathevotaenia sp. (Anoplocephalidae) and Nematoda: Trichuris sp. (Trichuridae); Aspidodera spp. (Aspidoderidae); Cyclobulura sp. (Subuluridae) and Trichostrongyloidea. Aspidodera spp. (79%) and Eimeria spp. (64%) were the most prevalent parasites, followed by Trichostrongyloidea (26%). The remaining parasites registered prevalences below 15%. Eimeria spp., Trichuris sp. and Cyclobulura sp. were recorded for the first time in a xenarthran host from Argentina. Zaedyus pichiy is a new host for Mathevotaenia sp. Mean parasite loads were low for nematodes and moderate for protists. Monitoring the parasite load of pichis over time will allow evaluating the impact of human activities and of environmental factors on the health of their wild populations.

El piche Zaedyus pichiy es un pequeño armadillo que habita zonas áridas y semiáridas de Argentina y Chile. En este trabajo se estudiaron los parásitos intestinales de 53 piches silvestres de la Provincia de Mendoza, Argentina, y se evaluó la distribución de las especies parásitas halladas en la población hospedadora. Se analizaron las heces mediante técnicas de sedimentación y flotación, se estimaron las cargas parasitarias y se realizaron coprocultivos. El 93% de las muestras fueron positivas para protistas y/o helmintos. Entre los protistas, se observaron tres tipos diferentes de ooquistes de Eimeria (Coccidia, Eimeriidae), que sugieren la existencia de tres especies diferentes. Entre los helmintos, se identificaron huevos de Cestoda: Mathevotaenia sp. (Anoplocephalidae) y Nematoda: Trichuris sp. (Trichuridae); Aspidodera spp. (Aspidoderidae); Cyclobulura sp. (Subuluridae) y Trichostrongyloidea. Aspidodera spp. (79%) y Eimeria spp. (64%) fueron los más prevalentes, seguidos por Trichostrongyloidea (26%). Los restantes parásitos registraron prevalencias menores al 15%. Eimeria spp., Trichuris sp. y Cyclobulura sp. representan los primeros registros para Xenarthra en Argentina. Zaedyus pichiy es nuevo hospedador para Mathevotaenia sp. Las cargas parasitarias promedio fueron bajas para nematodes y moderadas para protistas. El monitoreo de las cargas parasitarias a lo largo del tiempo permitirá evaluar el impacto de actividades antrópicas y de factores ambientales sobre la salud poblacional de piches silvestres.