ABSTRACT Introduction: The labor rights of pregnant women are of great relevance for the doctors that follow the pregnancy, as well as for the Occupational Health doctors. For them to be able to ensure work safety for this vulnerable group, they need to have a good understanding of the work laws. The multidisciplinarity between the two medical specialties can constitute an important alliance in the identification of specific labor risks, and the orientation of the worker. Methodology: This is an review of the portuguese legislation conducted in november of 2022, regarding the Portuguese Work Code, complemented by the Practical Guide of the Subsidy of Specific Risks, from the Social Security Institute. Contents: Pregnant workers must be considered a susceptible group for specific risks and there must be taken measures regarding their health and security, from various points of view. This cannot result in disadvantage in the work market and it cannot affect the equality of treatment between men and women. It’s the pregnant women right that the work conditions are evaluated, and, if needed, adapted by the employer, so the safety of the mother and the fetus is guaranteed. Discussion and Conclusions: It’s important for health professionals to be informed about the work rights of pregnant women. The collaboration with Occupational Health professionals is essential in the right identification of specific work risks, so that the pregnancy can proceed without exposured to such risks and, in the case of such exposure, they can be rightly adjusted.

RESUMO Introdução: Os direitos laborais da mulher grávida são um tema de relevo para os médicos que acompanham a gestação, bem como para os Médicos do Trabalho. Para que estes possam garantir as melhores condições de segurança laboral a este grupo vulnerável, é importante estarem a par das leis de trabalho. A multidisciplinaridade entre médicos assistentes do seguimento da gestação e Médicos do Trabalho pode constituir uma importante aliança na identificação de riscos laborais específicos e posterior orientação da trabalhadora. Metodologia: Trata-se de uma revisão narrativa da legislação portuguesa realizada em novembro de 2022, nomeadamente do Código do Trabalho Português, complementado com o Guia Prático do Subsídio de Riscos Específicos, do Instituto da Segurança Social, I.P. Conteúdo: As trabalhadoras grávidas devem ser consideradas um grupo com particularidades em relação a riscos específicos e devem ser tomadas medidas no que toca à sua Saúde e Segurança, sob diversos pontos de vista, não as desfavorecendo no mercado de trabalho e não afetando as diretivas de igualdade de tratamento entre homens e mulheres. É direito da mulher grávida que as suas condições de trabalho sejam devidamente avaliadas e, se for caso disso, adaptadas pela entidade empregadora, de modo a garantir a sua segurança e do feto. Conclusão: É importante que os profissionais de saúde estejam devidamente informados sobre os direitos laborais das grávidas. A colaboração do Médico do Trabalho é essencial na identificação fidedigna de riscos específicos laborais, de modo que a gravidez decorra sem exposição a estes riscos, e que, caso ocorram, sejam devidamente minimizados ou orientados.

Abstract Drag crisis has been described as a drop in the drag coefficient (Cd). This procedure was lately assessed in able-bodied cyclists in time trial position by computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the phenomenon of the drag crisis by computer fluid dynamics in transradial and transtibial amputee cyclists in the upright position. A male elite-level cyclist was recruited for this research. The subject was scanned (3D geometry with a 3D Scan) with his competition bicycle, helmet, suit, and shoes. Consequently, transradial and transtibial 3D models were created editing the able-bodied 3D model. To perform the CFD analyses, a domain measuring 7 x 2.5 x 2.5 m (length, width and height, respectively) was created around each bicycle-cyclist model. The domains were meshed with more than 42 million elements. Numerical simulations by CFD were performed in fluent numerical for speeds between 1 m/s and 13 m/s, with increments of 1 m/s. The total Cd decreased with speed. It ranged from 0.84 to 0.55 in the able-bodied, 0.86 to 0.64 in the transradial and 0.90 to 0.61 in the transtibial. The drag crisis phenomenon was observed between 1m/s and 4m/s in all models.

ABSTRACT Purpose: To evaluate the long-chain fatty acid and major compounds levels in the feces after prophylactic oral use of Lacticaseibacillus casei in an experimental model of intestinal mucositis. Methods: Fifteen Swiss mice were randomly divided into three groups (n=5/group): The negative or positive control groups (n = 5) received saline orally for 18 days and an the intraperitoneal (i.p.) of saline or 5 Fluorouracil (450 mg/kg) in 15th day, respectability. L. casei group received oral concentration of L. casei (1x109 CFU/mL) for 18 days, the i.p. injection of 5-fluorouracil (450 mg/kg) in 15th days. Tissue samples from colon and each small intestine segment were collected for histopathological analysis. Stool samples were collected. Fecal composition of long-chain fatty acids and sterols were analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry on the 15th and the 18th day. Results: The mucosa layer of all small intestine segments of animals from L. casei showed well preserved epithelium and glands, without necrosis signs, but Goblet cells number decreased. Several long-chain fatty acids and sterols have been identified before and after in the groups. L. casei administration after 5-FU treatment reduced concentrations of linoleic acid (18:2) (p < 0.001) and oleic acid (18:1) (p < 0.001) in feces. Conclusions: L. casei prevented the mucosal damage associated with 5-FU-induced intestinal mucositis reduced long-chain fatty acid levels in the feces.

Resumen El kamishibai plurilingüe, un recurso didáctico al servicio de la enseñanza de idiomas, puede contribuir al desarrollo de competencias en diferentes ámbitos. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de este artículo es presentar un estudio destinado a comprender el potencial del kamishibai plurilingüe en el desarrollo de competencias en un contexto educativo no formal. Para tal fin, se implementó un taller con niños que cursan el 2º grado. El estudio se enmarca en un enfoque metodológico de estudio de casos, y se analizaron los kamishibai producidos y las entrevistas de los grupos focales con los 42 niños participantes. Los resultados muestran que las actividades de sensibilización sobre la diversidad lingüística, mediante el uso de kamishibai plurilingües, potencian el desarrollo de competencias en lenguas patrimoniales, lenguas escolares y otras lenguas de interés para los niños; el conocimiento de diferentes áreas de conocimiento; y las actitudes positivas hacia las lenguas y la alteridad.

Resumo O kamishibai plurilingue, recurso didático ao serviço de uma educação em línguas, pode contribuir para o desenvolvimento de competências em diferentes domínios. Pretende-se, assim, com este artigo, dar conta de um estudo que visa compreender as potencialidades do kamishibai plurilingue no desenvolvimento de competências, em contexto educativo não formal. Para tal, foi implementada uma oficina junto de crianças a frequentar o 2.º ano de escolaridade. O estudo enquadra-se numa abordagem metodológica de estudo de caso, tendo sido analisados os kamishibais produzidos assim como as entrevistas em focus group às 42 crianças participantes no estudo. Os resultados revelam que as atividades de sensibilização à diversidade linguística, recorrendo ao kamishibai plurilingue, potenciam o desenvolvimento de competências no domínio das línguas de herança, línguas de escolarização e de outras línguas do interesse das crianças; de saberes de diferentes áreas do conhecimento; e de atitudes positivas face às línguas e à alteridade.

Abstract The multilingual kamishibai, a didactic resource at the service of language education, may contribute to the development of competences in several areas. This article presents a study that aims to understand the potential of multilingual kamishibai in the development of competences in a non-formal educational context. To this end, a workshop was implemented with 2ndgrade school children. The study is framed within a case study methodological approach. The kamishibais produced and the focus group interviews of the 42 children participating in the study were analysed. The results show that the awareness-raising activities on linguistic diversity, using multilingual kamishibai, enhance the development of competences in heritage languages, school languages and other languages of the children’s interest; knowledge of different areas; and positive attitudes towards languages and otherness.

Resumen Introducción. La ciclofosfamida se usa para tratar neoplasias malignas y controlar enfermedades autoinmunitarias, pero uno de sus metabolitos, la acroleína, es tóxico para el urotelio y puede provocar cistitis hemorrágica y malestar grave. Objetivo. Evaluar la capacidad del propóleos rojo para prevenir y tratar la cistitis hemorrágica inducida por ciclofosfamida en ratas. Materiales y métodos. Se extrajo propóleos rojo en goma arábiga al 1 % y se administró por vía subcutánea. En el primer experimento, los grupos IA, IIA, IIIA, IB, IIB y IIIB recibieron agua, goma arábiga y propóleos, respectivamente, durante 30 días. Luego se les administró agua (controles) o el tratamiento (ciclofosfamida) por inyección intraperitoneal. En el segundo experimento, los grupos IVA, VA, VIA recibieron agua por vía intraperitoneal, y los grupos IVB, VB, VIB recibieron el tratamiento por la misma vía, a lo que le siguieron cinco inyecciones con intervalos de dos horas entre ellas, con agua, goma arábiga o propóleos. El tejido de la vejiga se examinó de acuerdo con los criterios de Gray. Resultados. La puntuación total de la inflamación según la histología fue significativamente menor en el grupo VIB (11,33 ± 2,07). La inflamación leve predominó en este grupo, en tanto que la mayoría de los animales del IVB presentó inflamación grave (p=0,0375). Predominaron las úlceras múltiples en los grupos IVA y VB, pero fueron raras o estuvieron ausentes en el VIB (p=0,0118). En general, no se observaron células uroteliales en los grupos IVB y VB, pero sí en el VIB (p=0,0052). La fibrina fue abundante en los grupos IVB y VA, pero predominantemente ausente en el VIB (p=0,0273). Conclusiones. El propóleos rojo puede reducir la inflamación en la cistitis hemorrágica inducida por ciclofosfamida en ratas.

Abstract Introduction. Cyclophosphamide (CP) is used to treat malignant neoplasias and control autoimmune diseases. Still, one of its metabolites, acrolein, is toxic to the urothelium and can lead to hemorrhagic cystitis and severe discomfort. Objective. To evaluate the ability of red propolis to prevent and treat CP-induced hemorrhagic cystitis in rats. Materials and methods. Red propolis was extracted in 1% gum arabic and administered subcutaneously (sc). In the first experiment, groups IA, IIA, and IIIA and groups IB, IIB, and IIIB received water, gum arabic (GA), or propolis, respectively, for 30 days. Then water (controls) or CP (treatment) was administered i.p. In the second experiment, groups IVA, VA, and VIA received water i.p. while groups IVB, VB, and VIB received CP i.p. This was followed by 5 injections at 2-hour intervals with either water, GA, or propolis. Bladder tissue was examined according to Gray’s criteria. Results. The total inflammatory histology score was significantly smaller in group VIB (11.33 ± 2.07). Mild inflammation predominated in group VIB while most of the animals in group IVB had severe inflammation (p=0.0375). Ulcers were predominantly multiple in Groups IVA and VB but rare or absent in Group VIB (p=0.0118). Urothelial cells were mostly absent in groups IVB and VB and present/normal in group VIB (p=0.0052). Fibrin was abundant in groups IVB and VA but mostly absent in group VIB (p=0.0273). Conclusions. Red propolis can reduce inflammation in CP-induced hemorrhagic cystitis in rats.

RESUMO Um dos principais objetivos da política de muitos governos é aumentar a participação desportiva para promover a saúde e o bem-estar. O objetivo do artigo é identificar segmentos de corredores, através da análise de clusters, com base no envolvimento com a corrida, lealdade à corrida e bem-estar subjetivo dos corredores. Uma amostra de 736 corredores de uma das corridas de atletismo mais populares de Portugal respondeu a um questionário. A identificação e o número de clusters foram obtidos usando o BIC. Foram identificados quatro clusters significativos. O resultado principal mostrou que o cluster com o mais elevado nível de bem-estar subjetivo não foi o grupo dos corredores com maior nível de lealdade à corrida. Os resultados permitem tirar uma grande conclusão: A necessidade de desenhar estratégias focadas nos clusters identificados para promover a participação desportiva com o objetivo de elevar o envolvimento com a corrida e o bem-estar subjetivo dos indivíduos.

RESUMEN Uno de los principales objetivos de política de muchos departamentos gobernamentales de deporte y salud es aumentar la participación deportiva para promover la salud y el bienestar. El presente estudio utiliza el análisis de clusters con el objetivo de identificar segmentos de corredores basados en la implicación en la carrera, la lealtad a la carrera y el bienestar subjetivo. Una muestra de 736 corredores de Portugal completó un cuestionario. El número de clusters se determinó utilizando el BIC. Se identificaron cuatro clusters significativos. El principal resultado mostró que el clúster con el más alto nivel de bienestar subjetivo no era el grupo de corredores con el más alto nivel de lealtad a la carrera. Los resultados mostraron la necesidad de diseñar estrategias centradas en los clústeres identificados para promover la participación deportiva através prática da carrera y aumentar el bienestar subjetivo.

ABSTRACT One of the main policy objectives of many Sports and Health Government Departments is to increase sports participation to promote citizens health and well-being. The present study uses cluster analysis with the aim of identifying segments of runners based upon running involvement, loyalty to running and subjective well-being. A sample of 736 runners from one of Portugal's most popular athletics races completed a questionnaire. The number of clusters was determined using the BIC. Four significant clusters were identified. The main result showed that the cluster with the highest level of subjective well-being was not the group of runners with the highest level of loyalty to the race. The results show the need to design strategies focused on the clusters identified to promote sports participation through running, aiming to increase running involvement and subjective well-being.

RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito de um programa de força e condicionamento (F&C) em seco de 10 semanas nas capacidades físicas e salto em praticantes regulares de natação previamente federados. 16 nadadores (9 masculinos, 17.00±2.16 anos de idade, 179.14±5.76 cm de altura e 69.79±3.11 kg de peso; 7 femininos, 15.86±2.34 anos de idade, 163.86±4.98 cm de altura e 60.19±3.60 kg de peso) foram equitativamente, mas de forma aleatória divididos em dois grupos (controlo e experimental, respetivamente, GC e GE). No pré-teste, nadadores realizaram três saltos em dois modelos, grab start e track start, sendo registado o melhor. Foram determinados parâmetros do salto na natação e o tempo aos 15 m. Flexibilidade, salto em contramovimento e lançamento de bola medicinal de 3 kg foram também avaliados. No pós-teste, 10 semanas após programa de F&C em seco com 2 sessões semanais de 60 min realizado por GE, testes foram repetidos. As melhorias de flexibilidade, força e potência muscular foram significativas no GE, contrariamente ao GC. As variáveis da fase inicial do salto associadas ao voo melhoraram mais no GE comparativamente ao GC, com especificidades observadas no grab start e track start, mas não uma consequência linear com o desempenho aos 15 m em ambos os grupos. Um programa de F&C em seco de 10 semanas pode promover benefícios nas capacidades físicas de praticantes regulares de natação, facto que pode melhorar a fase inicial do salto na natação, anterior ao momento subaquático, que deve merecer atenção pelos treinadores nas sessões diárias visando uma melhoria de desempenho aos 15 m.

RESUMEN El propósito de esto estudio fue evaluar el efecto de un programa de fuerza y acondicionamiento (F&A) en seco de 10 semanas sobre las habilidades físicas y el salto en practicantes habituales de natación previamente federados. 16 nadadores (9 masculino, 17.00±2.16 años de edad, 179.14±5.76 cm de altura y 69.79±3.11 kg de peso and 7 mujer, 15.86±2.34 años de edad, 163.86±4.98 cm de altura y 60.19±3.60 kg de peso) fueron equitativamente, pero al azar divididos en dos grupos (control y experimental, respectivamente, GC e GE). En el pre-test realizaron tres saltos en dos modelos, grab start e track start, siendo el mejor registrado. Se han determinado parámetros cinemáticos del salto en natación y el tiempo a los 15 m. También se evaluaron la flexibilidad, el salto con contramovimiento y el lanzamiento de una pelota medicinal de 3 kg. En el post-test, 10 semanas después de un programa de F&A en seco con 2 sesiones semanales de 60 min interpretado por GE, las pruebas se repitieron. Las mejoras de flexibilidad, fuerza y potencia muscular fueron significativas en el GE, en contraste con el GC. Las variables de la fase de vuelo en el salto mejoraron más en el GE en comparación con el CG, con especificidades observadas en el grab start e track start, pero no una consecuencia lineal con el rendimiento a 15 m en ambos grupos. Un programa de F&A seco de 10 semanas puede promover beneficios en las habilidades físicas de nadadores habituales, hecho que puede mejorar la fase inicial del salto en la natación, previa al momento subacuático, que debe merecer la atención de los entrenadores en las sesiones diarias con el objetivo de a una mejora del rendimiento a 15 m.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of a 10-week strength and conditioning (S&C) program in physical capacities and start in previously federated and regular swimming practitioners. 16 swimmers (9 male, 17.00±2.16 years of age, 179.14±5.76 cm of height and 69.79±3.11 kg of weight; 7 female, 15.86±2.34 years of age, 163.86±4.98 cm of height and 60.19±3.60 kg of weigh) were equality, but randomly separated in two groups (control group and experimental group, CG and EG, respectively). In the pre-test, swimmers performed three starts in two different models, grab start and track start, the best start was registered. Kinematic parameters of the swimming start and time at 15 m were determined. Flexibility, countermovement jump and 3 kg medicine ball throw were also assessed. In post-test, 10-weeks after a regular 2-sessions week specific dry-land S&C program of 60 min was performed by the EG, all tests were repeated. Flexibility, strength and muscular power gains were significant in EG, contrarily to CG. Swimming start flight phase variables improved more in EG compared to CG, with specificities observed in grab and track start but not a linear consequence with performance in 15-m mark in both groups. A 10-week dry-land S&C program can provide benefits in physical capacities in regular swimming practitioners, fact that may improve the initial phase of the swimming start, prior to the underwater moment, which should deserve attention by the coaches in daily training aiming performance enhancement at 15 m.

RESUMO A efetividade de um programa de pagamento por serviços ambientais (PSA) na Amazônia brasileira foi analisada através de um mapeamento detalhado de áreas desmatadas. O Programa Bolsa Floresta (PBF), no estado do Amazonas (Brasil), foi escolhido como um exemplo de PSA que visa compensar agricultores por aderirem ao desmatamento zero da floresta primária ao abrir roças somente em áreas de capoeira. Porém, a medição oficial das roças não é efetiva, visto que apenas áreas desmatadas maiores que 6,25 ha estão sendo mapeadas, enquanto a maioria das áreas abertas para cultivo de mandioca possuem áreas de aproximadamente 1 ha. A eficácia do PBF foi avaliada na Reserva de Desenvolvimento Sustentável (RDS) do Uatumã. Testamos uma metodologia de mapeamento de áreas a partir de 0,45 ha abertas para roças de mandioca. Foram analisados os anos de 2006 (antes da implantação do PBF), 2011, 2015 e 2019. Os resultados indicam que 88% das áreas abertas para roças tinham entre 0,45 e 6,25 ha. Após a implantação do PBF, a área total desmatada acumulada diminuiu e houve redução das áreas desmatadas em floresta primária. Também observamos uma intensificação da roça, o que pode ocasionar queda na produtividade. O monitoramento do zoneamento do uso da terra mostrou que a maioria das áreas abertas estão localizadas na zona de uso intensivo, seguindo as regras do plano de manejo da RDS. Os resultados mostraram os esforços das famílias para cumprir as regras do BFP.

ABSTRACT The effectiveness of a program of payment for environmental services (PES) in the Brazilian Amazon was analyzed through an accurate mapping of deforested areas. The Bolsa Floresta Program (BFP) in Amazonas state (Brazil) was chosen as an example of a PES program that aims to compensate farmers for their commitment to zero deforestation of primary forests while opening swiddens only in secondary vegetation areas. However, the official measurement of opened swiddens is not effective since only deforested areas larger than 6.25 ha are mapped, whereas most areas opened for cassava crops are approximately 1 ha in size. The effectiveness of the BFP was evaluated in the Uatumã Sustainable Development Reserve (SDR). We tested a methodology for mapping areas from 0.45 ha upwards that have been opened for cassava swiddens. The years 2006 (before the implementation of the BFP), 2011, 2015 and 2019 were analyzed. The results indicated that 88% of the areas opened for swiddens were between 0.45 and 6.25 ha in size. After the implantation of the BFP, the cumulative total deforested area decreased, and there was a reduction in deforested areas in primary forests. An intensification of swidden cultivation was also observed, which could cause a decline in productivity. The monitoring by land-use zoning showed that the majority of opened areas were located in intensive use zones, following the rules of the SDR management plan. The results show the efforts of local families to fulfill the BFP rules.

BACKGROUND Calotropis procera latex protein fraction (LP) was previously shown to protect animals from septic shock. Further investigations showed that LP modulate nitric oxide and cytokines levels. OBJECTIVES To evaluate whether the protective effects of LP, against lethal bacterial infection, is observed in its subfractions (LPPII and LPPIII). METHODS Subfractions (5 and 10 mg/kg) were tested by i.p. administration, 24 h before challenging with lethal injection (i.p.) of Salmonella Typhimurium. LPPIII (5 mg/kg) which showed higher survival rate was assayed to evaluate bacterial clearance, histopathology, leukocyte recruitment, plasma coagulation time, cytokines and NO levels. FINDINGS LPPIII protected 70% of animals of death. The animals given LPPIII exhibited reduced bacterial load in blood and peritoneal fluid after 24 h compared to the control. LPPIII promoted macrophage infiltration in spleen and liver. LPPIII restored the coagulation time of infected animals, increased IL-10 and reduced NO in blood. MAIN CONCLUSIONS LPPIII recruited macrophages to the target organs of bacterial infection. This addressed inflammatory stimulus seems to reduce bacterial colonisation in spleen and liver, down regulate bacterial spread and contribute to avoid septic shock.

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a aplicação do escaneamento a laser aerotransportado (ALS) na realização de inventário de povoamentos de eucalipto, em larga escala, por meio do método de individualização de árvores, bem como propor um novo método para estimativa dos diâmetros das árvores em função das alturas obtidas a partir da nuvem de pontos. O estudo foi conduzido em floresta de 1,681 ha, composta por oito povoamentos de eucalipto com idades entre quatro e sete anos. Após o escaneamento, foram obtidas as alturas das árvores pelo algoritmo de máximos locais, e o estoque total de madeira, pela soma dos volumes individuais. Para determinar os diâmetros das árvores, foram utilizadas regressões ajustadas a partir de dados medidos em parcelas de inventário. Os resultados foram comparados às estimativas obtidas via amostragem de campo. O sistema de equações proposto é adequado para ser aplicado aos dados de altura derivados da nuvem de pontos do ALS. O método de individualização de árvores com o filtro de máximos locais é eficiente para estimar o número de árvores e o estoque de madeira a partir dos dados do ALS, desde que os resultados sejam previamente calibrados com o inventário de campo.

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the application of airborne laser scanning (ALS) to a large-scale eucalyptus stand inventory by the method of individual trees, as well as to propose a new method to estimate tree diameter as a function of the height obtained from point clouds. The study was carried out in a forest area of 1,681 ha, consisting of eight eucalyptus stands with ages varying from four to seven years. After scanning, tree heights were obtained using the local maxima algorithm, and total wood stock by summing up individual volumes. To determine tree diameters, regressions fit using data measured in the inventory plots were used. The results were compared with the estimates obtained from field sampling. The equation system proposed is adequate to be applied to the tree height data derived from ALS point clouds. The tree individualization approach by local maxima filters is efficient to estimate number of trees and wood stock from ALS data, as long as the results are previously calibrated with field data.

Abstract Glucocorticoids are produced and released by the adrenal gland and become elevated in response to stress. Although glucocorticoids are well known for their immunosuppressive effects, less is known about their effects on B cells. ABCB1 is an efflux pump expressed in both cancer and normal cells, modulating the gradient of various metabolites, including hydrocortisone. Our goal was to evaluate the effect of this glucocorticoid on murine B cell differentiation and whether sensitivity to hydrocortisone could be related to ABCB1 activity in vivo. C57BL/6 mice received one or three consecutive i.p. injections of hydrocortisone (70, 140 and 200 mg/kg/day). ABCB1 activity was evaluated via the rhodamine-123 transport and inhibited by cyclosporin A in hydrocortisone-treated and control mice. Cells from bone marrow, spleen and blood were counted, incubated with antibodies and analyzed by flow cytometry. A single hydrocortisone injection did not alter the number of bone marrow subsets. Conversely, three daily injections were able to reduce the cell number of most bone marrow subsets, excepting c-kit-sca-1+ and mature B cells. This treatment reduced marginal zone, follicular and transitional B cells, though splenic subsets were more resistant than bone marrow B cells. Recirculating follicular B cells in the blood were resistant to hydrocortisone. With the exception of follicular B cells, all subpopulations exhibited ABCB1 activity. However, hydrocortisone treatment did not affect ABCB1 activity in most subsets analyzed. Results suggest that hydrocortisone is able to regulate B cell lymphopoiesis although ABCB1 activity is not related to the susceptibility to that glucocorticoid in B cell subsets.

ABSTRACT Clozapine is an antipsychotic that produces serious withdrawal effects in schizophrenic patients. Olfactory deficits are well known as part of negative symptoms, but it is not known whether antipsychotic use and/or withdrawal are implicated. Then, we tested clozapine withdrawal in association with two widely used schizophrenia models: Neonatal immune challenge by Polycitidilic-polyinosinic acid (polyI:C) and ketamine. PolyI:C (or saline) was injected subcutaneously in neonatal period, dose of 5 mg/kg from 2 to 6 Post Natal Days, and ketamine or saline at the dose 25mg/kg intraperitoneally (i.p.), daily for 7 days from 53 to 60 post natal day. Clozapine 10mg/kg (or saline) was administered i.p. from 46 to 60 post natal day. Olfactory discrimination test (sensorial and cognitive deficit) was performed at 61 post natal day, 24h after the last injections. The association of PolyI:C, ketamine and clozapine disrupted Olfactory Discrimination, equating time in familiar and non-familiar compartments. PolyI:C plus ketamine increased crossings between compartments. It was produced, for the first time, an olfactory deficit induced by clozapine withdrawal in Wistar rats subjected to schizophrenia animal models.

RESUMO: Estudos fitossociológicos são de fundamental importância para o manejo de plantas daninhas em áreas cultivadas. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a interferência de óleo mineral associado ao oxyfluorfen e flumioxazin no levantamento fitossociológico de plantas daninhas. Para isso, realizou-se este experimento em esquema fatorial 2 x 5 + 1 e quatro repetições, sendo avaliadas as associações de oxyfluorfen + flumioxazin: 240 + 50, 192 + 40, 144 + 30, 96 + 20 e 48 + 10 g i.a. ha-1,k com e sem a adição de óleo mineral, adicionando-se um controle sem aplicação. Aos 30 dias após a aplicação, determinou-se a densidade de plantas, frequência e abundância das espécies, frequência, densidade e abundância relativa, além do índice de valor de importância. Os resultados indicam que a aplicação da mistura oxyfluorfen + flumioxazin, independentemente da adição do óleo mineral, proporcionou elevada população de espécies de Poaceae. As espécies de Digitaria horizontalis e Brachiaria decumbens apresentaram maior índice de valor de importância em todos os tratamentos avaliados. As famílias com maior representatividade em relação ao número de espécies foram Poaceae, Asteraceae, Fabaceae e Rubiaceae. A adição de óleo e as diferentes doses da mistura oxyfluorfen + flumioxazin não interferiram na população de plantas daninhas, em comparação com a mistura sem o óleo mineral.

ABSTRACT: Phytosociological studies are extremely important for the management of weeds in cultivated areas. Thus, the goal of this work was to evaluate the interference of mineral oil associated with oxyfluorfen and flumioxazin, through the phytosociological survey of weeds. Therefore, this experiment was conducted in a 2 x 5 + 1 factorial design and with four replications; the following oxyfluorfen + flumioxazin associations were evaluated: 240 + 50, 192 + 40, 144 + 30, 96 + 20 and 48 + 10 g a.i. ha-1, with and without the addition of mineral oil, including a control sample without application. Thirty days after the application, plant density, frequency and abundance of species were determined, and so were frequency, density and relative abundance, as well as the importance value index. Results indicate that the application of the mixture oxyfluorfen + flumioxazin, regardless of the addition of the mineral oil, provided a great population of Poaceae. The species Digitaria horizontalis and Brachiaria decumbens showed a higher importance value index in all treatments. Families with greater representation as for number of species were Poaceae, Asteraceae, Fabaceae and Rubiaceae. The addition of oil and different doses of the mixture oxyfluorfen + flumioxazin did not affect the population of weeds, compared to the mixture without mineral oil.

Resumo Introdução: Salicilato em doses elevadas induz zumbido nos seres humanos e em animais experimentais. No entanto, os mecanismos e loci de ação do salicilato na indução de zumbido ainda não são bem conhecidos. A expressão dos genes precoces imediatos (GPIs) está tradicionalmente associada a alterações neuronais em longo prazo, mas ainda não está claro como e onde os GPIs são ativados em modelos animais de zumbido. Objetivos: No presente estudo investigamos a expressão de c-fos e Egr-1, dois GPIs, no núcleo coclear dorsal (NCD), colículo inferior (CI) e núcleo coclear ventral posterior (NCVp) de ratos. Métodos: Os ratos foram tratados com doses que, conhecidamente, induzem zumbido em ratos (300 mg/kg IP/dia, por três dias) e as expressões das proteínas c-fos e Egr-1 foram analisadas por meio de Western blot e imunoistoquímica. Resultados: Após a administração de salicilato, a expressão da proteína c-fos aumentou significativamente no NCD, NCVp e CI, quando analisados por Western blot. A coloração imunoistoquímica mostrou uma marcação mais intensa de c-fos no NCD, NCVp e CI e um aumento significativo de núcleos positivos de c-fos no NCVp e CI. Não detectamos aumento da expressão de Egr-1 em qualquer dessas áreas. Conclusão: Nossos dados mostram que uma dose alta de salicilato ativa neurônios no NCD, NCVp e CI. A expressão desses genes por doses altas de salicilato sugere que as alterações plásticas nessas áreas estão envolvidas na gênese do zumbido.

Abstract Introduction: Salicylate at high doses induces tinnitus in humans and experimental animals. However, the mechanisms and loci of action of salicylate in inducing tinnitus are still not well known. The expression of Immediate Early Genes (IEG) is traditionally associated with long-term neuronal modifications but it is still not clear how and where IEGs are activated in animal models of tinnitus. Objectives: Here we investigated the expression of c-fos and Egr-1, two IEGs, in the Dorsal Cochlear Nucleus (DCN), the Inferior Colliculus (IC), and the Posterior Ventral Cochlear Nucleus (pVCN) of rats. Methods: Rats were treated with doses known to induce tinnitus in rats (300 mg/kg i.p. daily, for 3 days), and c-fos and Egr-1 protein expressions were analyzed using western blot and immunocytochemistry. Results: After administration of salicylate, c-fos protein expression increased significantly in the DCN, pVCN and IC when assayed by western blot. Immunohistochemistry staining showed a more intense labeling of c-fos in the DCN, pVCN and IC and a significant increase in c-fos positive nuclei in the pVCN and IC. We did not detect increased Egr-1 expression in any of these areas. Conclusion: Our data show that a high dose of salicylate activates neurons in the DCN, pVCN and IC. The expression of these genes by high doses of salicylate strongly suggests that plastic changes in these areas are involved in the genesis of tinnitus.