ABSTRACT Background : Cardiac surgery avoiding full sternotomy began to emerge in the 1990s with the first hemi-sternotomies and mini-thoracotomies. Aortic valve and root surgery is one of the most common procedures in our field. In this paper, we analyze our experience in minimally invasive cardiac surgery (MICS) for the aortic root with the Bentall-De Bono technique (MICS-Bentall). Objective : To analyze the surgical results in the first 10 patients underwent a MICS-Bentall procedure at our site. Materials and Methods : A retrospective observational study was carried out including patients with valve disease and aortic root dilation who underwent a surgery with the MICS-Bentall procedure in a tertiary care hospital from December 2019 to December 2020. Continuous variables were expressed as mean and standard deviation or median and interquartile range according to the observed distribution. Categorical variables were expressed as absolute and relative frequency. Results : Out of 165 patients undergoing aortic root surgery, 10 patients were included. Mean age was 56 ± 17.03 years, 70% male; all cases were elective. Median (interquartile range, IQR) STS PROM % was 1.48 (1- 2.02). Eighty percent had bicuspid valve. Fifty percent of patients were extubated within 6 hours. In the 30-day follow-up, no death was recorded, and two complications were registered: one patient experienced atrial fibrillation without hemodynamic decompensation and another a wound infection. The mean hospital length of stay was 5 days. Conclusion : In our experience, MICS using the Bentall technique showed satisfactory results in terms of low perioperative mortality, early extubation, and short hospital stay.

RESUMEN Introducción : La cirugía cardíaca libre de esternotomía completa surge en los años 90 con las primeras esternotomías y toracotomías mínimas. La cirugía de la válvula y la raíz aórtica constituyen uno de los procedimientos más frecuentes en nuestro campo. En este trabajo analizamos nuestra experiencia en Cirugía Cardíaca Miniinvasiva (MICS) de la raíz aórtica con la técnica Bentall de Bono (MICS-Bentall). Objetivo : Analizar los resultados quirúrgicos en los primeros 10 pacientes intervenidos con MICS-Bentall en nuestra institución. Material y métodos : Se realizó un estudio observacional retrospectivo en el que se incluyeron los casos de valvulopatía y dilatación de la raíz aórtica intervenidos quirúrgicamente mediante MICS-Bentall en un hospital de alta complejidad durante el periodo diciembre 2019 - diciembre 2020. Las variables continuas se expresan como media y desvío estándar o mediana y rango intercuartílico según la distribución observada. Las variables categóricas como frecuencia absoluta y relativa. Resultados : Sobre 165 pacientes sometidos a cirugía de la raíz aórtica, se incluyeron 10 pacientes. La edad media fue de 56 ± 17,6 años, 70% de sexo masculino, todos fueron electivos. La mediana de STS PROM % fue de 1,48 (1-2,02). En el 80% la válvula aórtica era bicúspide. El 50% de los pacientes fue extubado dentro de las 6 horas. En seguimiento a 30 días no se registraron óbitos, y hubo 2 complicaciones: un paciente presentó fibrilación auricular sin descompensación hemodinámica, y otro, infección de herida. La estadía hospitalaria fue en promedio de 5 días. Conclusión : En nuestra experiencia con MICS con la técnica Bentall se obtuvieron resultados satisfactorios con baja mortalidad perioperatoria, extubación precoz y tiempos cortos de estancia hospitalaria.

Resumen Introducción: Existe falta de información en la litera tura sobre los resultados de la reparación artroscópica del manguito rotador en pacientes mayores de 80 años. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar una serie conse cutiva de pacientes con rupturas del manguito rotador a los que se les realizó la reparación artroscópica del mismo. Métodos: Análisis retrospectivo de pacientes mayores de 80 años a quienes se les realizó reparación artroscó pica de manguito rotador entre junio de 2004 y enero de 2016. El seguimiento mínimo fue de 2 años. Para la evaluación funcional y del dolor se utilizaron las escalas Constant, Dash, UCLA y Escala Visual Análoga (EVA). Resultados: El seguimiento promedio fue de 8.4 años. Se obtuvieron mejoras significativas en la valoración del rango de movilidad y la evaluación de las escalas de Constant, Dash y UCLA, y EVA. No se registraron complicaciones mayores y solo 4 pacientes requirieron una re-operación. Conclusión: Los principales hallazgos obtenidos fue ron la mejoría funcional y del dolor en los pacientes mayores de 80 años operados por una ruptura completa del manguito rotador en forma artroscópica.

Abstract Introduction: There is a lack of information in the literature on the results of arthroscopic rotator cuff re pair in patients older than 80 years. The purpose of this study was to evaluate a consecutive series of patients with rotator cuff tears who underwent arthroscopic rotator cuff repair. Methods: Retrospective analysis of patients older than 80 years who underwent arthroscopic rotator cuff repair between June 2004 and January 2016. The mini mum follow-up was 2 years. For functional and pain assessment, the Constant, Dash, UCLA scale and Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) for pain were used. Results: The average follow-up was 8.4 years. Signifi cant improvements were obtained in the assessment of the range of motion and the evaluation of the Constant, Dash and UCLA scales, as well as in the VAS. No major complications were recorded and only 4 patients re quired a reoperation. Conclusion: The main findings obtained were func tional and pain improvement in patients over 80 years of age operated on for a complete arthroscopic rotator cuff tear.

Resumen Se amplía el conocimiento sobre la distribución geográfica de Aedes patersoni Shanon y Del Ponte, Ae. scapularis (Rondani), Culex dolosus (Lynch Arribálzaga), Mansonia indubitans Dyar y Shannon, Psorophora cingulata (Fabricius), Toxorhynchites haemorrhoidalis separatus (Lynch Arribálzaga), Tx. purpureus (Theobald), Tx. theobaldi s. l. Dyar & Knab y Uranotaenia lowii Theobald en el Noroeste de Argentina. Asimismo, brindan las primeras localidades conocidas para Ma. indubitans en la provincia de Salta y para Ae. serratus (Theobald), Ma. titillans (Walker) y Ps. ciliata (Fabricius) en la provincia de Jujuy. Se discute sobre la presencia de Ae. fulvithorax (Lutz) en la provincia de Salta, de Ps. pallescens Edwards en la provincia de Jujuy, de Ur. pulcherrima Lynch Arribálzaga en Santiago del Estero y de Anopheles pictipennis (Philippi) en Argentina. Esta contribución actualiza la lista de mosquitos para las provincias del noroeste argentino, incrementando su número en Jujuy, La Rioja, Salta, Santiago del Estero y Tucumán a 68, 26, 102, 29 y 70 especies, respectivamente. Adicionalmente, se aporta información sobre el hábitat en el que se recolectaron y la importancia sanitaria de las especies mencionadas, así como una lista completa de las especies presentes en las provincias del noroeste argentino.

Abstract The knowledge about the geographical distribution of Aedes patersoni Shanon and Del Ponte, Ae. scapularis (Rondani), Culex dolosus (Lynch Arribálzaga), Mansonia indubitans Dyar and Shannon, Psorophora cingulata (Fabricius), Toxorhynchites haemorrhoidalis separatus (Lynch Arribálzaga), Tx. purpureus (Theobald), Tx. theobaldi s. l. Dyar & Knab and Uranotaenia lowii Theobald in the Northwest of Argentina is extended. Likewise, they provided the first known localities for Ma. indubitans in the province of Salta and for Ae. serratus (Theobald), Ma. titillans (Walker) and Ps. ciliata (Fabricius) in the province of Jujuy. The presence of Ae. fulvithorax (Lutz), Ps. pallescens Edwards in Jujuy, Ur. pulcherrima Lynch Arribálzaga in Santiago del Estero and Anopheles pictipennis (Philippi) in Argentina, is discussed. This contribution updates the list of mosquitoes for the northwestern provinces of Argentina, increasing their numbers of species in Jujuy, La Rioja, Salta, Santiago del Estero and Tucumán to 68, 26, 102, 29 and 70 species, respectively. Additionally, information on the habitat of immature stages and the sanitary importance of the species mentioned is provided, as well as a complete list of the species present in the northwestern provinces of Argentina.

ABSTRACT Agroecological management can favor the improvement of soil attributes, especially soil organic matter (SOM) and soil aggregation. The objective of the study was to quantify the carbon contents of the humic and oxidizable fractions of SOM of aggregates from different origins from agroecological management systems. Five experimental areas located in the Integrated Agroecological Production System were evaluated: AFS – Agroforestry System; C-SUN – Coffee in full sun; C-SHA – Shaded coffee; AL-FLE – Cultivation in alleys of Flemingia macrophylla with green beans; and NT – No-tillage. The aggregates were separated, identified, and classified as to their origin or formation pathways into biogenic, intermediate, and physicogenic. The carbon contents of the humic fractions fulvic acid (C-FAF), humic acid (C-HAF) and humin (C-HUMF); and oxidizable fractions (F1 and F2, labile; and F3 and F4, recalcitrant) of SOM were determined. The greatest variations in the carbon values of the humic fractions were observed in the aggregates of the AFS, C-SUN and C-SHA systems. In relation to C-HUMF, the highest contents of this fraction were quantified in the biogenic and intermediate aggregates of the C-SUN, C-SHA and AL-FLE systems. The carbon contents of the oxidizable fractions of SOM showed variability between the management systems, mainly for the F1, F2 and F3 fractions in the aggregates under C-SUN and C-SHA. The C-SUN system showed a higher proportion of more humified and recalcitrant fractions of SOM when compared to the C-SHA system. The management practices maids in the agroecological systems of C-SHA, C-SUN and AFS promoted improvements in soil quality.

RESUMO O manejo agroecológico pode favorecer a melhoraria dos atributos do solo, com destaque para a matéria orgânica do solo (MOS) e agregação do solo. O objetivo do estudo foi quantificar os teores de carbono das frações húmicas e oxidáveis da MOS de agregados de diferentes origens de sistemas de manejo agroecológico. Foram avaliadas cinco áreas experimentais localizadas no Sistema Integrado de Produção Agroecológica: SAF – Sistema agroflorestal; C-SOL – Café em pleno sol; C-SOM – Café sombreado; AL-FLE – Cultivo em aleias de flemíngia com vagem; e PD – Plantio direto. Os agregados foram separados, identificados e classificados quanto à sua origem ou vias de formação em biogênicos, intermediários e fisiogênicos. Nestes, foram determinados os teores de carbono das frações ácido fúlvico (C-FAF), ácido húmico (C-FAH) e humina (C-FHUM); e das frações oxidáveis (F1 e F2, frações lábeis; e F3 e F4, frações recalcitrantes). As maiores variações nos valores de carbono das frações húmicas foram verificadas nos agregados sob SAF, C-SOL e C-SOM. Em relação ao C-FHUM, nos agregados biogênicos e intermediários de C -SOL, C-SOM e AL-FLE foram quantificados os maiores teores dessa fração. Os teores de carbono das frações oxidáveis apresentaram variabilidade entre os sistemas de manejo, principalmente para as frações F1, F2 e F3 nos agregados sob C-SOL e C-SOM. No sistema de C-SOL verifica-se maior proporção de frações mais humificadas e recalcitrantes da MOS em comparação à C-SOM. As práticas de manejo empregadas nos sistemas agroecológicos de C-SOM, C-SOL e SAF proporcionaram melhorias na qualidade do solo.

ABSTRACT Neospora caninum is an important worldwide parasite responsible for causing abortion in animals. Due to limited information on the occurrence of infection by this parasite in the state of Rondônia, Brazil, this study aimed to determine the seroprevalence and identify the risk factors associated with the infection in slaughtered cattle, from 19 municipalities distributed in seven microregions of the state. A total of 494 samples were obtained and subjected to anti-N. caninum antibodies, using the Indirect Immunofluorescence Reaction technique. Antibodies were detected in 5.06% (25/494) of the samples, in 30.30% (10/33) of farms, in nine municipalities located in four microregions of Rondônia. Of all the animals analyzed, 4.81% of the females (20/416) and 6.41% of the males (05/78) were seropositive for the parasite, with “abortion in the last 12 months” being considered an important risk factor for the occurrence of infection (OR = 9.54; p = 0.01). The present study points out the prevalence of anti-N. caninum antibodies in 5.06% of slaughtered animals and abortion as the main risk factor associated with infection by N. caninum, thus contributing to the elucidation of the epidemiology of this protozoan in Rondônia, Brazil.

RESUMO Neospora caninum é um importante parasito, responsável por causar aborto em animais e distribuído mundialmente. Devido às informações limitadas sobre a ocorrência da infecção por esse parasito no estado de Rondônia, Brasil, este estudo teve como objetivo determinar a soroprevalência e identificar os fatores de risco associados à infecção em bovinos abatidos, oriundos de 19 municípios, distribuídos em sete microrregiões do estado. Um total de 494 amostras foi obtido e submetido à pesquisa de anticorpos anti-N. caninum, por meio da técnica de reação de imunofluorescência indireta. Os anticorpos foram detectados em 5,06% (25/494) das amostras, em 30,30% (10/33) das propriedades rurais, de nove municípios, localizados em quatro microrregiões de Rondônia. De todos os animais analisados, 4,81% das fêmeas (20/416) e 6,41% dos machos (05/78) foram soropositivos para o parasito, sendo o “aborto nos últimos 12 meses” considerado um importante fator de risco para a ocorrência da infecção (OR = 9,54; P = 0,01). O presente estudo aponta a prevalência de anticorpos anti-N. caninum em 5,06% dos animais abatidos e o aborto como o principal fator de risco associado à infecção por N. caninum, contribuindo assim para a elucidação da epidemiologia desse protozoário em Rondônia, Brasil.

RESUMO: Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae é o agente causador da pleuropneumonia suína, uma doença respiratória contagiosa associada à alta morbidade e perdas econômicas. Embora a antibioticoterapia ajude a controlar a disseminação do patógeno na fazenda, a resistência a várias classes de antibióticos tem sido relatada e o tratamento pode ser prejudicado pela capacidade bacteriana de formar biofilmes. Isso aumenta a necessidade de abordagens terapêuticas alternativas, que incluem o uso de compostos naturais com atividades antimicrobianas e/ou antibiofilme. Neste trabalho, analisamos, pelo método de microdiluição em caldo nutriente, os efeitos inibitórios e bactericidas dos óleos essenciais obtidos de dezoito plantas medicinais brasileiras populares e/ou temperos contra isolados clínicos de Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae. Então, concentrações subinibitórias dos óleos ativos foram testados quanto a suas atividades antibiofilme, analisados pelo método do cristal violeta. Dentre os dezoito óleos testados, oito (extraídos da canela, coentro, hortelã-pimenta, hortelã, tomilho, manjerona, eucalipto e louro) apresentaram atividade bacteriostática e bactericida contra todos os isolados, e concentrações subinibitórias de cinco deles romperam biofilmes pré-formados em até 80%, além de inibirem fortemente a formação de biofilmes. A composição química desses óleos foi avaliada por cromatografia gasosa/espectrometria de massa (CG/MS) e é apresentada, indicando que suas propriedades bactericidas e antibiofilme estavam principalmente associadas à presença de monoterpenos e fenilpropanóides. Este é o primeiro relato de óleos essenciais com potencial para controlar a contaminação ambiental e infecção animal por A. pleuropneumoniae, representando uma alternativa contra o crescente aumento de resistência bacteriana aos antibióticos.

ABSTRACT: Actinobacilluspleuropneumoniae is the causative agent of swine pleuropneumonia, a contagious respiratory disease associated with high morbidity and economic losses. While antibiotic therapy helps to control the spreading of the pathogen on the farm, resistance to several classes of antibiotics were reported, and treatment can be impaired by the bacterial ability to form biofilms. This increases the need for alternative therapy approaches, including the use of natural compounds with antimicrobial and/or antibiofilm activities. In this research we analyzed, by the broth microdilution method, the inhibitory and bactericidal activities of the essential oils obtained from eighteen Brazilian popular medicinal plants or spices against clinical isolates of Actinobacilluspleuropneumoniae. After that, sub-inhibitory concentrations of active oils were tested for their antibiofilm effects, analyzed by the crystal violet method. Among the eighteen oils tested, eight (extracted from cinnamon, coriander, peppermint, spearmint, thyme, marjoram, eucalyptus, and laurel) presented bacteriostatic and bactericidal activities against all isolates, and subinhibitory concentrations of five of them disrupted up to 80% preformed biofilms, and significantly inhibited biofilm formation. The chemical composition of such oils was assessed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and is presented, indicating that their bactericidal and antibiofilm properties were mostly associated with the presence of monoterpenes and phenylpropanoids. To our knowledge, this is the first report of essential oils with potential to control environmental contamination and animal infection with A. pleuropneumoniae, representing an alternative to increasing levels of antibiotic resistance.

Abstract In conventional agriculture, chemical fallow is an efficient practice to counteract the effect of weeds on the crop, although with risks of environmental impact. Agroecology proposes environmentally friendly management practices to reduce competition. The mulch technique has proven to be efficient and constitutes an agroecological management option against the use of herbicides. This work proposed to evaluate the effect of a polyethylene cover prior to cultivation (“fallow”) and during cultivation as a cover (straw and polyethylene mulch) on weed biomass in an agroecological garden system. The weeds present were identified as annual: differentiating them into grasses and broadleaved and the perennial species found were: chives (Cyperus rotundus L.), gramón (Cynodon dactylon L.) and teardrop (Nothoscordum gracile). Two cultivation associations were implanted: (chard-leek) and (broad beans-lettuce) in a randomly distributed plot design (Tukey’s test < 0.05%). covers during cultivation. Under the test conditions, crop associations did not influence weed growth (p=0.6). No interaction was detected between the pre-cultivation environments and cover treatments in the biomass of annual weeds: grasses and broadleafs (p=0.6). Ground cover during cultivation: straw and black polyethylene, were equally effective in reducing the biomass of annual weeds, regardless of their type (p=0.003). The combination of prior fallow practice with polyethylene and straw mulch during cultivation crop, decreased the biomass of grass (p=0.01) and chives (p=0.02) although they had no effect on tear growth (p=0.5).

Resumen En la agricultura convencional el barbecho químico es una práctica eficiente para contrarrestar el efecto de arvenses en el cultivo, aunque con riesgos de impacto ambiental. La agroecología propone prácticas de manejo amigables con el ambiente para reducir su competencia. La técnica del acolchado o “mulch” ha demostrado ser eficiente y constituye una opción de manejo agroecológico frente al uso de herbicidas. Este trabajo propuso evaluar el efecto de una cubierta de polietileno previo al cultivo (barbecho) y durante el cultivo a manera de coberturas (mulch de paja y polietileno) sobre la biomasa de arvenses en un sistema de huerta agroecológica. Las arvenses presentes fueron identificadas como anuales diferenciándolas en gramíneas y latifoliadas; y las especies perennes encontradas fueron cebollín (Cyperus rotundus L.), gramón (Cynodon dactylon L.) y lágrima (Nothoscordum gracile). Se implantaron dos asociaciones de cultivo: acelga-puerro y habas-lechuga en un diseño de parcelas distribuidas al azar (Test de Tukey 0,05%). Se evaluó el efecto sobre las arvenses de las dos asociaciones combinado el tratamiento “barbecho” con polietileno y las coberturas durante el cultivo. En las condiciones del ensayo las asociaciones de cultivos no influyeron en el crecimiento de las arvenses (p=0,6). No se detectó interacción entre los ambientes precultivo y los tratamientos de cobertura en la biomasa de arvenses anuales: gramíneas y latifoliadas (p=0,6). Las coberturas de suelo durante el cultivo, paja y polietileno negro, fueron igualmente efectivas para disminuir la biomasa de arvenses anuales, independientemente de su tipo (p=0,003). La combinación de la práctica de barbecho previo con polietileno y mulch de paja durante el cultivo disminuyó la biomasa de gramón (p=0,01) y cebollín (p=0,02) aunque no tuvieron efecto sobre el crecimiento de lágrima (p=0,5).

ABSTRACT: Although yeast supplementation has shown an immunostimulant effect in feedlot cattle, the question remains whether it influences the occurrence of the bovine respiratory disease complex (BRD) in feedlot cattle. Therefore, our objective was to evaluate whether dietary supplementation with autolyzed yeast affects the efficiency of blood phagocytes, reducing inflammation and the occurrence of BRD in feedlot cattle. A randomized experimental trial was conducted with whole steers with half Angus blood for 106 days: control (n=10): diet without yeast; Y4 (n=12): yeast diet (4g per animal per day); and Y7 (n=7): yeast diet (7g per animal per day). On Days 0, 14, 42, 70, and 105, blood count, leukocyte oxidative metabolism, serum haptoglobin, frequency of nasal secretion and orbital temperature were evaluated. On slaughter day, a lung evaluation was performed. On Days 42 and 70 of feedlot finishing, the treated animals showed increased leukocyte oxidative metabolism (D42 P=0.04; D70 P=0.02) compared to the control group. These animals had a lower frequency of mucopurulent nasal secretion, lower orbital temperature and reduced pneumonia occurrence than the treated groups (P=0.05) with less lung lesion severity (P=0.01), allowing us to infer that the autolyzed yeast improves blood phagocytic function and decreases the inflammation and BRD of feedlot steers, especially at a dose of 4g.

RESUMO: Embora a suplementação com leveduras tenha demonstrado efeito imunoestimulante em bovinos, permanece-se a dúvida se ela influencia na ocorrência do complexo doença respiratória bovina (CDRB) em bovinos confinados. Portanto, objetivou-se avaliar se a suplementação dietética com levedura autolisada influencia a eficiência de fagócitos sanguíneos, reduzindo inflamações e a ocorrência de CDRB em bovinos confinados. Realizou-se um ensaio experimental randomizado com 36 novilhos inteiros 1/2 sangue Angus por 106 dias: controle (n=10): dieta sem levedura; Y4 (n=12): dieta com levedura (4g por animal por dia); e Y7 (n=7): dieta com levedura (7g por animal por dia). Nos dias 0, 14, 42, 70 e 105, hemograma, metabolismo oxidativo de leucócitos, haptoglobina sérica, frequência de secreção nasal e temperatura orbital foram avaliados. No dia do abate, foi realizada avaliação pulmonar. Nos dias 42, e 70 de terminação em confinamento, os animais tratados apresentaram aumento do metabolismo oxidativo dos leucócitos (D42 P=0,04; D70 P=0,02) em relação ao grupo controle. Esses animais apresentaram menor frequência de secreção nasal mucopurulenta, menor temperatura orbital, menor ocorrência de pneumonias (P=0,05) com menor gravidade das lesões pulmonares (P=0,01), permitindo inferir que a levedura autolisada na dieta melhorou a eficiência dos fagócitos sanguíneos, reduzindo inflamações e a ocorrência de CDRB, especialmente na dosagem de 4g.

ABSTRACT Background: Chronic conditions increase the risk of invasive pneumococcal diseases (IPD). Pneumococcal vaccination remarkably reduced IPD morbimortality in vulnerable populations. In Brazil, pneumococcal vaccines are included in the National Immunization Program (PNI): PCV10 for < 2 years-old, and PPV23 for high risk-patients aged ≥ 2 years and institutionalized ≥ 60 years. PCV13 is available in private clinics and recommended in the PNI for individuals with certain underlying conditions. Methods: A retrospective study was performed using clinical data from all inpatients from five hospitals with IPD from 2016 to 2018 and the corresponding data on serotype and antimicrobial-non-susceptibility of pneumococcus. Vaccine-serotype-coverage was estimated. Patients were classified according to presence of comorbidities: healthy, without comorbidities; at-risk, included immunocompetent persons with specific medical conditions; high-risk, with immunocompromising conditions and others Results: 406 IPD cases were evaluated. Among 324 cases with information on medical conditions, children < 5 years were mostly healthy (55.9%), while presence of comorbidity prevailed in adults ≥ 18 years old (> 82.0%). Presence of ≥1 risk condition was reported in ≥ 34.8% of adults. High-risk conditions were more frequent than at-risk in all age groups. Among high-risk comorbidity (n = 211), cancer (28%), HIV/AIDS (25.7%) and hematological diseases (24.5%) were the most frequent. Among at-risk conditions (n = 89), asthma (16.5%) and diabetes (8.1%) were the most frequent. Among 404 isolates, 42.9% belonged to five serotypes: 19A (14.1%), 3 (8.7%), 6C (7.7%), 4 and 8 (6.2% each); 19A and 6C expressed antimicrobial-non-susceptibility. The vaccine-serotype-coverage was: PCV10, 19.1%, PCV13, 43.8%; PCV15, 47.8%; PCV20, 62.9%; PCV21, 65.8%, and PPV23, 67.3%. Information on hospital outcome was available for 283 patients, of which 28.6% died. Mortality was 54.2% for those with meningitis. Conclusion: Vaccine with expanded valence of serotypes is necessary to offer broad prevention to IPD. The present data contribute to pneumococcal vaccination public health policies for vulnerable patients, mainly those with comorbidity and the elderly.

Abstract Objective To analyze the effect of combined training (CT) in postural control and gait parameters in postmenopausal women. Methods A parallel-group, randomized, control study was conducted with 16 weeks of combined training (n = 16) versus a non-training control group (n = 12) in postmenopausal women (aged 59.3 ± 8.0). Pre and postintervention assessments included postural control (using an AMTI force platform – Advanced Mechanical Technology, Inc., Watertown, MA, USA) and gait impairments (using baropodometry). In addition, the upper limb strength and abdominal tests, as well as aerobic capacity, assessed functional indicators. Results The CT intervention in postmenopausal women resulted in improved gait (stride length (p = 0.006); speed (p = 0.013); double support time (p = 0.045); and improved postural control (displacement area of postural sway in a normal base of support with eyes open (p = 0.006). Combined training increased functional indicators (abdominal - p = 0.031; aerobic capacity - p = 0.002). Conclusion In conclusion, combined aerobic plus strength training effectively improved gait and balance control in older women. The postmenopausal women from the CT group walked faster and with bigger steps after the intervention than the control group. In addition, they presented decreased postural sway in standing and decreased the percentage of double support time while walking, which means improved static and dynamic balance control and functional indicators.

Resumo Objetivo Analisar o efeito do treinamento combinado (TC) no controle postural e nos parâmetros da marcha em mulheres na pós-menopausa. Métodos Foi realizado um estudo controlado randomizado de grupos paralelos com 16 semanas de treinamento combinado (n = 16) versus um grupo controle sem treinamento (n = 12) em mulheres na pós-menopausa (59,3 ± 8,0 anos). As avaliações pré e pós-intervenção incluíram controle postural (usando a plataforma de força AMTI) e deficiências da marcha (usando baropodometria). Além disso, os testes de força de membros superiors e abdominal, bem como a capacidade aeróbica, avaliaram indicadores funcionais. Resultados A intervenção do TC em mulheres na pós-menopausa resultou em melhora da marcha (comprimento da passada (p = 0,006), velocidade (p = 0,013), tempo de apoio duplo (p = 0,045) e controle postural aprimorado (área de deslocamento da oscilação postural em base de apoio normal com olhos abertos (p = 0,006). O TC aumentou os indicadores funcionais (abdominal - p = 0,031; capacidade aeróbia - p = 0,002). Conclusão Em conclusão, o TC de força e aeróbico melhorou efetivamente o controle da marcha e do equilíbrio em mulheres idosas. As mulheres na pós-menopausa do grupo CT caminharam mais rápido e com passos maiores após a intervenção do que o grupo controle. Além disso, elas apresentaram redução da oscilação postural em pé e do percentual de tempo de apoio duplo durante a caminhada, o que significa melhora no controle do equilíbrio estático e dinâmico e dos indicadores funcionais.

In recent years, increasing automotive safety and energy efficiency has become a major concern in the automotive industry. Advanced high-strength steel (AHSS) was chosen for its weight reduction and high mechanical strength for the body in white (BIW). Specifically, it has been used in 22MnB5 steel press hardening type steel (PHS) with patchweld technology, which enables the production of reinforced and structural parts in a single stroke during the hot forming process. This study aimed to evaluate the resistance spot welding parameters for patchweld before hot stamping, considering the minimum and maximum residual stress, while ensuring a welding nugget diameter within the approved range. Microhardness and X-ray diffraction were used to analyze the welding zones for phase identification and residual stress measurements. After five weeks of elapsed time, the spot weld showed cracks that were not seen immediately after welding and were probably due to a high residual stress state.

Abstract The article analyzes the subsidy called the Fondo Tecnológico del Tabaco (ftt) that minister Krieger Vasena created during his tenure in the government of Juan Carlos Onganía and that was applied to the price of tobacco. My proposal is that the ftt was one of the important factors for foreign tobacco companies to enter the Argentine economy without the need to incur large expenses, since part of the purchase of their main input was in charge of the national State. At the same time, the implementation of this subsidy by the military government solved the problem of demand for light tobacco for foreign companies, by granting them stability in supply from rural producers. The structure of the subsidy will be studied and the changes introduced in the Argentine tobacco market will be investigated.

Resumen Este artículo analiza el subsidio denominado Fondo Tecnológico del Tabaco (ftt) que el ministro Krieger Vasena creó durante su gestión en el gobierno de Juan Carlos Onganía y que se aplicó al precio del tabaco. Mi planteamiento es que el ftt fue uno de los factores importantes para que las empresas tabacaleras del exterior ingresaran en la economía argentina sin la necesidad de incurrir en grandes gastos, ya que parte de la compra de su principal insumo estuvo a cargo del Estado nacional. Al mismo tiempo, la implementación de este subsidio por parte del gobierno militar resolvió a las compañías extranjeras el problema de la demanda de tabaco claro, al otorgarles estabilidad en la oferta por parte de los productores rurales. Se estudiará la estructura de funcionamiento del ftt y se indagará en los cambios que introdujo en el mercado tabacalero argentino.

RESUMEN En Argentina, la normativa vigente establece cuatro años de evaluación de rendimiento para cualquier nuevo cultivar comercial de trigo pan. El objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar la cantidad óptima de años de evaluación en ensayos comparativos de rendimiento de cultivares de trigo pan, condicionando dicho óptimo al grupo de calidad, ciclo de crecimiento y manejo fitosanitario. Se estimaron componentes de varianza (REML) con los datos de la Red de evaluación de cultivares de trigo pan de Argentina (RET), correspondientes a diez sitios experimentales. Se consideraron los tres grupos de calidad (GC1, GC2 y GC3), la primera y tercera época de siembra (E1 y E3), y manejo con y sin fungicida (CF y SF). Los resultados muestran que se requieren tres años de ensayos para evaluar el rendimiento de los diferentes grupos de calidad y ciclos de crecimiento manejados CF. Para el SF, se requieren cuatro años, excepto para GC1 en E3 y GC2 en E1, que demandan tres y más de cinco años, respectivamente. Estos resultados indican que la norma actual es apropiada para la mayoría de los casos; incluso, podría reducirse a tres CF, para mejorar la calidad de los ensayos y aumentar el número de repeticiones.

SUMMARY In Argentina, current regulations establish four years of yield evaluation for any new commercial bread wheat cultivar. The objective of this work was to determine the optimum number of years of evaluation in comparative yield trials of bread wheat cultivars, conditioning this optimum to the quality group, growth cycle and phytosanitary management. Variance components (REML) were estimated from the data of the bread wheat cultivar evaluation network of Argentina (RET), corresponding to ten experimental sites. The three quality groups (GC1, GC2 and GC3), the first and third sowing season (E1 and E3), and management with and without fungicide (CF and SF) were considered. The results show that three years of trials are required to evaluate the performance of the different quality groups and growth cycles managed CF. For SF, four years are required, except for GC1 in E3 and GC2 in E1, which demand three and more than five years, respectively. These results indicate that the current standard is appropriate for most cases; it could even be reduced to three CF, to improve trial quality and increase the number of repetitions.

ABSTRACT Background: Maxillofacial trauma corresponds to all traumatic injuries affecting the facial bones. Nowadays, it represents one of the main healthcare issues worldwide. The aim of this study is to analyze our experience in the interventions performed in hospitalized and their complications. Material and methods: We performed a retrospective and observational study of 205 patients with maxillofacial fractures from 2011 to 2019. Results: 81.46% were men (n = 167) and 38.54% (n = 79) of the patients were between 21 and 30 years of age. Traffic collision was the most common mechanism of trauma (56,1%, n = 115). The types of facial fractures were panfacial (12.2%; n = 25), of the upper-third (1.43%; n = 3), of the middle-third (72.2%; n = 148) and of the lower third (14.15%; n = 29). In the upper third of the face frontal sinus fractures associated with the frontal bone were the most common (66.67%; n =2); in the middle-third combined fractures were most prevalent (54.73%; n = 81) while complex fractures were most frequent in the lower third (34,48%; n = 10). One-hundred and ninety-one patients were operated on (97.07%). Complications occurred in only 11.56% (n = 23) and were not serious. Discusion: In our series, most patients were young men, traffic collisions were the most common cause of trauma, and the middle third of the face was the most affected region. These results are similar to our publications. Surgical management, mostly by open reduction and fixation with titanium-based osteosynthesis material, is an effective, safe and reliable procedure, which allows the restoration of pre-trauma function, with very low rate of postoperative complications.

RESUMEN Antecedentes: el trauma maxilofacial corresponde a toda lesión traumática del macizo facial. Actualmente representa uno de los problemas de salud más importantes en el mundo. Nuestro objetivo es realizar un análisis de nuestra experiencia en las intervenciones realizadas en pacientes internados y sus complicaciones. Material y métodos: se realizó un estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo y observacional de 205 pacientes con fracturas maxilofaciales desde el año 2011 hasta el año 2019. Resultados: el 81,46% fueron hombres (n: 167) y el rango etario más afectado osciló entre los 21 y 30 años con el 38,54% (n:79). El accidente de tránsito 56,1% (n:115) fue el mecanismo de trauma más frecuente. Los tipos de fracturas faciales fueron: panfaciales 12,2% (n: 25), tercio superior 1,46% (n:3), tercio medio 72,2% (n:148) y tercio inferior 14,15% (n:29). Dentro del tercio superior, el 66,67% (n:2) fueron fracturas del seno frontal asociadas al hueso frontal, en el tercio medio las combinadas en un 54,73% (n:81) y en el tercio inferior, las complejas en el 34,48% (n:10). Fueron intervenidos 199 pacientes (97,07%). Solo el 11,56% (n:23) presentó alguna complicación. No se observaron complicaciones graves. Discusión: según nuestra serie, la mayoría de los pacientes fueron hombres jóvenes; la causa más frecuente, el accidente de tránsito, y el tercio medio, el más afectado, resultados estos similares a los de otros estudios publicados. El tratamiento quirúrgico fue principalmente reducción abierta y fijación con material de osteosíntesis de titanio, un procedimiento seguro y fiable, que permite restablecer la funcionalidad previa al traumatismo, con un índice muy bajo de complicaciones posoperatorias.

Resumen Objetivo: Comparar los resultados clínicos y las complicaciones de una serie consecutiva de pacientes con fracturas de húmero proximal tratados con prótesis invertida de hombro y con consolidación anatómica de las tuberosidades o sin ella. Materiales y Métodos: Se evaluó a 113 pacientes >65 años con fractura de húmero proximal tratados con prótesis invertida de hombro. Setenta presentaron consolidación anatómica de las tuberosidades y 43, ausencia de consolidación. Se evaluó el rango de movilidad, y se utilizaron los puntajes de Constant-Murley, ASES, SANE y la escala analógica visual. Se documentaron todas las complicaciones y las reoperaciones. Resultados: El seguimiento promedio fue de 56 meses (rango 24-96) y la edad media era de 73 años (rango 65-83). La elevación activa y la rotación interna medias posoperatorias fueron de 131° (± 14) y 27° (± 5), respectivamente. La rotación externa posoperatoria media en abducción y aducción fue de 27° (± 1) y 15° (± 6), respectivamente. La escala analógica visual promedio posoperatoria fue de 1,7 (± 0,8). Los puntajes ASES, de Constant-Murley y SANE promedio fueron de 76 (± 6), 62 (± 11) y 74% (± 7), respectivamente. La elevación anterior, la rotación externa y los puntajes funcionales promedio finales ASES y de Constant-Murley fueron significativamente mejores en el grupo con consolidación de las tuberosidades. Conclusiones: En pacientes >65 años con fractura de húmero proximal tratados con prótesis invertida de hombro tanto la movilidad posoperatoria, como los puntajes funcionales fueron significativamente mejores en los pacientes con consolidación anatómica de las tuberosidades.

Abstract Objective: The objective of this study was to compare the clinical outcomes and complications of a consecutive series of patients with proximal humerus fractures (PHF) treated with reverse shoulder arthroplasty (RSA), with and without anatomical healing of the tuberosities. Materials and Methods: We evaluated 113 patients >65 years old with PHF treated with RSA. Seventy patients presented anatomical healing of the tuberosities and 43 presented absence of healing. Range of motion (ROM), Constant score, ASES score, visual analog scale (VAS) and the score of the numerical evaluation of single evaluation (SANE) were evaluated. Results: The mean follow-up was 56 months (range, 24-96 months) and the mean age was 73 years (range, 65-83 years). Mean postoperative active elevation and internal rotation were 131° (±14) and 27° (±5), respectively. The mean postoperative external rotation in abduction and adduction was 27° (±1) and 15° (±6) respectively. The mean postoperative VAS was 1.7 (±0.8). The mean ASES, Constant and SANE scores were 76 (±6), 62 (±11) and 74% (±7), respectively. Anterior elevation, external rotation, and final mean ASES and Constant functional scores were significantly better in the group with tuberosity healing than in the group without healing. Conclusions: In patients >65 years old with PHF treated with RSA, both postoperative ranges of motion and functional scores were significantly better in patients where anatomic tuberosity healing was achieved than in those where it was not achieved.