ABSTRACT Comparative studies of atmospheric humidity between urban and suburban and urban-rural environments are scarce, and their results are very scattered and inconclusive. In this paper, we compare differences in atmospheric temperature, relative humidity and absolute humidity measured at the limits between the urban canopy and the boundary layer in two elevated metropolises in Mexico: Guadalajara and Puebla. Results show that variations in relative humidity contrasts between different environments have an inverse relationship with the temperature variations. In Guadalajara, the urban excesses of absolute humidity are predominant from May to September. In Puebla the urban-suburban contrasts are lower than in Guadalajara, following a daily cycle and being negative between noon and 18:00 LT. From March to September urban-rural differences in Puebla are positive between 10:00 and 18:00 LT, and weak during the nocturnal period.

RESUMEN Los estudios que comparan la humedad atmosférica entre ambientes urbanos y suburbanos y urbanos-rurales son escasos; a la vez, los resultados de esos estudios son muy dispersos y poco concluyentes. En este artículo se comparan las diferencias de temperatura atmosférica, humedad relativa y humedad absoluta medidas en los límites entre el dosel urbano y la capa límite en dos metrópolis elevadas de México: Guadalajara y Puebla. Las variaciones de los contrastes de la humedad relativa entre distintos ambientes resultan inversamente proporcionales a las variaciones de temperatura. En Guadalajara predominan los excesos urbanos de humedad absoluta a partir de mayo y se mantienen hasta septiembre; en Puebla los contrastes urbanos-suburbanos son menores que en Guadalajara, siguen un ciclo diario y llegan a ser negativos entre el mediodía y las 18:00 hora local. Entre marzo y septiembre las diferencias urbanas-rurales en Puebla son positivas entre las 10:00 y las 18:00 hora local, y débiles en el periodo nocturno.

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Ankle taping (AT) is effective in preventing ankle sprain injuries in most common sports and is employed in rehabilitation and prevention sports. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of AT to restricting excessive frontal plane ankle movements in semi-professional basketball players throughout the training session. DESIGN AND SETTING: A cross-sectional study was performed at the Universidad Europea de Madrid. METHODS: Forty male and female semi-professional basketball players were divided into two groups. The ankle dorsiflexion range of motion (ROM) and interlimb asymmetries in a weight-bearing lunge position were evaluated at four time points: 1) with no tape, 2) before practice, at 30 min of practice, and 3) immediately after practice. RESULTS: In male basketball players, no differences were observed in the right and left ankles between the baseline and 30 min and between baseline and 90 min of assessment. In female athletes, significant differences were reported between baseline and pre-training assessments for the right ankle and also significant differences between baseline and 90 min in both ankles. CONCLUSIONS: Ankle taping effectively decreased the ankle dorsiflexion ROM in male and female basketball players immediately after application. However, ROM restriction was very low after 30 and 90 min, as assessed in a single basketball practice. Therefore, the classic taping method should be revised to develop new prophylactic approaches, such as the implementation of semi-rigid bracing techniques or the addition of active stripes during training or game pauses.

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Current research supports the fact that prophylactic ankle taping (AT) is effective in preventing ankle injuries in amateur and elite sports athletes. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to investigate the effect of AT on balance, knee valgus during drop jump and single-leg countermovement jump (SL-CMJ) landings, and ankle range of motion (ROM) restriction in healthy participants. DESIGN AND SETTING: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted at the Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, Spain. METHODS: Participants: Thirty-nine healthy individuals participated in this study and performed the movements under two conditions (with and without tape). Outcome measurements: ankle ROM, balance, SL-CMJ height, flight time, ground time, and knee valgus. Before any intervention, a random process was developed with a 1:1 allocation ratio, and the participants were assigned to groups A (tape-no tape) and B (no tape-tape). RESULTS: Significant differences between tape and no-tape moments were observed for drop jump knee valgus flexion (P = 0.007), with an increase in knee valgus in participants with ankle taping. Similarly, the Y-balance testshowed a significant decrease in all variables (P = 0.001 and), ankle dorsiflexion (P = 0.001) in participants with ankle taping. CONCLUSIONS: AT is effective for immediate ankle ROM restriction. However, an increase in knee valgus during drop jump task and a decrease in lower limb balance were observed during drop jump task. Based on these results, it can be concluded that AT application in healthy individuals should not be recommended as it results in increase in injury risk factors.

Due to its multiple applications, zinc oxide (ZnO) is one of the most used materials in science and technology. Therefore, this research carried out the synthesis of ZnO and Pt-ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) by the direct precipitation method, which is characterized by being simple and reproducible, using two different precipitating agents, potassium hydroxide (KOH) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH); for the doping of Pt-ZnO NPs was used platinum acetylacetone. To evaluate the effect of the precipitating agent on the properties of each doped material, they were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, where the Zn-O vibrations were more pronounced using KOH. X-ray diffraction analysis shows a hexagonal structure (wurtzite) formation for ZnO with NaOH, obtaining a smaller crystal size than the other synthesized materials. Scanning electron microscopy analysis showed hexagonal and hemispherical shapes for ZnO (with NaOH and KOH) and Pt-ZnO (with NaOH), respectively; also, cylindrical shapes were obtained for Pt-ZnO (with KOH). The highest band gap obtained was for the Pt-ZnO material synthesized with KOH.

Resumen Tetranychus urticae Koch es la plaga más importante en el cultivo del rosal, ya que reduce la calidad de la producción e incrementa los costos de manejo, en consecuencia, los acaricidas se han utilizado ampliamente para su control. Por lo anterior se realizaron pruebas de susceptibilidad para la determinación de resistencia en hembras adultas de T. urticae a los acaricidas, abamectina, acequinocyl, clorfenapir y extracto de Cinnamomum zeylanicum J. Presl, sobre tres poblaciones de Tenancingo, Estado de México y una línea susceptible. La investigación se realizó en 2021 en el Departamento de Parasitología Agrícola, para la evaluación de los plaguicidas se empleó la técnica de inmersión en hoja (IRAC, 2009). Los resultados demostraron que la población que presentó tendencia a desarrollar resistencia al plaguicida abamectina fue la L3 (Rancho Lizflor), mientras que las poblaciones L1 (Rancho Los Pilares) y L2 (Rancho Isoflor) se condujeron hacia el acaricida acequinocyl, por lo que se recomienda la disminución de las aplicaciones y rotación de plaguicidas de distinto grupo toxicológico. Para el resto de los plaguicidas no se reportó resistencia en ninguna de las poblaciones en estudio, por tal motivo se les puede considerar efectivos para el control de T. urticae en Tenancingo, Estado de México.

Abstract Tetranychus urticae Koch is the most important pest in rose crops, since it reduces the quality of production and increases management costs, consequently, acaricides have been widely used for its control. Therefore, susceptibility tests were performed to determine resistance in adult females of T. urticae to acaricides, abamectin, acequinocyl, chlorfenapyr, and extract of Cinnamomum zeylanicum J. Presl, on three populations of Tenancingo, State of Mexico and a susceptible line. The research was carried out in 2021 in the Department of Agricultural Parasitology, the leaf immersion technique was used for the evaluation of the pesticides (IRAC, 2009). The results demonstrated that the population that showed a tendency to develop resistance to the pesticide abamectin was L3 (Rancho Lizflor), while the populations L1 (Rancho Los Pilares) and L2 (Rancho Isoflor) had a tendency towards the acaricide acequinocyl, so it is recommended to reduce the applications and rotation of pesticides of different toxicological group. For the rest of the pesticides, no resistance was reported in any of the populations under study, for this reason they can be considered effective for the control of T. urticae in Tenancingo, State of Mexico.

ABSTRACT The wild pepper (Capsicum annuum L. var. glabriusculum (Dunal) Heiser & Pickersgill) is a valuable genetic resource for agriculture and food. Around the world salinity is a significant environmental stress that limit and affect agriculture productivity. This work estimates the variation in salinity tolerance in six populations of wild pepper populations of the Northwest of Mexico at three salinity levels (without NaCl, 25 and 50 mM NaCl). The measured traits were height, stem development, foliar area, relative content of chlorophyll, dry weight of plant, root, stem, and leaves. Salinity tolerance was estimated with a stress tolerance index (STI) obtained by comparing values of traits between control treatment (without NaCl) and salinity treatments. Data were subjected to univariate and multivariate variance analysis of principal components. All measured traits were negatively and significantly affected by salinity. Univariate variance analysis and of principal components clearly differentiated the studied populations. At 50 mM NaCl, height, stem diameter, foliar area, stem and leaves dry weight correlated positively with electrical conductivity, and foliar area, relative content of chlorophyll, stem and leaves dry weight correlated with soil Na at the site of origin of the populations. Presa Oviachic showed a higher salinity tolerance in both NaCl treatments (1.17 and 0.99), followed by two more populations (Lo de Vega and Yecorato), each with each salinity treatment. Presa Oviachic presented the highest average STI in both treatments, 37.6% and 40.4% higher than Cósala and Mazocahui respectively. Root dry weight (0.427), stem diameter (0.419), leaf area (0.412), stem dry weight (0.407) and plant dry weight (0.345) were the most important traits in that order and Presa Oviachic was significantly superior to the rest of populations in STI at 50 mM NaCl. Plants of these populations could be a source of salinity resistance. The variation pattern observed in these traits suggests adaptation to the local edaphic conditions.

The repercussions of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) have generated effects on the working modality of teachers, in whom it is convenient to study variables associated with well-being. The objective with this research was to determine whether social support at work and workload predict satisfaction with life in a sample of Peruvian teachers. The methodology was a predictive and cross-sectional study, carried out on 584 Peruvian teachers of both genders selected in a non-probabilistic way; to whom the social support scale at work, the workload scale and the life satisfaction scale were applied. The survey was carried out virtually, and descriptive statistics, Pearson's correlation coefficient and structural equation modelling (SEM) were conducted to examine the hypothetical model. In the analysis of the proposed model, an adequate fit was obtained, χ² (116) = 435.5, p < .001, CFI = .963, RMSEA = .069, SRMR = .059. Thus, H1and H2 were confirmed on the positive effect of social support at work, β = .27, p < .001, and the negative effect of workload, β = -.28, p < .001 in satisfaction with life. Likewise, the t values of the beta regression coefficients of the predictor variables were highly significant (p < 0.01). It was concluded that social support at work and an adequate workload predict a better level of satisfaction with life in a sample of Peruvian teachers.

Resumen En este artículo se muestra el uso de holografía interferométrica digital para el estudio de procesos de microdilatación. Mediante el uso de un esquema óptico y una cámara CCD se realizaron interferogramas sobre distintos objetos de estudio, a los cuales se les indujo un incremento de temperatura localizado mediante irradiación laser de 5.5 W y 405 nm. Este procedimiento se realizó sobre dos muestras con comportamiento termo-mecánico diferente, a fin de determinar la distribución de franjas asociadas a la micro-dilatación. El objetivo propuesto fue estudiar la respuesta en dispositivos de iluminación basado en tecnología LED, con el fin de determinar el comportamiento térmico-mecánico relacionado con los procesos de encendido y apagado. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que estos dispositivos se encuentran sometidos a un estrés mecánico derivado de dilataciones diferenciales entre los componentes que integran el montaje.

Abstract This paper presents the use of digital holography interferometry applied to the study of microdilation process. The optical setup with the use of CCD cameras allowed to obtain interferograms on different study objects, whereas a localized thermal load was induced by a 5.5 W 405 nm laser. This study was done over two samples with different thermal conductivity in order to calibrate this process. The main objective of this work was to understand the thermo-mechanical response on LED based illumination devices due to the transition in the on-off process. The results show that these kind of lamps function under mechanical stress because of the different dilation process of each component of the device.

Resumen Objetivo: Este estudio tiene como objetivo identificar los posibles factores que retrasan el tiempo de diagnóstico de la enfermedad de Huntington (EH). Métodos: Se realizó un estudio transversal en pacientes con EH. Las variables registradas fueron repetidos de CAG, edad de inicio, síntoma primario de inicio, edad de diagnóstico molecular y tiempo hasta el diagnóstico, entre otras. Resultados: 107 pacientes (50.5% mujeres) con una edad media de 49 ± 12.8 años fueron incluidos en el estudio. La mediana de repetidos de CAG fue 45 (38-73). La edad media de inicio, la edad media del diagnóstico molecular y el tiempo medio hasta el diagnóstico fueron 39 ± 12.9, 45.1 ± 12.1 y 6.4 ± 6.4 años, respectivamente. En el análisis comparativo, los grupos de inicio neuropsiquiátrico y juvenil tuvieron un tiempo de diagnóstico más prolongado que los grupos de inicio típico y motor (p = 0.02 y p < 0.01, respectivamente). En el análisis de regresión lineal, el inicio neuropsiquiátrico y juvenil fueron factores de riesgo independientes. Conclusiones: El diagnóstico tardío mostró relación con un inicio neuropsiquiátrico y la aparición temprana de la EH.

Abstract Objective: This study aims to identify the possible factors that delay the time-to-diagnosis of Huntington's disease (HD). Methods: A cross-sectional study in HD patients was carried out. Variables registered were CAG repeats, age of onset, primary symptom at onset, age of molecular diagnosis, and time-to-diagnosis, among others. Results: 107 patients (50.5% female) with a mean age of 49 ± 12.8 years (y) were included in the study. Median CAG size was 45 (38-73). Mean age of onset, mean age of molecular diagnosis, and mean time-to-diagnosis were 39 ± 12.9, 45.1 ± 12.1, and 6.4 ± 6.4 years, respectively. In the comparative analysis, the neuropsychiatric- and the young-onset groups had a longer time-to-diagnosis than the motor- and typical-onset groups (p = 0.02 and p < 0.01, respectively). In the linear regression analysis, neuropsychiatric- and young-onset were independent risk factors. Conclusions: Delayed diagnosis showed relation to neuropsychiatric- and early-onset in HD.

Abstract Atlantic pearl oyster Pinctada imbricata is a bivalve with high potential for cultivation in tropical and subtropical environments. In this study, P. imbricata energetic metabolism was analyzed throughout a culture cycle at Gulf of Cariaco, Venezuela. Juvenile individuals (shell length 27.40 ± 2.70 mm) were cultured in a long line at 3 m depth between May-2012 and January-2013. Monthly data of biometric measurements, Fulton index (K) and protein, carbohydrate, and lipid content of the adductor muscle, digestive gland, and mantle were estimated, and were related with environmental variables: temperature, chlorophyll a (Ch a), total particulate matter (TPM), particulate inorganic matter (PIM), particulate organic matter (POM) and upwelling index (UI). Shell length increased steadily reaching 46.23 ± 3.79 mm on the 8th month of culture, while average soft tissue weight increased associated to food availability. Biometric data and biochemical substrates from the muscle, digestive gland and mantle presented significant differences among months. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) showed positive relationships between carbohydrate content and temperature; mantle and digestive gland protein content with TPM, PIM, POM, UI; lipid and protein in muscle with K. Energy allocation was associated with environmental factors, mainly through high food availability given the seasonal upwelling pulses in the area.

Resumen La ostra perlera del Atlántico Pinctada imbricata es un bivalvo con gran potencial de cultivo en ambientes tropicales y subtropicales. En este estudio el metabolismo energético de la ostra perla Pinctada imbricata fue analizado durante un ciclo de cultivo en el Golfo de Cariaco, Venezuela. El cultivo se realizó usando individuos juveniles con una longitud total de la concha de 27,40 ± 2,70 mm. Los ejemplares se cultivaron a 3 m de profundidad en un long-line, entre mayo 2012 y enero 2013. Mensualmente se obtuvieron los datos biométricos, el índice metabólico de Fulton (K), el contenido de proteína, carbohidrato y lípido del músculo aductor, la glándula digestiva y el manto los cuales se relacionaron con las variables ambientales de temperatura, clorofila a, material total en suspensión (TPM), materia inorgánica particulada (PIM), materia orgánica particulada (POM), y el índice de surgencia (UI). La longitud de la concha incrementó progresivamente hasta alcanzar 46,23 ± 3,79 mm en el octavo mes del cultivo, mientras que el incremento del peso promedio de los tejidos blandos estuvo asociado a la disponibilidad de alimento. Los promedios de las variables biométricas y bioquímicas del músculo, glándula digestiva y manto presentaron diferencias significativas entre meses. El análisis de componentes principales (PCA) indicó que hubo relaciones significativas del contenido de carbohidratos con la temperatura; las proteínas del manto y la glándula digestiva con TPM, PIM, POM y UI: del contenido de lípido y la proteína del músculo con K. Los compartimientos de energía se asociaron a factores ambientales, principalmente a la alta disponibilidad de alimento debido a los procesos de surgencia estacional de la localidad.

Resumen Antecedentes: Hechtia se destaca dentro de Bromeliaceae por sus especies mayormente dioicas, flores unisexuales, dimórficas, principalmente fragantes; la delimitación de taxones particularmente en aquellos con inflorescencia lateral requiere evidencia morfológica cualitativa de ambos sexos, porque las dimensiones de las estructuras cambian durante su crecimiento. Hipótesis: Especies en Hechtia se delimitan con base en una combinación de caracteres morfológicos discretos de ambos sexos, asociados a distribuciones geográficas estrechas. Si las poblaciones de San Luis Potosí muestran caracteres que ubican al taxón en el género y lo distinguen de otras especies, el taxón será nuevo. Taxón: Hechtioideae, Hechtia sp. nov. Sitio y fechas de estudio: San Luis Potosí y alrededores, 2015-2021. Métodos: Se analizaron plantas vivas y material de herbario del nuevo taxón y especies morfológicamente similares, analizando inflorescencias y flores de ambos sexos, frutos y semillas. Se cartografió la distribución geográfica y se reporta el estado de conservación de la nueva especie utilizando criterios de la UICN. Resultados: Hechtia sanchezii se ha confundido con H. glomerata ya que comparten infrutescencias laterales con ramas en forma de glomérulos, pero H. sanchezii muestra indumento de color rojo a ferruginoso en brácteas florales y sépalos (vs. blancos), mismos que son rojos (vs. verdosos o parduscos), pétalos rosados (vs. blancos), flores sin olor (vs. fragantes), filamentos de dos longitudes, tres epipétalos y tres alternados con pétalos (vs. dos longitudes pero todos los filamentos epipétalos). Conclusiones: La evidencia morfológica y geográfica permite reconocer a H. sanchezii como una nueva especie, nativa de San Luis Potosí, México.

Abstract Background: Hechtia is known among Bromeliaceae by its unisexual, sexually dimorphic, mainly fragrant flowers and dioecy; delimitation of taxa particularly on those with lateral inflorescence, requires qualitative morphological evidence from both sexes, because dimensions of structures change during its growth. Hypotheses: Hechtia species are delimitated based on a combination of discrete morphological characters from both sexes, associated with narrow geographical distributions. If examination of populations of San Luis Potosí shows characters that place the taxon in the genus and distinguish it from other species in Hechtia, the taxon will be described as new. Taxon: Hechtioideae, Hechtia sp. nov. Study site and dates: Mexican State of San Luis Potosí and vicinities, 2015-2021. Methods: Live plants as well as herbarium material of the new taxon and the most morphological similar species, were analyzed, with examination of inflorescences and flowers of both sexes, fruits, and seeds. Geographical distribution was mapped and conservation status using IUCN criteria is reported for the new species. Results: Hechtia sanchezii has been confused with H. glomerata since both share lateral, glomerulate-like infructescences, but H. sanchezii shows red to ferruginous indumenta on floral bracts and sepals (vs. white), these red (vs. greenish or brownish), pink petals (vs. white), scentless (vs. fragrant) flowers, stamens with filaments of two lengths, three epipetalous, and three alternating with petals (vs. two lengths but all filaments epipetalous). Conclusions: Morphological and geographical evidence allow the recognition of H. sanchezii as a new species native from San Luis Potosí, Mexico.

ABSTRACT Objective: Identify the prevalence of psychotropic drug use among Primary Health Care professionals and associated factors. Methods: This is an epidemiological, population-based, cross-sectional and analytical study, carried out with 290 professionals working in Primary Care in the Health Region of Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Data collection was carried out through a questionnaire containing sociodemographic and economic information, life habits, use of medication and working conditions. Multiple logistic regression was used to obtain estimates of the effect of variables on the use of psychotropic drugs. Results: A prevalence of psychotropic drug use was observed in 10.7% (CI95%: 7-14) of respondents. Among primary health care professionals, the variables associated with the use of psychotropic drugs were age > 31 years (adjusted odds ratio [ORA] = 2.33; 95%CI = 1.06-5.09; p = 0.034) and having performed overtime (ORA = 2.28; 95%CI = 1.06-4.89; p = 0.034). Conclusion: Working conditions, such as excessive workload, are conditions that can contribute to illness and, consequently, the need for the use of psychotropic drugs by health professionals. It is important to address the issue, from health care to the development of human resources policies in the Health System that meet the working conditions.

RESUMO Objetivo: Identificar a prevalência do uso de psicofármacos entre profissionais da Atenção Primária à Saúde e os fatores associados. Métodos: Este é um estudo epidemiológico, de base populacional, transversal e analítico, realizado com 290 profissionais que atuam na Atenção Primária da Região de Saúde de Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brasil. A coleta de dados foi realizada por meio de um questionário contendo informações sociodemográficas e econômicas, e sobre hábitos de vida, uso de medicamentos e condições de trabalho. Utilizou-se a regressão logística múltipla para obter estimativas do efeito das variáveis no uso de psicofármacos. Resultados: Observou-se prevalência de uso de psicofármacos em 10,7% (IC95%: 7-14) dos entrevistados. Entre os profissionais da Atenção Primária à Saúde, as variáveis associadas ao uso de psicofármacos foram ter idade > 31 anos ( odds ratio ajustado [ORA] = 2,33; IC95% = 1,06-5,09; p = 0,034) e ter realizado horas extras (ORA = 2,28; IC95% = 1,06-4,89; p = 0,034). Conclusão: As condições de trabalho, como carga horária excessiva, podem contribuir para o adoecimento e, consequentemente, a necessidade de uso de psicofármacos por profissionais de saúde. Assim, é importante abordar a questão, desde a assistência à saúde até o desenvolvimento de políticas de recursos humanos para o Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) que atentem para as condições de trabalho.

Resumen Introducción: Se ha demostrado previamente una relación entre la enfermedad de Parkinson (EP) y la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DM2). La DM2 en personas con EP se asocia con un curso más agresivo de la enfermedad. Este estudio tiene como objetivo identificar si la DM2 tiene un impacto en la edad de inicio de la EP. Métodos: Se incluyeron consecutivamente personas con enfermedad de EP (PCP) con una duración de entre dos y cuatro años y se clasificaron según la presencia de DM2. Se realizó una aleatorización de proporción 2:1 de la muestra No DM2. La evaluación clínica fue realizada por un especialista en trastornos del movimiento. Resultados: Se incluyeron un total de 124 PCP no diabéticas y 62 PCP con DM2 (EP-DM). No se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en las puntuaciones motoras y no motoras ni en la duración de la enfermedad entre los grupos. El grupo EP-DM tuvo una mayor edad de inicio de la EP (5.9 ± 1.6 años, p < 0.001) en comparación con el grupo No DM. Conclusión: Los pacientes con EP-DM tenían una edad más avanzada al inicio de la EP, lo que sugiere un papel potencial de la DM2 en el retraso de la edad de inicio de la EP.

Abstract Objective: This study aims to identify whether type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) impacts the age of Parkinson’s disease (PD) onset. Methods: Consecutive people living with PD (PwP) with 2-4 years of disease duration were included and categorized according to the presence of T2DM. A 2:1 ratio randomization from the non-DM sample was performed. T2DM diagnosis was defined by a positive personal history of T2DM recorded in the medical files or reported by the subject, or the use of a hypoglycemic drug for glycemic control. A clinical assessment including the Movement Disorder Society Unified Parkinson’s disease rating scale and the Hoehn and Yahr was performed by a movement disorders specialist. Results: One hundred and twenty-four non-T2DM PwP and 62 PwP with T2DM (PD-DM) were included in the study. No statistically significant differences between groups were found in motor and non-motor scores nor in disease duration. The mean age of the whole sample was 63.4 ± 11.9 years, with a mean PD duration of 3.4 ± 0.8 years. In the PD-DM group, the mean duration of T2DM was 12.4 ± 6.8 years, and T2DM was diagnosed 9.2 ± 6.8 years before the PD onset. The PD-DM group had an older age of PD onset (5.9 ± 1.6 year, p < 0.001). Conclusions: Patients with PD-DM had an older age at PD onset, suggesting a potential T2DM role in delaying the age of disease onset.

ABSTRACT The study analyzes the association between self-destructive indirect behaviors and social anomie in a sample of 509 fourth grade high school students from Lima. A data sheet, the Kelley et al. (1985) Self-destructive behaviors Scale adapted to Spanish language by Ponce (2007) and the Li et al. (1999) Anomie Scale validated by Vera et al. (2013) were applied. The study found direct and significant association between both variables in the total sample (in cases with and without domestic violence), with moderate effect. In cases without domestic violence, discontent is associated with all self-destructive behaviors’ dimensions, followed by distrust associated to four of them. In teenagers who are victims of domestic violence, discontent is associated with lack of planning and anticipation and neglecting their duties and distrust is associated with neglecting their duties. Finally, in accordance with the results from multivariate logistic regression analyses, the only dimension of social anomie statistically significant (p<.05) to predict self-destructive behaviors is discontent.

RESUMEN El estudio analiza la asociación entre las conductas autodestructivas indirectas y la anomia social en una muestra de 509 escolares de cuarto de secundaria de instituciones educativas de Lima. Se empleó una ficha de datos, la escala de conductas autodestructivas de Kelley et al. (1985) adaptada al español por Ponce (2007) y la escala de anomia social de Li et al. (1999) validada por Vera et al (2013). Se halló asociación directa y significativa entre ambas variables en la muestra total (con y sin violencia familiar), con tamaño del efecto moderado. Cuando no existe violencia, el descontento se asocia con todas las dimensiones de las conductas autodestructivas, seguido de la desconfianza asociada con cuatro de ellas; en adolescentes con violencia, el descontento se asocia con falta de planeación, de anticipación y descuido de deberes y la desconfianza con descuido de deberes. Finalmente, de acuerdo con los resultados de la regresión logística, a nivel multivariado, la única dimensión de la anomia social que resulta estadísticamente significativa (p<.05) en la predicción de las conductas autodestructivas es descontento.

Abstract Introduction: We intend to present a series of patients with associated multiple and simultaneous unstable spinal fractures (Type B or C). Materials and Methods: A descriptive analysis of patients with high-energy spinal cord injuries and associated multiple unstable and simultaneous spinal fractures from January 2015 to January 2021 was conducted. Patients with type B (ligament injury) and/or type C (subluxation/dislocation) multiple spinal fractures were included. Patients with incomplete medical records, osteoporotic or pathological fractures, or fewer than 3 months of follow-up were excluded. Results: We included 5 patients (1 woman and 4 men) with two simultaneous unstable spinal fractures, including 4 cases (80%) of non-contiguous fractures and 3 (60%) with two simultaneous non-contiguous fracture dislocations (“floating spine”); 2 (40%) cases had a type B fracture associated with a type C fracture. The median age was 35 years. High-energy trauma with associated injuries occurred in all cases. All patients were surgically treated with a conventional posterior approach, reduction, and long arthrodesis. In two patients, neurological recovery was confirmed. Conclusion: A case series of multiple simultaneous unstable spinal fractures (type B or C) caused by high-energy trauma is presented. This is a rare injury association with significant morbidity associated with spinal, systemic, and neurological trauma.

Resumen Introducción: El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar a una serie de pacientes con la asociación de múltiples fracturas vertebrales inestables (tipo B o C) simultáneas. Materiales y Métodos: Estudio descriptivo de pacientes con trauma vertebromedular de alta energía y asociación de múltiples fracturas vertebrales inestables simultáneas entre enero de 2015 y enero de 2021. Se incluyó a pacientes con fracturas vertebrales múltiples tipo B (asociación de lesión ligamentaria) o tipo C (evidencia de subluxación/ luxación). Se excluyó a pacientes con registros incompletos de historias clínicas, fracturas por osteoporosis o patológicas y seguimiento <3 meses. Resultados: Se constataron 5 pacientes (1 mujer y 4 hombres) con dos fracturas vertebrales inestables simultáneas, con 4 casos (80%) de fracturas no contiguas y 3 casos (60%) con 2 luxofracturas simultáneas no contiguas (“columna flotante”); 2 (40%) pacientes presentaron la asociación de una fractura tipo B con una tipo C. La mediana de la edad era de 35 años. Todos tenían traumatismos de alta energía con lesiones asociadas. Los pacientes fueron operados por vía posterior convencional, con reducción y artrodesis larga. Se constató la recuperación neurológica en 2 pacientes. Conclusión: Presentamos una serie de casos de múltiples fracturas vertebrales inestables (tipo B o C) y simultáneas por traumatismos de alta energía. Esta asociación de lesiones es poco frecuente y tiene una elevada morbilidad relacionada con el trauma vertebral, sistémico y neurológico.