ABSTRACT SARS-Cov2 has already infected over 482 million people and caused more than 6.1 million deaths. The beginning of the pandemic has led the health authorities of several countries to adopt non-pharmacological preventive measures such as daycare closures. The reopening took place when the country had the highest rates of infection and mortality (mainly due to the gamma variant (P.1) outbreak) and the beginning of the vaccination program. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the prevalence of SARS-CoV2 in daycare after educational activities resumed. The study was conducted in seven childcare facilities. Swab samples from the nasopharynx were collected from children and staff members. The viral RNA was obtained through PureLink RNA extraction kit purification and SARS-CoV2 presence was detected using the All plex SARS-CoV2 kit. The study population included 201 participants, including daycare workers and children. The average age of the workers and children is 40 and 3 years old, respectively. Among the children, 47.5% are female and among the workers, 91.4%. One (0.5%) test came out positive for the presence of SARS-CoV-2, which was from a sample of an asymptomatic childcare worker, and no secondary infections were detected. Considering that the return to daycare activities occurred during a period with a high number of deaths and a lack of vaccines throughout the country, the small number of cases indicates the effectiveness of the several preventive measures used by daycare centers in preventing SARS-CoV2 transmission.

ABSTRACT Monkeypox virus (MPXV), a zoonotic virus endemic to the African continent, has been reported in 33 non-endemic countries since May 2022. We report an almost complete genome of the first confirmed case of MPXV in Brazil. Shotgun metagenomic sequencing was completed in 18 hours, from DNA extraction to consensus sequence generation.

ABSTRACT In 2022, an outbreak of monkeypox is being reported in non-endemic areas, with unusual clinical manifestations. The detailed clinical description of the first patient that received the diagnosis of monkeypox in Brazil is reported here, whose clinical manifestations can easily lead to misdiagnosis of sexually transmitted infections. A 41 years old male presented to an emergency room with a vesicular rash with eight days of evolution. He had traveled to Portugal and Spain and reported non-penetrative sexual involvement with three different male individuals. On the third day of symptoms, he sought medical care and received empirical treatment directed to sexually transmitted infections. As the symptoms did not improve, he sought medical attention at an infectious disease referral center presenting, on admission, an ulcerated penile lesion with central necrotic crusts, a disseminated pleomorphic skin rash and an oropharyngeal ulcer. The monkeypox diagnosis was suspected due to the characteristics of the lesions and the history of intimate contact with casual partners, and it was later confirmed by sequencing the almost complete monkeypox genome. The patient was hospitalized for pain control, which required opiate administration. He developed a secondary bacterial infection on the penile lesions, which were treated with oral antibiotics. He was discharged after 14 days, with lesions in process of re-epithelialization. Given the current outbreak, we must consider the possibility of monkeypox in patients with suggestive lesions, anywhere on the body (including the genitals), added to an epidemiological link or history of intimate contact with strangers or casual partners.

ABSTRACT Background: Despite their worldwide occurrence, the distribution and role of insect-specific flaviviruses (ISFs) remain unclear. Methods: We evaluated the presence of ISFs in mosquitoes collected in São Paulo, Brazil, using reverse transcription and semi-nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Some of the positive samples were subjected to nanopore sequencing. Results: Twelve mosquito pools (2.8%) tested positive for flavivirus infection. Nanopore sequencing was successfully performed on six samples. Phylogenetic analysis grouped these sequences into genotype 2 of Culex flavivirus (CxFV). Conclusions: The identification of CxFV genotype 2 at new locations in São Paulo highlights the importance of understanding the role of ISFs in mosquito vector competence.

ABSTRACT Reinfection by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-COV-2) has been reported in many countries, suggesting that the virus may continue to circulate among humans despite the possibility of local herd immunity due to massive previous infections. The emergence of variants of concern (VOC) that are more transmissible than the previous circulating ones has raised particular concerns on the vaccines effectiveness and reinfection rates. The P.1 lineage was first identified in December 2020 in Manaus city and is now globally spread. We report the first case of reinfection of SARS-CoV-2 caused by the P.1 variant outside of Manaus. The potential of these new variants to escape naturally and vaccine- induced immunity highlights the need for a global vigilance.

ABSTRACT Introduction Influenza is an important cause of morbimortality worldwide. Although people at the extremes of age have a greater risk of complications, influenza has been more frequently investigated in the elderly than in children, and inpatients than outpatients. Yearly vaccination with trivalent or quadrivalent vaccines is the main strategy to control influenza. Objectives Determine the clinical and molecular characteristics of influenza A and B infections in children and adolescents with influenza-like illness (ILI). Methods: A cohort of outpatient children and adolescents with ILI was followed for 20 months. Influenza was diagnosed with commercial multiplex PCR platforms. Results: 179 patients had 277 episodes of ILI, being 79 episodes of influenza A and 20 episodes of influenza B. Influenza A and B cases were mild and had similar presentation. Phylogenetic tree of influenza B viruses showed that 91.6% belonged to the B/Yamagata lineage, which is not included in trivalent vaccines. Conclusions: Influenza A and B are often detected in children and adolescents with ILI episodes, with similar and mild presentation in outpatients. The mismatch between the circulating influenza viruses and the trivalent vaccine offered in Brazil may have contributed to the high frequency of influenza A and B in this population.

ABSTRACT Abietane diterpenoids are naturally occurring plant metabolites with a broad spectrum of biological effects including antibacterial, antileishmanial, antitumor, antioxidant, as well as antiinflammatory activities. Recently, we found that some analogues of natural ferruginol ( 2 ) actively inhibited dengue virus 2 (DENV-2) replication. Due to the similarity with DENV, we envisaged that abietane diterpenoids would also be active against Zika virus (ZIKV). Six selected semi-synthetic abietane derivatives of (+)-dehydroabietylamine ( 3 ) were tested. Cytotoxicity was determined by MTT assay in Vero cells. In vitro anti-ZIKV (clinical isolate, IMT17) activity was evaluated by plaque assay. Interestingly, these molecules showed potential as anti-ZIKV agents, with EC50 values ranging from 0.67 to 18.57 µM, and cytotoxicity (CC50 values) from 2.56 to 35.09 µM. The 18-Oxoferruginol (8) (EC50 = 2.60 µM, SI = 13.51) and 12-nitro-N-benzoyldehydroabietylamine (9) (EC50= 0.67 µM, SI = 3.82) were the most active compounds, followed by 12-hydroxy-N-tosyldehydroabietylamine ( 7 ) (EC50 = 3.58 µM, SI = 3.20) and 12-hydroxy-N,N-phthaloyldehydroabietylamine ( 5 ) (EC50 = 7.76 µM, SI = 1.23). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on anti-Zika virus properties of abietanes.

BACKGROUND Despite efforts to mitigate the impact of dengue virus (DENV) epidemics, the virus remains a public health problem in tropical and subtropical regions around the world. Most DENV cases in the Americas between January and July 2019 were reported in Brazil. São Paulo State in the southeast of Brazil has reported nearly half of all DENV infections in the country. OBJECTIVES To understand the origin and dynamics of the 2019 DENV outbreak. METHODS Here using portable nanopore sequencing we generated20 new DENV genome sequences from viremic patients with suspected dengue infection residing in two of the most-affected municipalities of São Paulo State, Araraquara and São José do Rio Preto. We conducted a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis with 1,630 global DENV strains to better understand the evolutionary history of the DENV lineages that currently circulate in the region. FINDINGS The new outbreak strains were classified as DENV2 genotype III (American/Asian genotype). Our analysis shows that the 2019 outbreak is the result of a novel DENV lineage that was recently introduced to Brazil from the Caribbean region. Dating phylogeographic analysis suggests that DENV2-III BR-4 was introduced to Brazil in or around early 2014, possibly from the Caribbean region. MAIN CONCLUSIONS Our study describes the early detection of a newly introduced and rapidly-expanding DENV2 virus lineage in Brazil.

ABSTRACT Zika virus (ZIKV) clinical presentation and frequency/duration of shedding need further clarification. Symptomatic ZIKV-infected individuals identified in two hospitals in Sao Paulo State, Brazil, were investigated regarding clinical characteristics, shedding in body fluids, and serodynamics. Ninety-four of 235 symptomatic patients (Site A: 58%; Site B: 16%) had Real-Time PCR-confirmed ZIKV infection; fever, headache and gastrointestinal symptoms were less frequent, and rash was more frequent compared to ZIKV-negative patients. Real-Time PCR in serum had worse performance compared to plasma, while urine had the highest sensitivity. Shedding in genital fluids and saliva was rare. IgM positivity was the highest <14 days after the symptoms onset (86%), decreasing >28 days (24%); IgG positivity increased >14 days (96%) remaining positive in 94% of patients >28 days. ZIKV prevalence varied importantly in two neighboring cities during the same transmission season. Urine Real-Time PCR can improve diagnostic sensitivity; serum testing is less useful. Accurate serological tests are needed to improve diagnosis and surveillance.

Abstract INTRODUCTION: Neglected infectious diseases like mumps may be opportunistic in controlled areas with low vaccine coverage, particularly in developed and emerging countries. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of mumps-related data from 2001 to 2016 for São Paulo State, Brazil was conducted. RESULTS: From 2014 to 2015, there was an increase of 82% in reported mumps cases in São Paulo, with prevalence of n=49 and 297, respectively in young adults aged 15-29 years. CONCLUSIONS: A booster-shot campaign on MMR vaccination is recommended to prevent the spread of mumps in unvaccinated children and recipients of only the first dose.

ABSTRACTBACKGROUND: It is recognized that hepatitis C virus subtypes (1a, 1b, 2a, 2b, 2c and 3a) originated in Africa and Asia and spread worldwide exponentially during the Second World War (1940) through the transfusion of contaminated blood products, invasive medical and dental procedures, and intravenous drug use. The entry of hepatitis C virus subtypes into different regions occurred at distinct times, presenting exponential growth rates of larger or smaller spread. Our study estimated the growth and spread of the most prevalent subtypes currently circulating in São Paulo.METHODS:A total of 465 non-structural region 5B sequences of hepatitis C virus covering a 14-year time-span were used to reconstruct the population history and estimate the population dynamics and Time to Most Recent Common Ancestor of genotypes using the Bayesian Markov Chain Monte Carlo approach implemented in BEAST (Bayesian evolutionary analysis by sampling tree software/program).RESULTS:Evolutionary analysis demonstrated that the different hepatitis C virus subtypes had distinct growth patterns. The introduction of hepatitis C virus-1a and -3a were estimated to be circa 1979 and 1967, respectively, whereas hepatitis C virus-1b appears to have a more ancient entry, circa 1923. Hepatitis C virus-1b phylogenies suggest that different lineages circulate in São Paulo, and four well-supported groups (i.e., G1, G2, G3 and G4) were identified. Hepatitis C virus-1a presented the highest growth rate (r = 0.4), but its spread became less marked after the 2000s. Hepatitis C virus-3a grew exponentially until the 1990s and had an intermediate growth rate (r = 0.32). An evident exponential growth (r = 0.26) was found for hepatitis C virus-1b between 1980 and the mid-1990s.CONCLUSIONS:After an initial period of exponential growth, the expansion of the three main subtypes began to decrease. Hepatitis C virus-1b presented inflated genetic diversity, and its transmission may have been sustained by different generations and transmission routes other than blood transfusion. Hepatitis C virus-1a and -3a showed no group stratification, most likely due to their recent entry.

Natalizumabe é atualmente uma das melhores opções para o tratamento de pacientes com Esclerose Múltipla que não respondem aos tratamentos tradicionais. No entanto, o seu uso prolongado, o uso de terapia imunossupressora prévia e o status sorológico antivírus JC têm sido associados com o risco aumentado de desenvolvimento de Leucoencefalopatia Multifocal Progressiva (LEMP). A avaliação destas condições tem sido utilizada para estimar os riscos do desenvolvimento de LEMP nestes pacientes, e abordagens distintas (por vezes extremas) são empregadas para evitar o aparecimento dessa patologia. Atualmente, o grande desafio está em obter um equilíbrio entre os riscos e os benefícios do tratamento com Natalizumabe. Assim, é crucial desenvolver estratégias para monitorar pacientes portadores do vírus JC sob tratamento com Natalizumabe. A título de ilustração, pesquisamos o vírus no sangue e na urina de um paciente sob tratamento durante 12 meses. Também discutimos a eficácia dos métodos atualmente utilizados para avaliação de riscos e as implicações reais de reativação viral.

Natalizumab is currently one of the best options for treatment of patients with Multiple Sclerosis who have failed traditional prior therapies. However, prolonged use, prior immunosuppressive therapy and anti-JCV antibody status have been associated with increased risk of developing progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML). The evaluation of these conditions has been used to estimate risks of PML in these patients, and distinct (sometimes extreme) approaches are used to avoid the PML onset. At this time, the biggest issue facing the use of Natalizumab is how to get a balance between the risks and the benefits of the treatment. Hence, strategies for monitor JCV-positive patients undergoing Natalizumab treatment are deeply necessary. To illustrate it, we monitored JCV/DNA in blood and urine of a patient receiving Natalizumab for 12 months. We also bring to discussion the effectiveness of the current methods used for risk evaluation, and the real implications of viral reactivation.

A esclerose múltipla é a doença inflamatória auto-imune mais comum do sistema nervoso central. Sua etiologia já foi creditada apresentar tanto causas genéticas quanto ambientais. Vários vírus já foram implicados como desencadeadores desta doença e existem inúmeros trabalhos fazendo correlação entre a família Herpesviridae e a patogênese da esclerose múltipla. As características mais importantes dos Herpesviridae são as de apresentarem períodos de latência e exacerbação e terem como seu principal santuário biológico o sistema nervoso central. O vírus Epstein-Barr, o citomegalovírus, o herpesvirus tipo 6 e herpesvirus tipo 7 são os membros mais estudados como desencadeadores da esclerose múltipla. Conforme as evidencias que a literatura apresenta a família Herpesviridae está fortemente envolvida na patogênese da esclerose múltipla, porém é pouco provável que sejam os únicos responsáveis pelo seu início. É provável que esta doença apresente inúmeros desencadeadores e mais estudos são necessários para determinar estas interações.

Multiple sclerosis is the most common autoimmune inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system, and its etiology is believed to have both genetic and environmental components. Several viruses have already been implicated as triggers and there are several studies that implicate members of the Herpesviridae family in the pathogenesis of MS. The most important characteristic of these viruses is that they have periods of latency and exacerbations within their biological sanctuary, the central nervous system. The Epstein-Barr, cytomegalovirus, human herpesvirus 6 and human herpesvirus 7 viruses are the members that are most studied as being possible triggers of multiple sclerosis. According to evidence in the literature, the herpesvirus family is strongly involved in the pathogenesis of this disease, but it is unlikely that they are the only component responsible for its development. There are probably multiple triggers and more studies are necessary to investigate and define these interactions.