Abstract Butia eriospatha is an endemic palm species from the Atlantic Rainforest in Brazil, a biodiversity hotspot. This species is currently listed in the IUCN red list as vulnerable and lacks specific plastid markers for population genetics studies. In addition, the evolutionary relationship within the genus Butia is not yet well resolved. Here, we sequenced and characterized the complete plastid genome (plastome) sequence of B. eriospatha. The complete plastome sequence is 154,048 bp in length, with the typical quadripartite structure. This plastome length and genes content is consistent with other six species from tribe Cocoseae. However, the Inverted Repeat (IR) borders show some variation among the analyzed species from this tribe. Species from the Bactridinae (Astrocaryum and Acrocomia) and Elaeidinae (Elaeis) subtribes present the rps19 gene completely duplicated in the IR region. In contrast, all plastomes sequenced from the subtribe Attaleinae (Butia, Cocos, Syagrus) present one complete CDS of rps19 and one partial copy of rps19. The difference in the IR/LSC junctions between Attaleinae and the sister clades Bactridinae + Elaeidinae might be considered an evolutionary signal and the plastome sequence of B. eriopatha may be used in future studies of population genetics and phylogeny.

Abstract The aim of this study was to develop a shoot regeneration protocol for Tectona grandis by examining the effects of pretreatments, regeneration culture medium, adventitious rooting, and acclimatization. The best organogenic potential was achieved when hypocotyls and cotyledonary segments from seedlings germinated on a medium containing TDZ, were cultured for four weeks on MS medium supplemented with BAP/GA3. With TDZ pretreatment during seed germination, up to 70% of the cotyledonary segments (0.5 TDZ pretreatment and 1.0 BAP + 0.5 GA3 during regeneration, mg L-1) and 60% of the hypocotyl explants (0.1 TDZ pretreatment and 1.0 BAP + 0.5 GA3 during regeneration, mg L-1) resulted in shoot regeneration. Finally, 65% of the regenerated shoots rooted, of which 60% were successfully acclimatized ex vitro. Our protocol increases regeneration efficiency for teak and it can serve as a platform for genetic transformation to improve this important tree species.

The shade leaves of coffee (Coffea arabica L.) apparently retain a robust photosynthetic machinery that is comparable to that of sun leaves and can fix CO2 at high rates when subjected to high light intensities. This raises the question of why the coffee plant would construct such a robust photosynthetic machinery despite the low photosynthetic rates achieved by the shade leaves at low light supply. Here, we grew coffee plants at 100% or 10% full sunlight and demonstrated that the shade leaves exhibited faster photosynthetic induction compared with their sun counterparts, in parallel with lower loss of induction states under dim light, and were well protected against short-term sudden increases in light supply (mimicking sunflecks). These findings were linked to similar photosynthetic capacities on a per mass basis (assessed under nonlimiting light), as well as similar extractable activities of some enzymes of the Calvin cycle, including Rubisco, when comparing the shade and sun leaves. On the one hand, these responses might represent an overinvestment of resources given the low photosynthetic rates of the shade leaves when light is limiting; on the other hand, such responses might be associated with a conservative behavior linked to the origin of the species as a shade-dwelling plant, allowing it to maximize the use of the energy from sunflecks and thus ultimately contributing to a positive carbon balance under conditions of intense shading.

A fase de aclimatização é considerada limitante para a maior parte das plantas micropropagadas pelas altas taxas de perdas que podem acarretar. A cultura in vitro tem determinado, para algumas espécies, a alteração de características morfológicas, anatômicas e fisiológicas que dificultam a sua aclimatização. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a sobrevivência de plantas dos porta-enxertos de Prunus Capdeboscq e GF677, e das seleções VP411 e VP417 durante o processo de aclimatização. Brotos com 2-3 cm foram inoculados em meio de cultura Lepoivre, suplementado com 0,1; 0,5; 1,0 e 2,0 mg.L-1 de AIB. Após 15 dias as plantas foram transferidas para bandejas alveoladas contendo substrato comercial Plantmax ®, cobertas com uma lâmina de vidro transparente e mantidas em sala de aclimatização, com temperatura de 27±1ºC, fotoperíodo de 16 horas, intensidade luminosa de 60mmol.m-2.s-1 e posteriormente em câmara de nebulização intermitente. A percentagem de sobrevivência das plantas foi afetada significativamente pela concentração de AIB, pelo genótipo e pela interação concentração de AIB x genótipo. As maiores taxas de sobrevivência foram de 92% para o porta-enxerto Capdeboscq na concentração de 1,0 mg.L-1 de AIB; 80% para a seleção VP417 com 0,5 mg.L-1; 84% para a seleção VP411 e 64% para o porta-enxerto GF677, ambos com 0,1 mg.L-1 de AIB. A formação de calos na base dos explantes afetou negativamente a sobrevivência das plantas.

Acclimatization is a phase of micropropagation associated with frequent losses in plant survival. The in vitro culture conditions may determine in some species, the formation of plants with altered morphology, anatomy and physiology that affect their acclimatization. The objective of the present work was to evaluate the rate of plant survival during acclimatization of the Prunus rootstocks Capdeboscq and GF677, and the selections VP411 and VP417. Shoots of 2-3 cm long were inoculated in rooting Lepoivre medium supplemented with IBA (0.1, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mg.L-1). After 15 days, the plants were transferred to styrofoam trays with cells containing commercial mixed soil Plantmax®. The trays were placed in plastic boxes closed with a transparent glass plate and maintained in acclimatization room in 27±1ºC temperature, light period of 16 hours and 60mmol.m-2.s-1 of light irradiation, and then transferred to intermittent nebulization chamber. The plant survival rate was significantly affected for the IBA treatments, genotype and genotype x IBA concentration interaction. The best survival rates obtained were Capdeboscq (92%) with 1.0 mg.L-1 IBA, VP417 (80%) with 0.5 mg.L-1 IBA, VP411 (84%) and GF677 (64%), respectively with 0.1 mg.L-1 IBA. The callus formation on the basal region of explants negatively affected the plant survival.

A qualidade genética e sanitária das mudas é de fundamental importância para o sucesso da fruticultura moderna. Para o pessegueiro, a micropropagação vem permitindo a produção clonal massal de plantas, com matrizes e mudas de qualidade genética-sanitária comprovada. O presente trabalho objetivou avaliar a taxa de sobrevivência de explantes no estabelecimento in vitro, bem como avaliar o potencial de multiplicação in vitro de porta-enxertos de Prunus. Explantes constituídos por ápices caulinares e gemas laterais dos porta-enxertos Capdeboscq e GF677 e da seleção VP411 foram estabelecidos e multiplicados in vitro em meio de cultura de Lepoivre suplementado com BAP (0,5 mg.L-1). A taxa média de sobrevivência para os porta-enxertos foi 62,9% para ápices caulinares e 58,8% para gemas laterais. Ápices caulinares e gemas laterais apresentaram 14,8% e 29,8% de contaminação, respectivamente. O genótipo afetou significativamente as taxas de multiplicação in vitro. Quanto ao número de brotos por explantes, o porta-enxerto Capdeboscq e a seleção VP411 foram superiores ao porta-enxerto GF677, resultando em 14,7; 16,0 e 10,5 brotos, respectivamente. Para a altura média dos brotos, os porta-enxertos Capdeboscq e GF677 foram superiores à seleção VP411 com 9,3; 8,9 e 7,8 mm, respectivamente. O porta-enxerto Capdeboscq foi superior ao porta-enxerto GF677 e à seleção VP411 na variável número de brotos >20 mm com 2,0; 1,3 e 1,0 brotos, respectivamente.

The success of the modern fruit production depend on the genetic and sanitary quality of plants. For the peach tree culture, micropropagation techniques allow a mass clonal production with high genetic quality plants. The present study aimed to evaluate the explant survival rate during in vitro establishment period, as well as to evaluate the in vitro multiplication potential of Prunus rootstocks. Apexes and lateral buds of the rootstocks Capdeboscq and GF677 and of the selection VP411 were introduced in vitro in the Lepoivre's medium supplemented with BAP (0.5mg.L-1). The mean values of explant survival for the rootstocks were 62.9% and 58.8%, for apexes and lateral buds, respectively. Cultures of apexes and lateral buds showed 14.8% and 29.8% of contamination, respectively. The genotype significantly affected the in vitro multiplication rates. The rootstocks Capdeboscq and GF677, and the selection VP411 showed multiplication rates of 14.7, 10.5 and 16.0 shoots/explant, respectively. As mean values for shoot height of the rootstocks Capdeboscq and GF677 and of the selection VP411, it was observed 9.3, 8.9 and 7.8 mm, respectively. The rootstock Capdeboscq showed superior values as regarded to the number of shoots >20mm as compared to rootstock GF677 and selection VP411 with values of 2.0, 1.3 and 1.0 of shoots, respectively.

A ameixeira 'Santa Rosa' apresenta alta produtividade, ótimo sabor e aparência dos frutos para a comercialização. No entanto, por ser altamente suscetível à escaldadura das folhas (Xylella fastidiosa Wells), esta variedade apresenta problemas de cultivo no sul do Brasil. As técnicas de cultura in vitro permitem propagar e rapidamente espécies de interesse, além de permitir a limpeza de patógenos e a produção de matrizes com qualidade genética e sanitária comprovada. Porém, o uso prático da propagação in vitro requer a otimização das condições de cultura para cada espécie e/ou variedade. Dentre os fatores que mais influenciam a micropropagação, estão as citocininas, com destaque para o BAP. O objetivo principal deste trabalho foi avaliar o potencial de multiplicação in vitro da ameixeira 'Santa Rosa' sob diferentes concentrações de BAP. Após três subculturas em meio MA1, segmentos nodais com 0,5-1,0 cm foram submetidos a diferentes concentrações de BAP (0,5; 1,0; 2,0 e 3,0 mg.L-1). Os resultados mostraram que não ocorreram diferenças significativas no número de brotos para as diferentes concentrações de BAP testadas. No entanto, o maior número de brotos por explante (3,6) obteve-se na concentração de 2,0 mg.L-1 e a maior altura média dos brotos foi obtido na concentração de 0,5 mg.L-1 de BAP. Concentrações maiores que a 0,5 mg.L-1 de BAP inibiram o crescimento dos brotos. A micropropagação da ameixeira 'Santa Rosa' a partir de ápices caulinares e gemas laterais em meio de cultura MA1 mostrou-se eficaz.

The 'Santa Rosa' plum presents high productivity, great flavor and appearance of fruits. However, this cultivar is highly susceptible to the leaf scald (Xylella fastidiosa Wells). This problem is a serious limitation in the orchard management in the South of Brazil. Plant tissue culture techniques allow the mass clonal propagation of disease free and elite genotypes. The practical use of micropropagation techniques relies on the establishment of suitable protocols. Among the factors that affect this efficiency is the correct definition of the cytokynin type and level. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate the in vitro multiplication of 'Santa Rosa' plum under different concentrations of BAP. After three subcultures in the culture medium MA1, nodal segments of 0.5-1.0 cm long were inoculated in culture medium supplemented with different levels of BAP (0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0 mg.L-1). The results showed that there were not significant differences in the multiplication rate affected by BAP. However, that the highest regeneration rate (3.6) was obtained in response to the level 2.0 mg.L-1 of BAP. Also, the largest shoot height value was obtained in response to the level 0.5 mg.L-1 of BAP. The results obtained showed that the micropropagation of 'Santa Rosa' plum is feasible.

Na micropropagação de Prunus sp., o enraizamento tem sido considerado uma fase crítica, pois determina a sobrevivência das plantas durante a aclimatização. Dentre os fatores importantes ao enraizamento in vitro, destacam-se o genótipo e as auxinas por serem determinantes na indução e na formação de raízes. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de diferentes concentrações de IBA no enraizamento in vitro dos porta-enxertos de espécies do gênero Prunus: cultivares Capdeboscq e GF677, e seleções VP411 e VP417. Para o enraizamento in vitro, brotos com 2-3cm de comprimento foram introduzidos em meio de Lepoivre suplementado com 0,1; 0,5; 1,0 e 2,0 mg.L-1 IBA. Observou-se que o porta-enxerto 'Capdeboscq' apresentou maior taxa de enraizamento e maior número de raízes in vitro, sendo superior aos demais genótipos quanto a estas características. O nível de 1,0 mg.L-1 de IBA esteve associado à maior taxa média de enraizamento (100%, 64% e 64,0%, respectivamente) para os porta-enxertos 'Capdeboscq', 'GF677' e VP411. O nível de 2,0 mg.L-1 de IBA foi superior para a seleção VP417 com taxa de 64% de enraizamento. Para os porta-enxertos 'Capdeboscq' e 'GF677', o número máximo de raízes foi de 9,6 e 5,2 raízes por broto, respectivamente, em resposta ao nível de 2,0 mg.L-1 de IBA, enquanto as seleções VP411 e VP417 apresentaram o maior número de raízes (3,6 e 3,9, respectivamente) em resposta ao nível de 1,0 mg.L-1 de IBA.

In Prunus sp. micropropagation of rooting is considered a critical stage, since it determines the plant survival during the acclimatization. Among important factors associated with rooting, the genotype and the auxins are considered important in the induction and formation of roots. The objective of the present work was to evaluate the effect of different IBA on the in vitro rooting of Prunus rootstocks Capdeboscq and GF677, and the selections VP411 and VP417. For the in vitro rooting stage, shoots of 2-3cm long were inoculated in Lepoivre's medium supplemented with IBA (0.1, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mg.L-1). The results showed that the rootstock Capdeboscq presented the highest in vitro rooting rate as well as root number per shoot. The level of 1.0 mg.L-1 of IBA was associated with rooting rates of 100%, 64% and 64% for the rootstocks Capdeboscq, GF677 and VP411, respectively. The level of 2.0 mg.L-1 of IBA was associated with rooting rates of 64.0% for the selection VP417. For the rootstocks Capdeboscq and GF677, the highest root number per shoot was 9.6 and 5.2, respectively in response to the level 2.0 mg.L-1 of IBA. As for the selections VP411 and VP417 the highest root number (3.6 and 3.9; respectively) was observed in response to the level 1.0 mg.L-1 of IBA.