ABSTRACT A series of arylamidines 3a-j was designed, synthesized and investigated for antimicrobial activity. Structures of the compounds were confirmed by IR, 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR and a 2D spectroscopic study was performed. A preliminary screening of the antimicrobial tests clearly showed that three out of ten arylamidines, viz, 3f, 3g and 3i, were effective against all the gram-negative bacteria: Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella enteric; and against the yeast, candida albicans. Further, the Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MIC) against the bacteria and yeast were determined. All compounds 3a-d, 3f, 3g, 3i and 3j were also investigated for their low cytotoxic effects on tested cell lines. Compounds 3d and 3f were the most effective derivatives against HL-60 and HEp-2 cells, respectively, with IC50 value (2µg/mL), and low normal cells toxicity.

ABSTRACT Phoradendron mucronatum and P. microphyllum are plants that found in tropical and subtropical areas, used in traditional medicine and popularly known as mistle-thrush. The aim of this study was to identify the chemical constituents of different leaf extracts from P. mucronatum and P. microphyllum and assess cytotoxic activity against strains from a human tumour cells. Extracts obtained with hexane, dichloromethane, chloroform and ethyl acetate from the leaves were analysed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and the cytotoxicity was assessed by the MTT method (bromide (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide)). The tested human tumour cells were NCI-H292 (human pulmonar mucoepidermoid carcinoma), MCF-7 (human breast adenocarcinoma) and HEp-2 (epidermoid carcinoma of the larynx). Analysis by GC/MS of the extracts from leaves of P. microphyllum and P. mucronatum detected 51 different compounds, such as alkaloids, diterpenes, triterpenes, sterols, alcohols, aldehydes, fatty acids and hydrocarbons. In the cytotoxic evaluation, hexane and ethyl acetate extracts from the leaves P. microphyllum inhibited cell growth of NCI-H292 strains (72.97%) and HEp-2 (87.53%), respectively. The extracts of P. mucronatum species showed an inhibitory effect towards NCI-H292 (83.19%/hexane), MCF-7 (88.69%/dichloromethane) and HEp-2 (93.40%/hexane). The extracts showed cytotoxic activity against the tested strains, especially the P. mucronatum, which presented the highest percentages of inhibition of cell growth.

Com o objetivo de se estudar o efeito de doses de boro sobre as características morfofisiológicas de sementes e a produção de girassol, cultivar Embrapa V122-2000, instalou-se um experimento em 17/11/2000, em área experimental da UNESP/FCAV, Jaboticabal, SP, em Latossolo Vermelho eutrófico de textura média. O delineamento foi o de blocos casualizados, com cinco doses de boro (0, 1, 2, 3 e 4 kg ha-1) em quatro repetições. Após o florescimento pleno (80-90% de flores abertas) se avaliaram semanalmente, as características das sementes: comprimento, largura e espessura, massa seca, concentração e conteúdo de água, primeira contagem da germinação, germinação final e teor de óleo. Pelos resultados obtidos não se constatou efeito significativo da aplicação de boro nas características das sementes avaliadas aos 49 dias após o florescimento pleno da cultura, o que foi atribuído ao teor inicial de boro no solo, 0,22 mg dm-3 (extraído com solução de BaCl2 1,25 g L-1) que, além de considerado médio, deve ter sido suficiente para o crescimento e desenvolvimento das sementes de girassol. A produtividade média foi de 2.559 kg ha-1.

An experiment was carried out in order to evaluate effects of boron applied to soil on the morphophysiological characteristics of sunflower seed (achene). The experiment was installed on November 17, 2000 in an experimental area at São Paulo State University - UNESP/FCAV, Jaboticabal, SP, in an oxisoil with the sunflower variety Embrapa V122-2000. The experimental design was a completely randomized block, with five doses of boron (0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 kg ha-1) with four replications. After full bloom (80-90% of open flowers), the following characteristics were evaluated during seven weeks: length, width and thickness, seed dry mass, water concentration and content, first counting of germination, final germination and oil content. Seed yield was also evaluated. There was no significant effect of boron application on seed characteristics evaluated 49 days after full bloom, and this result was associated to the initial content of boron in the soil (0.22 mg dm-3 extracted with BaCl2 1.25 g L-1), which is considered an average value. The mean yield of seeds was 2,559 kg ha-1.

O controle estomático é importante propriedade fisiológica por meio da qual as plantas limitam a perda de água, ocasionando reduções na condutância estomática e, geralmente, reduzindo as trocas gasosas como forma de resposta das plantas a diversos fatores, incluindo o estresse hídrico. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a condutância estomática em folhas de feijoeiro submetido a diferentes regimes de irrigação. O experimento foi conduzido no Departamento de Engenharia Rural da Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias de Jaboticabal - SP. As irrigações nos tratamentos foram determinadas em função do esgotamento de água no solo: T1 - irrigado quando esse atingiu 40% da capacidade de água disponível (CAD); T2 - quando atingiu 60% da CAD; T3 - quando atingiu 80% da CAD, e T4 - não irrigado (irrigado somente para favorecer a emergência das plântulas). As medições de condutância estomática foram realizadas diariamente no campo, nas duas faces da folha, utilizando-se de um porômetro. Em todos os tratamentos, em diversas medições, foi observada redução da condutância estomática em resposta a baixos valores de potencial mátrico e a altos valores de déficit de pressão de vapor e vice-versa. As folhas das plantas do tratamento T4, que foram submetidas a menor disponibilidade hídrica no solo, apresentaram os menores valores de condutância estomática durante os estádios do florescimento e enchimento de grãos.

Stomatal control is an important physiological process for plants to reduce water loss. It causes reduction in stomatal conductance and generally in gas exchanges, as a response of several factors including water stress. The objective of this study was to determine the stomatal conductance of bean leaves submitted to different irrigation regimes. Field experiment was conducted at the São Paulo State University, in Jaboticabal, Brazil. Irrigation of the treatments occurred when available water capacity in the soil decreased to 40; 60 and 80% (respectively, treatments T1, T2 and T3), while irrigation in T4 occurred only to assure seedling emergence. Direct measurements of stomatal conductance were taken every day under field conditions in both adaxial and abaxial leaf surfaces using porometer. In all treatments, several measurements showed reduced stomatal conductance in response to low values of matric potential and high values of vapor pressure deficit (DPV) and vice-versa. The lowest values of stomatal conductance of T4 leaves, taken from plants under the most restrictive water supply regime tested in this study, were observed during the period of plant flowering and grain development.

O objetivo do trabalho foi verificar os indicadores de estresse hídrico, bem como seu efeito na cultura do feijão, por meio da condutância estomática. O experimento foi realizado na Área Experimental de Irrigação da Universidade Estadual Paulista - Jaboticabal, no ano agrícola de 2000. Foram estudados quatro tratamentos de irrigação com níveis crescentes de ETm: (T1) ETm acumulada = 22 mm; (T2) ETm acumulada = 33 mm; (T3) ETm acumulada = 44 mm; (T4) ausência de irrigação. Nas plantas com suprimento adequado de água, os maiores valores de condutância estomática ocorreram por volta do meio-dia solar, atingindo cerca de 159 e 174 mmol m-2 s-1, para T1 e T2, respectivamente, enquanto nos tratamentos T3 e T4, os maiores valores encontrados foram de 83 e 52 mmol m-2 s-1, respectivamente. A condutância estomática ao longo do ciclo apresentou valor máximo de 165 mmol m-2 s-1 para o tratamento T4, enquanto para T1 e T2 os valores máximos obtidos variaram de 179 a 183 mmol m-2 s-1. A temperatura da folha e a transpiração apresentaram estreita relação com a resistência estomática, enquanto a radiação fotossinteticamente ativa não diferiu entre os tratamentos.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the water deficit and its effects on the beans crop by the stomatal conductance as water deficit indicator. This study was carried out at the Experimental Irrigation Station of the São Paulo State University - Jaboticabal, during the 2000 agricultural seasons year. Four irrigation treatments with growing levels of ETm were studied: (T1) accumulated ETm = 22 mm; (T2) accumulated ETm = 33 mm; (T3) accumulated ETm = 44 mm; (T4) irrigation absence. In plants with appropriate supply of water, the stomatal conductance along the cycle presented maximum value around the solar noon, reaching 159 and 174 mmol m-2 s-1 for the treatment T1 and T2, respectivelly, and values of 83 and 52 mmol m-2 s-1 for the T3 and T4, respectivelly. The stomatal conductance along the cycle presented maximum value of 165 mmol m-2 s-1 for the treatment T4, while T1 and T2 obtained maximum values varied from 179 to 183 mmol m-2 s-1. The leaf temperature and the transpiration showed relation with the stomatal conductance while the photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) did not differ among the treatments.

Esta pesquisa foi realizada com o intuito de se avaliar o sistema radicular em diferentes profundidades e o crescimento da parte aérea de três cultivares de alfafa (Medicago sativa L.), cultivadas em tubos preenchidos com areia, em casa-de-vegetação. Na semeadura, utilizaram-se sementes inoculadas com rizóbio específico. Os tubos foram irrigados com água e/ou solução de Hoagland 50% (uma vez por semana). Utilizou-se o delineamento inteiramente casualizado com três cultivares e cinco repetições para as variáveis referentes à parte aérea, e em parcelas subdivididas para as variáveis relativas ao sistema radicular. As plantas foram avaliadas aos 70 e 124 dias após a semeadura (DAS). Constataram-se diferenças significativas na altura das plantas das cultivares Crioula e Xai-32, aos 70 DAS, e entre a Crioula e 5454, aos 124 DAS. Houve diferença significativa entre as cultivares Xai-32 e 5454 aos 70 DAS, para as variáveis número de folhas e de ramos. Constatou-se diferença significativa entre as médias de densidade de comprimento radicular da primeira camada e as camadas inferiores, nas duas avaliações. As três cultivares de alfafa não diferiram entre si quanto ao número total de nódulos e à razão parte aérea / raiz.

The main objective of this research was to evaluate the root system in different depths and the canopy growth of three alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) cultivars grown in tubes filled with sand, under greenhouse conditions. The sowing was performed using inoculated seeds. All tubes were irrigated with water and or Hoagland solution - 50%, once a week. A completely randomized design was used with three cultivars and five replications for canopy evaluation, and a split-plot (depths) for the root system evaluation. The plants were evaluated 70 and 124 days after sowing (DAS). Significant differences were observed for plant height of Crioula and Xai-32 cultivars at 70 DAS and between cultivar Crioula and 5454 at 124 DAS. Leaf and branch number of cultivars Xai-32 and 5454 were different at 70 DAS. Root length density in the first soil layer differed from those of the lower depths in both evaluations. There was no significant difference among the three cultivars in total number of nodules and in the shoot/root ratio.

Guazuma ulmifolia Lam., conhecida como mutamba, é uma espécie arbórea característica dos estádios iniciais da sucessão secundária, com ampla ocorrência natural no Brasil. Possui grande potencial para recuperação ambiental de áreas degradadas. Neste trabalho, conduziram-se dois experimentos, nos quais as sementes foram extraídas e escarificadas antes da instalação dos testes de germinação. O primeiro experimento foi desenvolvido com sementes colhidas em outubro de 1995 e teve por objetivo definir as temperaturas cardeais para a germinação das sementes. Foram testadas as temperaturas de 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40 e 45 ºC, sob fotoperíodo de oito horas. Os resultados mostraram que a temperatura mínima é próxima de 10 ºC, a máxima se situa entre 35 e 40 ºC e as temperaturas de 25 e 30 ºC encontram-se dentro da faixa ótima. No segundo experimento, visou-se avaliar o requerimento fotoblástico de sementes recém-colhidas (colheita de outubro de 1996) e armazenadas em câmara seca por um ano (colheita de outubro de 1995). Os testes de germinação foram conduzidos a 30 ºC e as sementes recém-colhidas tiveram a germinação promovida pelas luzes branca e vermelha, mas inibida pela luz vermelha-extrema e ausência de luz. As sementes armazenadas, entretanto, revelaram-se insensíveis à luz.

Guazuma ulmifolia Lam. (Sterculiaceae) is a typical tree species of the initial stages of secondary succession in Brazil, with potential for use in restoring degraded areas. Two experiments were carried out in this work, in which seeds were extracted and scarified before conducting the germination tests. The first experiment was conducted with seeds harvested in October 1995 and aimed to determine the cardinal temperatures for seed germination. Constant temperatures of 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40 and 45 ºC were tested under an eight hour photoperiod. The results showed that the minimum temperature is around 10 ºC, the maximum between 35 and 40 ºC, while 25 and 30 ºC temperatures are within the optimum range. The second experiment aimed to evaluate the photoblastic requirement of both freshly harvested (October 1996) and one year dry stored (harvested in October 1995) seeds. Germination tests were conducted at 30 ºC. The results showed that germination of freshly harvested seeds was promoted either by white or by red light, but inhibited by infra-red light or by darkness. Stored seeds, however, were insensitive to light.