Abstract This article presents a formulation for the optimization problem that minimizes the CO2 emission of pile caps with variations of geometry and pile position. The problem is defined by the design variables: concrete pile cap dimensions, rebar ratio, concrete compressive strength, the number of piles, the diameter, and length. The environmental impact was chosen as the objective function, taking CO2 emission as the main parameter. The design procedure was based on the ABNT NBR 6118:2014 (2014), and by the formulation proposed by Blévot & Frémy (1967). Also, the soil structure interaction between the cap and the piles was considered in the optimization problem. The problem was implemented using MATLAB (2016) and solved via a Genetic Algorithm native to the program. Results obtained from numerical examples were compared with structural designs solutions located in the Grande Vitória metropolitan area, Espírito Santo, Brazil and validated with a commercial software. The analyses indicate that design optimizations of pile caps considering the compressive strength of concrete, the diameter and length of piles and the optimal geometry of the pile caps may lead to significant reductions of material consumption, and consequently, a reduction of environmental impacts.

ABSTRACT Objective: To present the methodology used in the development of two products for maternal health surveillance and its determinants and discuss their possible uses. Methods: Based on a theoretical model of the determinants of maternal death and databases of Brazilian health information systems, two free products were developed: an interactive panel “surveillance of maternal health” and an educational material “Aparecida: a story about the vulnerability of Brazilian women to maternal death”, both available on the website of the Brazilian Obstetric Observatory. Results: More than 30 indicators were calculated for the period 2012-2020, containing information on socioeconomic conditions and access to health services, reproductive planning, prenatal care, delivery care, conditions of birth and maternal mortality and morbidity. The indicators related to severe maternal morbidity in public hospitalizations stand out, calculated for the first time for the country. The panel allows analysis by municipality or aggregated by health region, state, macro-region and country; historical series analysis; and comparisons across locations and with benchmarks. Information quality data are presented and discussed in an integrated manner with the indicators. In the educational material, visualizations with national and international data are presented, aiming to help in the understanding of the determinants of maternal death and facilitate the interpretation of the indicators. Conclusion: It is expected that the two products have the potential to expand epidemiological surveillance of maternal health and its determinants, contributing to the formulation of health policies and actions that promote women’s health and reduce maternal mortality.

RESUME Objetivo: Apresentar a metodologia utilizada no desenvolvimento de dois produtos para a vigilância da saúde materna e seus determinantes e discutir as suas possíveis utilizações. Métodos: A partir de modelo teórico dos determinantes do óbito materno e bases de dados dos sistemas de informação em saúde brasileiros, foram desenvolvidos dois produtos gratuitos: um painel interativo denominado “Vigilância da saúde materna” e um material educativo chamado “Aparecida: uma história sobre a vulnerabilidade da mulher brasileira à morte materna”, ambos disponíveis no site do Observatório Obstétrico Brasileiro. Resultados: Foram calculados mais de 30 indicadores para o período 2012-2020, contendo informações sobre condições socioeconômicas e de acesso a serviços de saúde, planejamento reprodutivo, assistência pré-natal, assistência ao parto, condições de nascimento e mortalidade e morbidade materna. Destacam-se os indicadores relacionados à morbidade materna grave em internações públicas, calculados pela primeira vez para o país. O painel permite análises por município ou agregadas por região de saúde, unidade da federação, macrorregião e país; análises de série histórica; e comparações entre localidades e com padrões de referência. Dados de qualidade da informação são apresentados e discutidos de forma integrada aos indicadores. No material educativo, visualizações com dados nacionais e internacionais são apresentadas, visando auxiliar na compreensão dos determinantes do óbito materno e facilitar a interpretação dos indicadores. Conclusão: Espera-se que os produtos tenham o potencial de ampliar a vigilância epidemiológica da saúde materna e seus determinantes, contribuindo para a formulação de políticas e ações de saúde que promovam a saúde das mulheres e reduzam a mortalidade materna.

ABSTRACT Agroecological management is considered a model of sustainable agriculture that offers social, environmental and economic benefits. The hypotheses of this study were that agroecological production systems can promote changes in the physical fractions of soil organic matter (SOM) associated with aggregates of different origins, and that the greater diversity of plant species in the production system may favour an increase in the carbon concentration of these aggregates. The aim of this study was to a) determine the mass of the free light fraction (FLF), intra-aggregate light fraction (ILF) and light organic matter fraction (LOM) of biogenic and physiogenic soil aggregates; and b) quantify the organic carbon content of the three light SOM fractions and the residual particulate SOM fraction. Five production systems were evaluated: AgF - Agroforestry system; CSun - Coffee grown in full sun; CSha - Coffee grown in shade; FLE - Flemingia grown in alleys; and NT - No-tillage. The aggregates were separated, identified and classified according to their origin or formation pathway into biogenic (formed by biological processes) or physiogenic aggregates (resulting from chemical and physical actions). From these, the mass and carbon content of the FLF, ILF, LOM and residual particulate fractions were quantified. The greater diversity of plant species found in the AgF system has not yet favoured an increase in the carbon content of the aggregates. The longer set-up time and the management practices of the CSun system has led to an increase in the carbon content of the organic fractions of the aggregates (3.44-1.63 g kg-1 for C-LOM; 1.93-1.13 g kg-1 for C-FLF). The lowest overall mean values for LOM and ILF were found mainly in the aggregates of the NT system (1.22-1.67 and 1.55-2.20 g kg-1, respectively), being associated with the shorter time and greater mobilisation of the arable layer. Biogenic aggregation afforded the highest overall mean values for LOM, and increased the mass of the light fractions (15.5%-27.8% for FLF; 23.4%-8.0% for ILF) and the carbon in the C-LOM, C-FLF and residual particulate fractions (42.3%, 12.9%, and 35.0%, respectively) in the surface layer, suggesting an improvement in soil quality.

ABSTRACT Leaf litter decomposition and the release of nutrients from macauba palm leaves play a major role in nutrient return to the soil in a conservation environment. This study evaluated macauba palm leaf decomposition, macronutrient contents and biochemical composition under contrasting water conditions in the Brazilian Cerrado. Macauba leaves were collected from plants in two different environments (low and high water table conditions), placed in litter bags and evaluated according to their decomposition, macronutrients, lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose for 420 days. In addition, green and dry leaves were collected for macronutrient analyses. Litter decomposition ranged between 49 % and 59 % up to 180 days. The half-life of litter ranged from 141 to 198 days. The leaf litter decomposition of macauba was practically stable during the dry season, whereas at the beginning of the rainy season, decomposition resumed. Nitrogen, P and S were higher in the green leaves, whereas the Ca levels were higher in the dry leaves. In addition, the K levels were twofold higher in the green leaves than in the dry leaves. Lignin release from macauba residues was slower than cellulose and hemicellulose. The decomposition rates of hemicellulose were higher initially due to its high solubility, although it gradually decreased with the decomposition process. Lignin decomposition was also higher at the beginning of the process but stabilized during the drought period. The study indicates that the decomposition process and nutrient cycling of macauba are influenced by its biochemical composition.

Resumo Pesquisadores devem decidir sobre como modelar a resposta não linear do material em uma simulação com Elementos Finitos para avaliar a vulnerabilidade sísmica. Esse trabalho pretende auxiliar nessa tomada de decisão ao comparar os modelos de Fibra e de Plasticidade Concentrada em Elementos Finitos em análises não lineares estáticas e dinâmicas de um pórtico em concreto armado. A metodologia é baseada na engenharia de desempenho sísmico (PBEE) para determinar o dano nas estruturas. Os resultados indicam que os dois modelos apresentam uma boa correspondência em uma análise estática, e ao considerar os Estados Limite de Dano Extensivo e Completo na análise dinâmica. A escolha entre os dois depende dos objetivos principais do pesquisador e dos recursos disponíveis, já que eles apresentam uma significativa diferença no tempo de processamento. sísmica armado PBEE (PBEE estruturas estática dinâmica disponíveis processamento

Abstract Researchers must decide on how they will model the non-linear material response in a Finite Element simulation to assess seismic vulnerability. This paper aims at giving an insight into these modelling decisions by comparing Fiber and Lumped Plasticity Finite Element Models in static and dynamic non-linear analysis in a RC frame. The methodology is based on the performance-based earthquake engineering to determine the expected damage on structures. The results indicate that both models are in good agreement with the static analysis, and when considering Extensive and Complete Damage Limit States on the dynamic analysis. The choice between them depends on the main goals of the research and resources available, since they have a significant difference in processing time. nonlinear non linear vulnerability frame performancebased performance structures available time

The release of pesticides caused an increase in sales, as well as inspection through control carried out by the government of Mato Grosso. The increasing consumption of pesticides can have a positive effect on the productivity and yield of extensively produced crops. Knowing the effects of using pesticides can help producers and governments in developing policies for the development of the soybean and corn production chain. The objective of the work is to evaluate the effects of the commercialization of pesticides provided by decree 10,833/21 and the relationship with the productivity of soybean and corn crops in Mato Grosso. To carry out this research, data on quantity produced, planted and harvested area, production value and yield kg/hectare were consulted, provided by the Matogrossense Institute of Agricultural Economics - IMEA. Information on pesticide registration was obtained from the INDEA-MT trade report. The estimator used was the difference-in-differences model. The results presented show that after the approval of decree 10,833/21, releasing pesticides, there was an increase in average productivity, that is, the yield in kg/hectare, considering the two crops of soybean and corn by 10.94% in municipalities that produce both crops in Mato Grosso. When considering estimates per bag/hectare, the yield rises to 17%. This demonstrates that the decree provided greater commercialization and, consequently, greater application of pesticides, considerably improving the productivity of soybean and corn crops.

A liberação de agrotóxicos provocou aumento na comercialização, como também, a fiscalização por meio do controle realizado pelo governo de Mato Grosso. O consumo cada vez maior de agrotóxicos pode produzir um efeito positivo na produtividade e no rendimento das culturas de produção extensiva. Conhecer os efeitos da utilização dos agrotóxicos pode auxiliar produtores e governo na elaboração de políticas para o desenvolvimento da cadeia produtiva de soja e milho. O objetivo do trabalho é avaliar os efeitos da comercialização de agrotóxicos proporcionados pelo decreto 10.833/21 e a relação com produtividade das culturas de soja e milho em Mato Grosso. Para a realização dessa pesquisa, foram consultados dados de quantidade produzida, área plantada e colhida, valor da produção e rendimento kg/hectare disponibilizados pelo Instituto Matogrossense de Economia Agropecuária - IMEA. As informações sobre registro de agrotóxicos foram obtidas por relatório de comércio do INDEA-MT. O estimador utilizado foi o modelo de diferenças em diferenças. Os resultados apresentados dão conta de que após a aprovação do decreto 10.833/21, de liberação de agrotóxicos, houve um aumento da produtividade média, ou seja, o rendimento em kg/hectare, considerando as duas culturas de soja e milho em 10.94% nos municípios que produzem ambas as culturas em Mato Grosso. Ao se considerar as estimações por sacas/hectare, o rendimento sobre para 17%. Isso demonstra que o decreto proporcionou uma maior comercialização e por consequência, uma maior aplicação de pesticidas, melhorando consideravelmente a produtividade das lavouras de soja e milho.

Objectives: To summarize evidence-based cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) treatment and propose clinical interventions for adult patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Methods: The literature on CBT interventions for adult OCD, including BT and exposure and response prevention, was systematically reviewed to develop updated clinical guidelines for clinicians, providing comprehensive details about the necessary procedures for the CBT protocol. We searched the literature from 2013-2020 in five databases (PubMed, Cochrane, Embase, PsycINFO, and Lilacs) regarding study design, primary outcome measures, publication type, and language. Selected articles were assessed for quality with validated tools. Treatment recommendations were classified according to levels of evidence developed by the American College of Cardiology and the American Heart Association. Results: We examined 44 new studies used to update the 2013 American Psychiatric Association guidelines. High-quality evidence supports CBT with exposure and response prevention techniques as a first-line treatment for OCD. Protocols for Internet-delivered CBT have also proven efficacious for adults with OCD. Conclusion: High-quality scientific evidence supports the use of CBT with exposure and response prevention to treat adults with OCD.

The extinction of the National Council for Food and Nutritional Security (Consea), in January 2019, through provisional measure no. 870/2019, represented the dismantling of food policies, such as the Food Acquisition Program (PAA). This article aims to analyze the effects of provisional measure 870/2019 on the basic food basket in Brazilian capitals. For the construction of the panel, monthly data on the basic basket of 16 Brazilian capitals were collected over the years 2016 to 2022 of the DIEESE. From the data collected on the basic food basket and the minimum wage, analysis variables were constructed for the number of hours of work required to acquire the basic food basket (quanthrs), commitment index of the basic food basket in relation to the minimum wage (ICR), cost family with food (CFA) and the necessary minimum wage (SMN). The econometric model used was the panel data model with fixed effects. The results indicated an increase in the cost of the basic basket of around 45%, the CFA resulted in R$699.00 and the amount in 15 hours. additional costs to purchase a basic basket, this means that Brazilian families are spending more effort to buy the minimum to eat. The ICR increased by 14% and the necessary minimum wage would need to be readjusted by more than 30% to guarantee and pay for food, clothing, housing, hygiene and transportation.

A extinção do Conselho Nacional de Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional (Consea), em janeiro de 2019, através da medida provisória no. 870/2019, representou o desmonte das políticas alimentares, tais como o Programa de aquisição de Alimentos (PAA). O presente artigo tem por objetivo analisar os efeitos da medida provisória 870/2019 sobre a cesta básica nas capitais brasileiras. Para a construção do painel, foram coletados dados mensais de cesta básica de 16 capitais brasileiras ao longo dos anos de 2016 a 2022 do DIEESE. A partir dos dados coletados de cesta básica e salário-mínimo foram construídas variáveis de análise de quantidade de horas necessárias de trabalho para aquisição da cesta básica (quanthrs), índice de comprometimento da cesta básica em relação ao salário-mínimo (ICR), custo familiar com alimentação (CFA) e salário-mínimo necessário (SMN). O modelo econométrico utilizado foi o modelo de dados em painel com efeitos fixos. Os resultados indicaram aumento no custo da cesta básica da ordem de 45%, o CFA resultou em R$699,00 e a quanthrs em 15 hrs. adicionais para adquirir uma cesta básica, isso significa que as famílias brasileiras estão gastando mais esforços para comprar o mínimo para comer. O ICR aumentou em 14% e o salário mínimo necessário precisaria ser reajustado em mais de 30% para garantir e custear alimentação, vestuário, habitação, higiene e transporte.

The carbon footprint (CP) emerged with the aim of managing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and is one of several ways to measure its impacts. This work aims to evaluate the carbon footprint in the soybean and corn agricultural sector in Mato Grosso. The estimate was calculated taking into account individual carbon footprints from the use of fertilizer, electricity for irrigation, N2O emissions and from the use of pesticides. The estimate was made for the period from 2004 to 2022. The methodology used was based on the work of cheng et al. (2011). When analyzing the results of the annual Carbon Footprint, a reduction of values ​​in carbon intensity per quantity produced to 0.21980 in hectares can be seen. When comparing the results obtained by Cheng et al. (2011), the average production intensity for the period from 1993 to 2007 was 0.110 tonC/ton while the average in the state of Mato Grosso for the soybean crop, in the period between 2004 to 2022, was 0.21980 tonC /ton . When considering the corn crop, the carbon intensity results per amount produced were even lower compared to soybeans, 0.08224 tonC/ton., which demonstrates that crop rotation is too important when measuring the carbon footprint in the agricultural sector.

A pegada de carbono (PC) surgiu com o intuito de administrar as emissões de gases de efeito estufa (GEE) e é uma das várias formas de se medir seus impactos. Este trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar a pegada de carbono no setor agrícola da soja e milho em Mato Grosso. A estimativa foi calculada levando em consideração as pegadas de carbono individuais do uso de fertilizante, eletricidade para irrigação, das emissões de N2O e advindas do uso de agrotóxicos. A estimativa foi feita para o período de 2004 a 2022. A metodologia utilizada baseou-se no trabalho de cheng et al. (2011). Ao analisar os resultados da Pegada de Carbono anual, percebe-se uma redução de valores em intensidade de carbono por quantidade produzida para 0,21980 em hectares. Ao comparar os resultados obtidos por Cheng et al. (2011), a intensidade em produção média para o período de 1993 a 2007 foi de 0,110 tonC/ton enquanto que a média no estado de Mato Grosso para a cultura da soja, no período entre 2004 a 2022, foi de 0,21980 tonC/ton. Ao considerar a cultura do milho, os resultados de intensidade de carbono por quantidade produzida foram ainda menores se comparados aos da soja, 0,08224 tonC/ton., o que demonstra que a rotação de culturas é demasiado importante ao medir a pegada de carbono no setor agrícola.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGvHD) not only remains the main cause of late mortality after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplant, but also has the capacity of causing severe organ impairment in those who survive. The Notch, a highly conserved ligand-receptor pathway, is involved in many immunological processes, including inflammatory and regulatory responses. Recently, mouse models have shown that the blockage of canonical Notch signaling prevents GvHD. Objective and Method: Due to the lack of data on the Notch pathway in human chronic GvHD, we sought to study the expression of NOTCH components in primary samples of patients who received allo-HCT and presented active cGvHD or a long-term clinical tolerance to cGvHD. Results: Our results showed a significantly lower expression of NOTCH components in both groups that received allo-HCT, independently of their cGvHD status, when compared to healthy controls. Conclusion: Moreover, there were no differences in gene expression levels between the active cGvHD and clinically tolerant groups. To our knowledge, this is one of the first studies performed in human primary samples and our data indicate that much remains to be learned regarding NOTCH signaling as a new regulator of GvHD. Introduction graftversushost graft versus host (cGvHD transplant survive ligandreceptor ligand receptor processes responses Recently GvHD Method alloHCT allo HCT longterm long term Results alloHCT, HCT, status controls Conclusion Moreover knowledge

Abstract The spectrum of neuropsychiatric phenomena observed in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is wide and not fully understood. Disorders of laughter and crying stand among the most common manifestations. The aim of this study is to report the results of an educational consensus organized by the Brazilian Academy of Neurology to evaluate the definitions, phenomenology, diagnosis, and management of the disorders of laughter and crying in ALS patients. Twelve members of the Brazilian Academy of Neurology - considered to be experts in the field - were recruited to answer 12 questions about the subject. After exchanging revisions, a first draft was prepared. A face-to-face meeting was held in Fortaleza, Brazil on 9.23.22 to discuss it. The revised version was subsequently emailed to all members of the ALS Scientific Department from the Brazilian Academy of Neurology and the final revised version submitted for publication. The prevalence of pseudobulbar affect/pathological laughter and crying (PBA/PLC) in ALS patients from 15 combined studies and 3906 patients was 27.4% (N = 1070), ranging from 11.4% to 71%. Bulbar onset is a risk factor but there are limited studies evaluating the differences in prevalence among the different motor neuron diseases subtypes, including patients with and without frontotemporal dementia. Antidepressants and a combination of dextromethorphan and quinidine (not available in Brazil) are possible therapeutic options. This group of panelists acknowledge the multiple gaps in the current literature and reinforces the need for further studies.

Resumo O espectro de fenômenos neuropsiquiátricos observados na ELA é amplo e não completamente entendido. Desordens do riso e do choro estão entre as manifestações mais comuns. O objetivo deste estudo é relatar os resultados de um Consenso organizado pela Academia Brasileira de Neurologia para avaliar definições, fenomenologia, diagnóstico, e manejo dos distúrbios do riso e do choro em pacientes com ELA. Doze membros da Academia Brasileira de Neurologia – considerados experts na área – foram recrutados para responder 12 questões na temática. Depois da verificação das revisões, um primeiro manuscrito foi preparado. Após, foi realizado um encontro presencial em Fortaleza, Brasil, em 23/09/2022, para discussão do conteúdo. A versão revisada foi posteriormente enviada por e-mail para todos os membros do Departamento Científico de DNM/ELA da Academia Brasileira de Neurologia e a versão final revisada foi submetida para publicação. A prevalência da síndrome pseudobulbar em pacientes com ELA em 15 estudos combinados com 3906 pacientes foi de 27,4% (n = 1070), variando entre 11,4% e 71%. Início bulbar é um fator de risco, mas há limitados estudos avaliando as diferenças em prevalência entre os diferentes subtipos de Doença do Neurônio Motor, incluindo pacientes com e sem Demência Frontotemporal. Antidepressivos e uma combinação de dextrometorfana e quinidina (indisponíveis no Brasil) são opções terapêuticas possíveis. Esse grupo de panelistas reconhece as múltiplas demandas não atendidas na literatura atual e reforça a necessidade de futuros estudos.

Abstract This study aimed at describing community health agents’ representational structure on domestic violence against women. A quantitative-qualitative research study based on the Theory of Social Representations in its structural approach and carried out in a municipality from inland Bahia, Brazil. The community health agents participated through free evocation and centrality techniques: choix-par-bloc, constitution of word pairs and mise-en-cause, from May to August 2019. Data analysis was carried out by means of the EVOC software (Ensemble of Programs Permettant I’analyse des Evocations), similarity analysis and mise-en-cause analysis. These professionals’ representational structure is organized from the central elements of disrespect and sadness, which attribute negative meanings to the representation regarding their positions and repercussions; the other elements integrate specific information to the structure of the representations, justifying them. It is concluded that the understanding regarding organization of the community agents’ social thinking about the phenomenon allows its problematization, as well as the elaboration of prevention and coping strategies for women in situations of violence, the aggressors and the community.

Resumo Este estudo objetivou descrever a estrutura representacional de agentes comunitários de saúde sobre violência doméstica contra a mulher. Pesquisa quanti-qualitativa fundamentada na Teoria das Representações Sociais na abordagem estrutural. Participaram 107 agentes comunitárias de saúde vinculadas a 18 Unidades de Saúde da Família de um município do interior da Bahia, Brasil, durante os meses de maio a agosto de 2019. A coleta de dados ocorreu por meio das técnicas de evocações livres e de centralidade: choix-par-bloc, constituição de pares de palavras e mise-en-cause. Para a análise dos dados, utilizou-se o software EVOC (Ensemble de Programmes Permettant I’analyse des Evocations), análise de similitude e análise do mise-en-cause. A estrutura representacional das profissionais se organiza a partir dos elementos centrais desrespeito e tristeza, que atribuem à representação sentidos negativos relativos a seus posicionamentos e suas repercussões. Conclui-se que a organização do pensamento social das agentes comunitárias sobre o fenômeno apresenta uma dimensão atitudinal e afetiva que fortalece a elaboração de estratégias de enfrentamento a situação de violência contra mulheres, agressores e comunidade.

SUMMARY: The COVID-19 pandemic caused several changes in the teaching of human anatomy, among them the use of different teaching methodologies based on E-learning. However, studies evaluating electronic tools have not provided clear evidence of effective student learning. Thus, this was the first study to evaluate medical students after completing human anatomy courses in the E- learning modality. We recruited first term (Group A, n=25) and second term (Group B, n=13) medical students. We applied a practical assessment based on 50 human anatomy markingson real anatomical specimens and cadavers, to be completed in Questionnaire 01 (Phase I). After detecting low scores on Questionnaire 01 by both groups, we applied a practical and face-to-face tutoring system for 14 days (Phase II). Afterwards, we re-evaluated both groups by repeating the same scores (Questionnaire 02, Phase III). According to the paired analysis of questionnaires 01 and 02 by Student's T-test, both groups showed significant increase in the final scores obtained in questionnaire 02 (Phase III). The evidence showed that the remote format lecture system weakened the learning and retention process of basic anatomical knowledge by medical students. On the other hand, in-person practical teaching proved to be efficient in the formative process of the students, a fact proven by the significant increase in the scores of the students in the 02 questionnaire, for both groups.

RESUMEN: La pandemia por COVID-19 provocó varios cambios en la enseñanza de la anatomía humana, entre ellos el uso de diferentes metodologías de enseñanza basadas en E-learning. Sin embargo, los estudios que evalúan las herramientas electrónicas no han proporcionado evidencia clara de un aprendizaje efectivo de los estudiantes. Este fue el primer estudio que evaluó a estudiantes de medicina luego de cursar cursos de anatomía humana en la modalidad E-learning. Reclutamos estudiantes de medicina de primer término (Grupo A, n=25) y segundo término (Grupo B, n=13). Se aplicó una evaluación práctica basada en 50 marcas de anatomía humana sobre especímenes anatómicos reales y cadáveres, para ser completado en el Cuestionario 01 (Fase I). Tras detectar puntuaciones bajas en el Cuestionario 01 por parte de ambos grupos, se aplicó un sistema de tutorías prácticas y presenciales durante 14 días (Fase II). Posteriormente, reevaluamos ambos grupos repitiendo las mismas puntuaciones (Cuestionario 02, Fase III). Según el análisis apareado de los cuestionarios 01 y 02 por la prueba T de Student, ambos grupos mostraron aumento significativo en los puntajes finales obtenidos en el cuestionario 02 (Fase III). La evidencia mostró que el sistema de conferencias en formato remoto debilitó el proceso de aprendizaje y retención de conocimientos anatómicos básicos por parte de los estudiantes de medicina. Por otro lado, la docencia práctica presencial demostró ser eficiente en el proceso formativo de los alumnos, hecho que demuestra el aumento significativo de las puntuaciones de los alumnos en el cuestionario 02, para ambos grupos.

Resumen El objetivo fue evaluar la calidad del henolaje del pasto Tanzania (Panicum maximum) con diferentes contenidos de materia seca y un almacenamiento de 90 días, a través de la composición química, cuantificación de gases, ácidos grasos volátiles, perfil microbiológico, estabilidad aeróbica, pH y nitrógeno amoniacal. El diseño experimental utilizado fue completamente al azar con cuatro tratamientos y cinco repeticiones. Los tratamientos consistían de cuatro contenidos de materia seca (MS) de la planta en el momento de la producción del henolaje del pasto Tanzania siendo: en materia fresca (sin deshidratación), 400, 500 y 600 g kg-1 de MS (deshidratados en pleno sol). El tratamiento con 600 g kg-1 de MS de la planta proporcionó la mayor estimación (p < 0,01) de MS en el henolaje con 581,6 ± 15,4 g/kg, y el mayor (p < 0,01) contenido de carbohidratos solubles con 45,4 ± 1,24 g/kg MS. Después de 90 días de almace namiento, el tratamiento en materia fresca presentó mayores (p < 0,01) cantidades de O2 en el interior de los fardos. En relación al CO2 los mayores índices fueron observados para los tratamientos con 500 y 600 g kg-1 de MS. También se observó el mayor (p < 0,01) contenido de ácido acético en los tratamientos materia fresca y con 500 y 600 g kg-1 de MS de la planta, con 36,4 ± 1,6, 38,2 ± 1,6 y 48,9 ± 1,6 g kg-1 de MS, respectivamente. Para el ácido butírico se obtuvo la mejor (p < 0,01) valoración de 27,0 ± 0,5 g kg-1 de MS en el tratamiento en materia fresca. El tratamiento con 600 g kg-1 de MS mostró mayor (p < 0,01) valor de pH en la hora cero con 6,36 ± 0,03. El tratamiento en materia fresca presentó mayor valor de N-NH3 en la hora cero de exposición al aire con 4,65 ± 0,12. El pasto Tanzania con 500 y 600 g kg-1 de MS, presenta el henolaje de mejor calidad.

Abstract This study aimed to evaluate the quality of Tanzania grass (Panicum maximum) haylage with varying contents of dry matter (DM) and stored for 90 days. The quality of this grass was evaluated through the lens of a variety of physiochemical properties (e.g., chemical composition, aerobic stability, pH, microbial profile, etc.). A completely randomized design was used with four treatments (in natura, 400, 500, and 600 g kg-1 DM) and five replicates. Treatment with 600 g kg-1 DM yielded the highest DM haylage (p < 0.01) and soluble carbohydrate content (p < 0.01). Treatment in natura resulted in the highest O2 concentration inside the bales (p < 0.01), whereas treatments with 500 and 600 g kg-1 DM resulted in the highest CO2 values. The highest acetic acid concentrations of 36.4 ± 1.6, 38.2±1.6, and 48.9 ± 1.6 g kg-1 DM (p < 0.01) were observed post the in natura, 500 g kg-1 DM, and 600 g kg-1 DM treatments, respectively. Treatment with 600 g kg-1 DM yielded the highest pH value at hour zero (p < 0.01). Tanzania grass with 500 and 600 g kg-1 DM produced the highest quality haylage.