Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the input of suspended sediment from the slope toe in the São Francisco River channel, in Northeast Brazil, under different soil bioengineering techniques. Sediments were collected in the years of 2013, 2014 and 2015, in five transects crossing the river channel. Sediment input in the sampling points was higher in the year of 2013, i.e., the year of the highest river discharge. Sediment supply to the river channel for a period of 3 years (2013, 2014 and 2015), was evaluated at 20, 40 and 60% depth, along five different transects (P1= riverbank, P2= beginning of the thalweg, P3= middle of the thalweg, P4= end of the thalweg, and P5 = margin of the side sandybar), oriented by the presence or absence of erosion control techniques (treatments) such as: 1-Natural Vegetated Slope; 2-Vegetated Riprap; 3-Eroded Slope; 4-Live Cribwall and 5-Vetiver grass Contour Line. Sediments input was different in all evaluated transects, and the one identified as Eroded Slope at 20% depth presented the lowest amount of suspended sediment load. There was a decrease in the total amount of suspended sediment in the evaluated periods, probably due to the progressive decrease in the river discharge, and the protection provided by the soil bioengineering techniques.

Resumen Este estudio evalúa la entrada de sedimentos en suspensión de la punta de la pendiente del cauce del río São Francisco, en el noreste de Brasil, bajo diferentes técnicas de bioingeniería de suelos. Los sedimentos se recolectaron en 2013, 2014 y 2015, en cinco transectos que cruzan el cauce del río. La entrada de sedimentos en los puntos de muestreo fue mayor en el año 2013, es decir, el año de la mayor descarga del río. El suministro de sedimentos al cauce del río por un período de 3 años (2013, 2014 y 2015), fue evaluado a 20, 40 y 60% de profundidad, a lo largo de cinco transectos diferentes (P1 = ribera, P2 = inicio del thalweg, P3 = medio del thalweg, P4 = final del thalweg, y P5 = margen de la barra arenosa lateral), orientados por la presencia o ausencia de técnicas de control de erosión (tratamientos) tales como: 1-Talud Vegetado Natural; Riprap de 2 vegetaciones; Pendiente 3-erosionada; 4-Live Cribwall y 5-Vetiver grass Contour Line. La entrada de sedimentos fue diferente en todos los transectos evaluados, y el identificado como Pendiente Erosionada al 20% de profundidad presentó la menor cantidad de carga de sedimentos en suspensión. Hubo una disminución en la cantidad total de sedimentos en suspensión en los períodos evaluados, probablemente debido a la disminución progresiva del caudal del río y la protección que brindan las técnicas de bioingeniería de suelos.

Abstract Purpose: To investigate the effects of atenolol in inflammatory mediator and oxidative stress in a myocardial injury by intestinal ischemia/reperfusion in rat model. Methods: Adult Wistar male rats were randomly (n=8), anesthetized and divided in: Sham: submitted to operation only; group SS+IR: intravenous saline infusion following superior mesenteric artery occlusion during 60 minutes (ischemia) and open for 120 minutes (reperfusion); group AT+IR: intravenous atenolol infusion (2 mg/kg) following superior mesenteric artery occlusion during 60 minutes (ischemia) and open for 120 minutes (reperfusion); and group AT+I+AT+R: intravenous atenolol infusion following superior mesenteric artery occlusion during 60 minutes (ischemia) and in the time 45 minutes other atenolol doses were administrated and the artery was open for 120 minutes (reperfusion), all animals were submitted to muscular relaxation for mechanical ventilation. In the end of experiment the animals were euthanized and the hearts tissue were morphology analyzed by histology and malondialdehyde by ELISA, and the plasma were analyzed for tumor necrosis factor-alpha by ELISA. Results: The group SS+IR demonstrated the higher malondialdehyde levels when compared with the atenolol treated-groups (p=0.001) in the heart tissue. The tumor necrosis factor-alpha level in plasma decrease in the treated groups when compared with SS+IR group (p=0.001). Histology analyses demonstrate pyknosis, edema, cellular vacuolization, presence of inflammatory infiltrate and band contraction in the heart tissue of the rats. Conclusion: Atenolol significantly reduce the degree of cardiac damage after intestinal ischemia-reperfusion.

Nos últimos anos notou-se considerável aumento na procura e consumo de pescado, além de seus derivados. Contudo, os peixes são hospedeiros ideais de inúmeros parasitas, evidenciando a necessidade de desenvolvimento de novas metodologias de pesquisa para sua detecção. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi comparar a eficácia da extração de metacercárias de Ascocotyle (Trematoda: Digenea) em tecidos viscerais de Mugil liza Valenciennes, 1836 (Teleostei: Mugilidae), mediante duas metodologias: homogeneização por liquidificador ou por mixer. Foram coletadas 26 amostras, sendo 16 amostras de fígado e 10 amostras de tecido muscular de espécimes de M. liza. Cerca de 5g de cada amostra foram processadas pela técnica de homogeneização por liquidificador e pela técnica de homogeneização por mixer para a extração de metacercárias. Em amostras de fígado, até 46 metacercárias foram encontradas na homogeneização em liquidificador. A menor quantidade encontrada foi de 2 metacercárias, para liquidificador e mixer. Em amostras de tecido muscular, observaram-se até 4 metacercárias na extração por mixer. A menor quantidade encontrada em amostras positivas foi de 1 parasita, para liquidificador e mixer. As médias de metacercárias encontradas e extraídas, por liquidificador e mixer, de tecido muscular foram de 0,2 (±0,357) e 1,2 (±0,963), respectivamente. Já as médias de metacercárias encontradas e extraídas, por liquidificador e mixer, do fígado dos peixes foram de 24 (±15,145) e 18 (±8,246), respectivamente. As técnicas de homogeneização, por liquidificador e mixer mostraram-se eficazes para extração de metacercárias dos tecidos de peixes mugilídeos, sugerindo que podem se aplicáveis diretamente no campo de estudo, especialmente pela facilidade de realização do ensaio.

The demand and consumption of fish and their derivatives has increased considerably in recent years. However, fish are ideal hosts of numerous parasites, highlighting the need to develop new research methodologies for its detection. The aim of present study was to compare the efficacy of Ascocotyle metacercariae (Trematoda: Digenea) extraction from visceral tissues of Mugil liza Valenciennes, 1836 (Teleostei: Mugilidae) by two methods: homogenization by blender or mixer. Twenty-six samples of M. liza were collected, being 16 liver samples and 10 samples of muscle tissue. Approximately 5g of each sample were processed by blender and mixer techniques homogenization for metacercariae extraction. In liver samples, up to 46 metacercariae were found in samples homogenized in blender. The lowest amount found was 2 metacercariae for blender and mixer techniques. In samples of muscle tissue, 4 metacercariae were observed in the mixer extraction. The lowest amount was found to be 2 parasites to blender and mixer. The mean metacercariae found and extracted from muscle tissue were 0.2 (+0.357) and 1.2 (+0.963) for blender and mixer, respectively. The averages of metacercariae found and extracted from fish liver, in blender and mixer, were 24 (+15.145) and 18 (+8.246), respectively. The homogenization techniques for blender and mixer were effective for the extraction of metacercariae of mullet fish tissues, suggesting that they may be directly applicable in the field of study, especially due to the ease of testing.