ABSTRACT The application of flumioxazin and imazethapyr can affect the interactions between rhizobia and soybean in the rhizosphere. However, it remains unclear the effect of both herbicides, even when applied in mixture, on early nodulation and biological N fixation (BNF) in soybean, mainly related to some important biochemical traits in nodules. This study assessed the effect of flumioxazin, imazethapyr and their mixture on early nodulation and BNF in rhizosphere of soybean. The plant emergence, early nodulation, growth, and N accumulation were evaluated in soybean grown in sandy and clayey soils. The leghemoglobin content and glutamine synthetase (GS) activity were also assessed in fresh nodules. Individually, flumioxazin and imazethapyr did not affect the plant emergence, nodulation and N accumulation in soybean, while the mixture decreased significantly these parameters. Also, the values of leghemoglobin content and GS activity did not decrease with the application of the herbicides individually. The application of herbicides imazethapyr and flumioxazin separately negatively influenced the growth of soybean, while they do not influence the nodulation and N accumulation. However, the use of these herbicides in mixture can negatively influence the early nodulation and N fixation by native rhizobia.

Lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus) is an important species of the genus Phaseolus for human consumption in tropical regions. The seeds are important source of protein for people from South America, Africa and Mexico. In addition, as a legume plant, lima bean presents the ability to perform the biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) through the symbiosis with nitrogen-fixing bacteria. The studies about diversity and efficiency of lima bean-rhizobia symbiosis have increased worldwide, mainly in Latin America. These studies have shown Bradyrhizobium and Rhizobium as the main symbionts, although Sinorhizobium, Mesorhizobium and Allorhizobium have been found associated with lima bean. Also, there is a large variation in the efficiency of N fixation by the current isolates of rhizobia and some rhizobia have presented high capability for fixing N. This review aims to explore the studies about diversity and efficiency of rhizobia in symbiosis with lima bean.

El frijol de lima (Phaseolus lunatus) es una especie importante del género Phaseolus para consumo humano en regiones tropicales. Las semillas son una fuente importante de proteínas para las personas de América del Sur, África y México. Además, como leguminosas, el frijol de lima presenta la capacidad de realizar la fijación biológica de nitrógeno (BNF) a través de la simbiosis con bacterias fijadoras de nitrógeno. Los estudios sobre la diversidad y la eficiencia de la simbiosis de frijol de lima-rizobio han aumentado en todo el mundo, principalmente en América Latina. Estos estudios han demostrado que Bradyrhizobium y Rhizobium son los principales simbiontes, aunque Sinorhizobium, Mesorhizobium y Allorhizobium se han asociado al frijol de lima. Además, existe una gran variación en la eficacia de la fijación de N por los aislamientos actuales de rizobios y algunos rizobios han presentado una alta capacidad para reparar N. Esta revisión tiene como objetivo explorar los estudios sobre la diversidad y la eficacia de rizobios en simbiosis con frijol lima.

RESUMO: Este estudo avaliou a resposta do feijão-fava (Phaseolus lunatus L.) a aplicação de lodo de curtume compostado na nodulação, absorção de N e crescimento. Durante oito anos, o composto foi aplicado em doses de: 0, 2.5, 5, 10, e 20 Mg ha-1 (base seca). As plantas de feijão-fava mostraram maior nodulação nos tratamentos com o composto. Entretanto, os nódulos encontrados nestes tratamentos apresentaram menor biomassa, tamanho e diversidade do que os observados no tratamento sem composto. A acumulação de N aumentou com a aplicação da maior dose do composto (20 Mg ha-1), enquanto que houve um aumento nos teores de crômio na parte aérea com o aumento das doses do composto. Desta forma, o uso do lodo de curtume compostado, em longo prazo, aumenta a acumulação de crômio, aumentando a nodulação, enquanto diminui a diversidade de rizóbios nos nódulos.

ABSTRACT: This study evaluated the responses of lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus L.) to application of composted tannery sludge on nodulation, N uptake and plant growth. For eight years, the compost was applied at rates of: 0, 2.5, 5, 10, and 20 Mg ha-1 (dry basis). Plants of lima bean showed higher nodulation in treatments with compost; however, nodules reported in these treatments presented lower biomass, size and diversity than those reported in treatment without compost. Accumulation of N increased with the application of the highest rate (20 Mg ha-1), while there was an increase in chromium content in shoot with the increase in compost rates. Thus, the use of composted tannery sludge, in long-term, increases the accumulation of chromium in plants, increasing nodulation, while decrease rhizobia diversity in nodules.

ABSTRACT The different physiognomies and soil conditions across the Cerrado gradient may influence soil microbial biomass. The present study evaluated the soil microbial biomass and enzyme activity across a preserved Cerrado gradient and correlated these with environmental conditions. The site, sampling period and their interaction influenced soil microbial biomass and activity. Soil conditions, i.e., chemical and microclimatic properties, varied across the Cerrado gradient and influenced soil microbial biomass and activity. The highest and lowest values for microbial biomass and enzyme activity were found in Cerradao and Campo graminoide, respectively, during both seasons. Multivariate analysis showed that the sites were clearly separated into different groups, indicating that distinct physiognomies and environmental conditions influenced soil microbial biomass and enzyme activities.