Although urinary tract infections (UTI) represent the most common infection caused by enterococci, some aspects remain to be fully clarified. The aim of this study was to determine the clinical characteristics present in UTI caused by Enterococcus spp. in patients followed up at the Prof. Edgard Santos Teaching Hospital of the Federal University of Bahia. All patients consecutively examined between 1997 and 2005, who received a diagnosis of UTI caused by Enterococcus spp. were included in the study. UTI was defined as the presence of 10(5) colony-forming units per mL of urine. Standard microbiological techniques were used. During the study period, 6.2% of the urine cultures were positive for Enterococcus spp. The mean age of the patients was 48.9 years and 57% were male. At initial evaluation, 13% of the patients had complaints suggestive of UTI. Nineteen patients had a history consistent with obstructive uropathy and 26 with neurogenic bladder. At final evaluation, UTI was the diagnosis in 48 patients. In 36 patients (29%), the primary diagnosis was related to urogenital diseases, consisting of obstructive uropathy in 23 of these cases, while in 32 patients (25.8%) primary diagnosis was related to neurologic diseases, frequently neurogenic bladder. UTI caused by Enterococcus spp. is not infrequent, is usually associated with few or no symptoms and occurs in sick patients who have anatomical or functional obstructive uropathy associated or not with urinary tract catheterization or instrumentation. The diagnosis of enterococcal UTI may indicate a urinary tract abnormality yet to be diagnosed.

OBJECTIVE: The present study aims at assessing the occurrence of pyelonephritis and long-term complications in rats submitted to surgical reduction of bladder capacity. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sprague-Dawley rats were submitted to supratrigonal cystectomy (29 animals) or sham operation (15 animals) and sacrificed 2, 4 and 6 months after the surgical procedure. The arterial blood pressure and serum creatinine levels were assessed before the surgery and at the time of the sacrifice. After the sacrifice a careful inspection of the urinary apparatus was performed to the characterization of the hydronephrosis and for the detection of the presence of calculi. With sterile technique, the urine was aspirated from the bladder and the kidneys removed and sent to a microbiologic study. RESULTS: Pyelonephritis was frequent in animals submitted to supratrigonal cystectomy. The most frequent and isolated microorganisms were Staphylococcus sp. and E. coli. The presence of urinary calculi was correlated significantly to the presence of urinary tract infection (p < 0.003). Arterial hypertension was frequent amongst animals submitted to supratrigonal cystectomy. Serum creatinine was high in 72.4% of the animals in the group submitted to supratrigonal cystectomy. The presence of calculi and pyelonephritis were frequent in rats presenting renal insufficiency and in hypertensive rats. CONCLUSIONS: The long-term course of urinary infection in rats submitted to supratrigonal cystectomy was characterized by a high incidence of renal insufficiency and arterial hypertension that seem to be related to dysfunction and bladder obstruction induced by an extensive surgical procedure and the presence of urolithiasis and pyelonephritis.

OBJECTIVE: To determine which available information at an Emergency Room (ER) consultation is associated with hospitalization or death among children with pneumonia. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTING: The ER of one university and one private hospital. MEASUREMENT: Using stepwise logistic regression we analyzed factors that showed a univariate association. MAIN RESULTS: Of 2,970 cases, the median age was 1.83 years (range 2 days to 14.5 yrs, mean 2.76 + 2.72 yrs); 25.8% were hospitalized and 0.8% died. Age (2-11 mos, OR 0.4 [0.2-0.6]; 12-59 mos, OR 0.2 [0.1-0.4]; <FONT FACE=Symbol>³</FONT> 5yrs, OR 0.1 [0.08-0.3]), malnutrition (OR 2.0 [1.4-2.7]), underlying chronic illness (OR 1.4 [1.1-1.8]), tachypnea (OR 1.8 [1.4-2.4]), chest indrawing (OR 1.7 [1.4-2.2]), and somnolence (OR 1.8 [1.4-2.4]) were associated with hospitalization and age (2-11 mos, OR 0.3 [0.08-0.8]; <FONT FACE=Symbol>³</FONT> 12 mos, OR 0.06 [0.02-0.2]), malnutrition (OR 3.1 [1.2-7.7]) and underlying chronic illness (OR 4.3 [1.6-11.0]) were associated with death in the multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Several clinical aspects may be used in assessing need for hospitalization (i.e. young age, malnutrition, underlying chronic illness, tachypnea, chest indrawing and somnolence) for children with pneumonia seen at the ER. Individual intrinsic factors such as age, malnutrition and underlying chronic illness were independently associated with death. Pneumonia should be considered a treatable disease and complete recovery can be achieved in the majority of the cases.

Pneumonia is one of the leading causes of hospitalization and death among children in developing countries, and mortality due to pneumonia has been associated with S. pneumoniae infection. This investigation was designed to describe the antimicrobial susceptibility and serotype patterns of pneumococcal strains recovered from the blood of children with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) and to assess the clinical findings of pneumococcal bacteremic patients with pneumonia. In a 26 month prospective study, blood cultures were obtained as often as possible from children (<16 years of age) diagnosed with CAP in two emergency rooms. Antimicrobial drug susceptibility tests and serotyping were performed when pneumococcus was identified. We studied 3,431 cases and cultured blood samples from 65.5% of those. Pneumococcus was recovered from 0.8% of the blood samples. The differences in age, somnolence, wheezing and hospitalization among children with and without pneumococcal bacteremia were statistically significant. Pneumococcal bacteremia was age-related (mean 1.63 ± 1.55; median 0.92) and associated with somnolence and hospitalization among children with CAP. One strain was recovered from pleural fluid. Penicillin resistance was detected in 21.0% (4/19) of the strains at an intermediate level, whereas 63.0% of the strains were resistant to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. The most common serotypes were 14 and 6B, and these serotypes included the resistant strains. Eight of our 18 isolates from blood were of types included in the heptavalent conjugate pneumococcal vaccine, recently licensed in the USA.

As formas severas de esquistossomose mansônica, particularmente a hépato-esplênica, se acompanham de glomerulopatia geralmente manifesta por síndrome nefrótica. Nos últimos 10 anos reduziu-se muito o número de casos observados desta glomerulopatia no Hospital Universitário Prof. Edgard Santos, um hospital geral num estado onde esta parasitose é endêmica. O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar se estava havendo, de fato, desaparecimento desta patologia ou se este número decrescente refletia apenas diminuição marcante de casos graves de esquistossomose mansônica acompanhados neste Hospital. Para isso foram comparadas as prevalências de glomerulopatia em hepatosplênicos esquistossomóticos autopsiados no Hospital Universitário Prof. Edgard Santos em duas décadas: de 1960-70, antes da intervenção terapêutica nas áreas endêmicas de esquistossomose com oxamniquine, e de 1980-1990, após a adoção desta intervenção. Houve grande redução no número de doentes com hepatosplenomegalia esquistossomótica autopsiados no Hospital Universitário Prof. Edgard Santos quando comparadas a década antes (140 autópsias) e depois (31 autópsias) do tratamento com oxamniquine. A prevalência de glomerulopatia, entretanto, persistiu a mesma (11,4% comparada com 12,9%, respectivamente). A conclusão é que a redução do achado de glomerulopatia esquistossomótica em nossos dias reflete apenas a redução das formas graves da parasitose após a intervenção terapêutica nas áreas endêmicas.

Hepatosplenic form of S. mansoni infection may be accompanied by a glomerulopathy in 12-15% of cases, manifested in the majority by a nephrotic. This type of renal involvement is becoming a rare occurrence in our University Hospital (Hospital Universitário Prof. Edgard Santos) a typical general hospital in an endemic state for this parasitic disease. To investigate this fact, autopsied cases with patients with hepatosplenic form of schistosomiasis mansoni during two decades in our Hospital - 1960-70, (before a therapeutic intervention in endemic areas with oxamniquine) and 1980-1990 (after the intervention) were compared in reference to number of cases and the finding of glomerulonephritis by histological examination. Even though there was a strinking decrease in number of patients with advanced forms of this disease (140 as compared to 31 autopsies in these two decades), the prevalence of glomerulonephritis diagnosed was 11.4 (16 cases) in the first and 12.9 (4 cases) in the second. As there was no change in pattern of attendance in this Hospital, the drastic decrease in number of severe forms of this parasitic infection following massive therapy of the endemic population with oxamniquine in the most likely explanation not only for the decrease in number of hepatosplenic cases but, also, and as a consequence, the scarcity of cases of the schistosomal glomerulopathy observed.

Leptospirose é uma importante causa de insuficiência renal aguda, em nosso ambiente. Embora vários sejam os mecanismos implicados, o papel da rabdomiólise na patogênese da insuficiência renal aguda na leptospirose ainda não foi analisado. Com esse objetivo, 16 pacientes com o diagnóstico da forma icterohemorrágica da leptospirose consecutivamente admitidos no Hospital Couto Maia, Salvador, Bahia, foram prospectivamente estudados. A doença foi caracterizada por início súbito e, à admissão, ictericia, sufusões hemorrágicas conjuntivais e mialgias. Proteinúria de intensidade média a moderada com sedimento urinário inexpressivo foi observada em 37,5% dos pacientes e níveis séricos elevados de uréia e creatinina em 78,5% e 74,0%, respectivamente. Níveis aumentados de aminotransferase foram documentados em todos os 12 e de CPK em todos os 10 pacientes avaliados para essas enzimas. Níveis séricos maiores que 120µg/l foram observados em 56,2% dos pacientes. Não foram encontradas correlações, entretanto, entre mioglobinemia e insuficiência renal em gravidade da leptospirose.

Leptospirosis is an important cause of acute renal failure in our environment. Although several mechanisms are implicated, the role of rhabdomyolysis in the pathogenesis of acute renal failure in leptospirosis has not been analysed. Sixteen patients with the diagnosis of leptospiroses consecutively admitted to the hospital were prospectively studied. The disease was characterized by sudden onset in all patients and, at admission, jaundice, conjunctival suffusion and myalgias. Mild to moderate proteinuria with unremarkable urinary sediment was recorded in 37.5% of the patients and abnormal levels of urea creatinine were found in 87.5% and 74.0%, respectively. Increased levels of aminotranspherase were documented in all 12 and CPK in all 10 patients studied. Serum myoglobin levels greater than 120µg/l recorded in 56.2%. A correlation between myoglobin and renal failure or severity of disease, however, could not be established.

Com o objetivo de estudar a freqüência de insuficiêncai renal aguda e o papel da rabdomiólise na sua patogênese, 18 pacientes adultos com o diagnóstico de tétano, consecutivamente admitidos no hospital de doenças infecciosas (Hospital Couto Maia, Salvador, BA)foramprospectivamente avaliados. Destes, 14 eram do sexo masculino e 4 do feminino, com idade média de 31,8± 2,0 anos. Exceto porproteinúria leve a moderada (< 100mg/dl) em 9pacientes, os sumários de urina foram considerados normais. Creatininas séricas superiores a l,4mg/dl foram observadas em 39% dos pacientes, níveis elevados de CPK em 87,5% e mioglobina sérica maior que 120µg/dl em 39%. Oligúria foi documentada em apenas um paciente; nenhum paciente requereu tratamento dialítico. Não foram observadas correlações entre insuficiência renal aguda e níveis séricos de mioglobina e/ou CPK. A insuficiência renal aguda no tétano não foi infreqüente; geralmente é não-oligúrica, de pequena gravidade, transitória e não relacionada à severidade da doença ou aos níveis séricos de mioglobina e/ou CPK.

To study the frequency and examine the role of rhabdomyolysis in the acute renalfailure in tetanus 18 patients with the diagnosis of generalized tetanus consecutively admitted to the infectious disease hospital were evaluated. Ofthese 14 were male and 4female with mean age of 31.8± 2.0 years. Except for mild proteinuria recorded in 9 patients, the urinalysis were unremarkable. Serum creatinine higher than 1.4mg/dl was recorded in 39% of the patients, abnormal levels of CPK in 87,5% and serum myoglobin greater than 120µg/l in 39% of the patients. Oliguria was documented in one patient and none required diafysis therapy. No correlation wasfound between renal failure and myoglobin and/or CPK serum levels. Acute renalfailure in tetanus was not infrequent; usualfy it was non-oliguric, mild and transient and not related to the severity of the disease or to serum levels of myoglobin and/or CPK.

Envolvimento renal tern sido documentado em pacientes com o diagnóstico de salmonelose septicêmica prolongada (SSP). Entretanto, ainda é controversa a existência de uma glomerulopatia especificamente relacionada a SSP ou se a infecção bacteriana prolongada agrava a glomerulopatia esquistossomótica pré-existente. Com o objetivo de analisar as manifestações clínicas e histológicas do envolvimento renal, 8 pacientes com o diagnostico de SSP foram estudados e comparados com 8 pacientes portadores de glomerulopatia esquistossomótica, pareados por sexo e doença glomerular. A idade media dos pacientes com SSP foi de 17,7 anos; a manifestação clinica do envolvimento renal foi de hematúria, em todos, estando associada a proteinúria não nefrótica em 4 deles. Entre os pacientes com glomerulopatia esquistossomótica, a idade media foi de 23,0 anos e síndrome nefrótica foi a manifestação clínica da nefropatia em 7 dos 8 pacientes. Relacionada a cura de infecção pela salmonela, houve remissão completa com o diagnóstico de glomerulopatia esquistossomótica tiveram um curso caracterizado por síndrome nefrótica persistente, corticosteróide-resistente. Exceto pela hipercelularidade glomerular e o infiltrado intersticial por células mononucleares, mais pronunciada entre os pacientes com SSP, nao foram observadas diferenças na histologia renal entre os dois grupos de pacientes. Os dados fortemente sugerem que a SSP exacerba a glomerulopatia esquistossomótica, clinicamente não manifesta, pela adição de lesões ativas, relacionadas a septicemia prolongada

Renal involvement has been well documented in patients with hepatosplenic schistosomiasis and in patients with prolonged salmonella bacteremia (PSB). Whether there is a specific renal lesion related to PSB or the chronic bacterial infection aggravates a pre-existing schistosomal glomerulopathy has been a matter of controversy. To analyze the clinical manifestations and histopathological findings of the renal involvement, 8 patients with hepatosplenic schistosomiasis and PSB (group I) were compared with 8 patients with schistosomal glomerulopathy (group II) matched by sex and glomerular disease. The mean age in group I was 17.7 years. All patients presented with hematuria, in 4 cases associated with non-nephrotic proteinuria. In group II the mean age was 23 years; nephrotic syndrome was the clinical presentation in 7 of the 8 patients in the group. All patients in group I experienced remission of the clinical and laboratory abnormalities as the salmonella infection was cured; in group II the patients had persistent, steroid-resistant, nephrotic syndrome. On histological examination, no difference was noted between the two groups, except for pronounced glomerular hypercellularity and interstitial mononuclear cell infiltration in group I. These observations strongly suggest that PSB exacerbates a pre-existing sub-clinical schistosomal glomerulopathy by the addition of active lesions directly related to the prolonged bacteremia

Anormalidades das funções renais têm sido demonstradas em pacientes portadores de leishmaniose visceral; embora haja tendência à normalização logo após o tratamento antiparasitário, algumas dessas anormalidades persistem. Com o propósito de estudar o curso clínico a longo prazo do envolvimento renal na leishmaniose visceral, 32 pacientes foram estudados na área endêmica, pelo menos 6 meses após a cura clínica da doença, e comparado a um grupo-controle de 28 indivíduos. Em nenhum paciente se documentou história ou dados clínicos sugestivos de doença renal. A avaliação laboratorial foi normal em todos os pacientes, exceto 3 com sumários de urina anormais em um, proteinúria leve e hematúria microscópica num único sumário de urina (três outros foram normais) e leucocitúria em dois outros pacientes. Concluiu-se que na leishmaniose visceral o envolvimento renal é discreto e transitório, havendo desaparecimento das alterações sugestivas de disfunção após a cura da doença parasitária.

Abnormalities of renal function have been demonstrated inpatients with visceral leishmaniasis; although there was a trend toward normalization following antiparasitic therapy, some abnormalities persisted. With thepurpose of studying the long- term clinical course of renal involvement in visceral leishmaniasis, 32 patients with a diagnosis of this parasitic disease were evaluated in the endemic area and at least 6 months after the clinical cure of the disease and compared with a control group of 28 individuals. No patient had a history or clinical findings suggestive of renal disease and all were normotensive. Laboratory evaluation was normal in all except 3 patients with abnormal urinalysis. Mild proteinuria and microscopic hematuria were seen in a single urinalysis in one patient (although three other urinalysis were normal), and leucocyturia in two female patients. It was concluded that the renal involvement in visceral leishmaniasis is mild and transient, with normal renal function observed on long-term follow-up after cure of the parasitic infection.

Uma análise retrospectiva de 63 casos de Leishmaniose visceral (L.V.) revelou a presença, em 33 deles, de infecção bacteriana associada. Infecções do trato respiratório foram observadas em 13 (39,3%) pacientes, comprometimento de pele em 4 (12%), do trato urinário em 4 (12%), do ouvido em 3 (9%), e de orofaringe em 2 (6%). Sete (21%) pacientes apresentaram infecção concomitante em múltiplos sítios. Documentação bacteriológica através de isolamneto do agente etiológico foi obtida em 10, não havendo predominância estatisticamente significante de bactérias Gram positivas ou negativas. Houve 9 casos de óbito nestes 63 pacientes, sendo que em 8 deles a infecção bacteriana fazia parte do quadro clínico final. A análise das taxas de globulinas séricas revelou que infecção esteve presente de modo significativo (p < 0.05) em 15/20 (75%) dos pacientes com níveis de globulina sérica [menor ou igual a] 4,0g%. Não houve diferença significativa (p > 0.05) com relação ao número de neutrófilos entre os grupos com e sem infecção bacteriana. Concluiu-se, portanto, que infecção bacteriana é um achado freqüente em pacientes com L.V. e se constitui num sinal de mau prognóstico da doença.

In an analysis of 63 hospitalized cases with visceral leishmaniasis, the clinical or post-mortem diagnosis of bacterial infection was performed in 33; 13 (39.3%) patients had respiratory infection, 4 (12.1%) had skin infection, 4 had urinary tract infection, 3 (9.0%) showed ear infection and 2 (6.6%) had infection of the oral cavity. It is worth mentioning that in 7 (21%) cases there was infection in multiple sites. Gram positive and/or Gram negative organisms were isolated from 10 patients. In only two (autopsied) cases, infection with less common organisms was recorded, one with disseminated candidiasis and another with disseminated tuberculosis. Death occurred in 9 of the 63 cases, and in 8 of these, concomitant bacterial infection of importance was documented. Patients who had serum globulins lower than 4 g% had significantly more infection (p less than 0.05) than patients with globulin levels higher than 4 g%; there was no significant difference when the number of leucocytes and neutrophils in patients with associated infection was compared with those in patients without bacterial infection. The present study demonstrates that bacterial infection frequently occurs in patients with visceral leishmaniasis, and indicates an unfavourable prognosis. Even though the mechanism of increased susceptibility to infection in this condition was unclear, the widespread range of infections and of infective agents, suggests a multifactorial process.

Foi realizada avaliação imunológica em 48 indivíduos com históriapregressa de leishmaniose visceral (L. V)eem seis pacientes durante a fase aguda da doença e após o tratamento. Títulos significativos de anticorpos determinados pela técnica de imunofluorescência e/ou ELISA foram observados em 32 (67%) dos 48 casos. A avaliação da resposta imune humoral e celular nos seis pacientes durante a fase ativa da doença demonstrou títulos elevados de anticorpos (média 9536 ± 7169) e resposta línfoproliferativa ausente (323 ± 24). Após o tratamento (3 e 6 meses) os títulos de anticorpos só caíram em três dos seis pacientes, ao passo que linfócitos passaram a responder "in vítro" a antígenos de leíshmânía (11909 ± 5637). Estes dados demonstram que os indivíduos que adquirem leishmaniose visceral não são geneticamente incapacitados de responder a antígeno de leíshmânía equea persistência de títulos elevados de anticorpos anos após o tratamento, sugere que o parasita permaneça no hospedeiro após a cura clínica da doença.

Immunological studies were done in 48 subjects with a past history of visceral leishmaniasis and in 6 patients during the active phase of the disease and shortly after treatment. Antibody titers determined by immunofluorescence antibody test (IFA) or ELISA were positive in 32 (67%) of the 48 persons that had visceral leishmaniasis in the past. The mean antibody titer by the IFA in the 6 patients with active visceral leishmaniasis was 9536 ± 7169 and thymidine uptake in the lymphocyte blastogenesis assay was 323 ± 24. After treatment (3 and 6 months) antibody titers had fallen only in 3 of the 6 patients and a restoration of the lymphocyte proliferative response wasobserved (11909 ±5637). These data demonstrated that there is no genetic inability of the host who acquire visceral leishmaniasis to develop a cellular immune response to leishmania antigen. Moreover, the longterm persistence of high antibody titers following therapy suggests that the parasite may stay in the host for long time even after apparent clinical cure of the infection.

Foi avaliada a eficácia do moxalactam no tratamento de meningites em crianças, causadas por H. influenzae (27 casos) e N.meningitidis (6 casos). Dos 33 doentes tratados na dose de 100mg/Kg de peso (dose de ataque) e 50mg de 12/12 horas por via venosa, 32 curaram-se. A tolerância ao produto foi muito boa, havendo alterações transitórias de transaminases e fosfatase alcalina; em um caso, houve hematoma posapendectomia, provavelmente relacionado ao uso deste antibiotico. Os níveis séricos e liquóricos do produto foram elevados; as concentrações no liquor excederam de muito a concentração bactericida mínima dos germes infectantes. O moxalactam se mostrou seguro e eficaz como terapia primária da meningite causada por H. influenzae e N.meningitidis em crianças.

The clinical efficacy and safety of Moxalactam in purulent bacterial meningitis in children caused by H. influenzae (27 patients) and N. meningitidis (6 patients) was tested in a randon uncontrolled study. Clinical response was considered excelent, with cure of 32 of 33 patients. High levels of Moxalactam were achieved in the blood and cerebro-spinal fluid, with concentrations largely exceeding the minimum bacterial concentration (MIC) for the infecting organisms. Tolerance was considered good, with only transient increases of transaminases and alkaline phosphatase in some patients; also, one patient developed a wound hematoma possibly related to Moxalactam therapy.

Camundongos (122 animais) foram infectados com 80 (oitenta) cercarias de S. mansoni cada, e subsequëntemente receberam, oito semanas depois, injeção intravenosa das seguintes bactérias gram negativas: S. typhi, E. coli, uma raça de Klebsiella enterobacter, P. mirabilis e Ps. aeruginosa. Os animais foram sacrificados a intervalos de uma a quatro semanas depois, sendo feita a contagem de bactérias no fígado, baço, sangue e de S. mansoni recolhidas por perfusão do sistema portal destes animais. foi observada uma nítida diferença entre a infecção produzida por S. typhi e pelas outras bactérias gram negativas: S. thypi persistiu por mais tempo no fígado e baço e pôde ser recuperada dos S. mansoni até três semanas após a injeção bacteriana. Os outros gram negativos desapareceram dos S. mansoni dentro de duas semanas da inoculação inicial. Um grupo adicional de camundongos (51 animais) infectados de modo similar com S. typhi, E. coli foi sacrificado duas semanas depois da infecção venosa, á semelhança de um grupo controle que recebeu solução salina fisiológica - foi feito estudo do número de vermes recolhidos do sistema portal nos três grupos, assim como o oograma do fígado e do mesentério. Nos animais inoculados com E. coli houve decréscimo significante no número de vermes, quando comparado ao grupo que recebeu salina (controle); 30 vermes foram recolhidos do grupo controle, em comparação a apenas dois nos animais que receberam E. coli. Além disso, o padrão de oviposição foi muito diferente entre estes dois grupos - após a injeção de S. typhi, a diferença na recuperação de vermes e no oograma foi relativamente pequena, quando comparado ao grupo controle. Estes dados sugerem uma diferença na interação de várias bactérias gram negativas com o S. mansoni, algumas matando os vermes na sua maioria (E. coli) outras (S. typhi) permitindo a sobrevivência de muitos dos vermes infectantes. De um modo geral estas observações corroboram para o entendimento do quadro clínico de salmonelose sistêmica prolongada em portadores de esquistossomose mansônica.

Animals (122 mice) were infected each with eighty cercariae of S. mansoni and subsequently challenged intravenously eight weeks later with the following gram-negative organisms. S. typhi, E. coli, Klebsiella-enterobacter species, Proteus mirabilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Enumeration of bacteria in the liver, spleen and blood and S. mansoni from the portal sistem was performed from one to four weeks later in infected animals. A significant difference between infection produced by S. typhi and other gram negative organisms was observed: S. typhi persisted longer in the spleen and liver and could be recovered from S. mansoni worms up to three weeks following bacterial infection. Other gram negative bacteria disappeared from S. mansoni worms after two weeks of initial challenge. Additional animals (51 mice) infected with S. mansoni were given S. typhi, E. coli or sterile saline. After two weeks, animals were sacrificed and the recovery rate of worms from the portal system, and the mesenteric and hepatic oogram were determined. in animals infected with E. coli a significant decrease in the number of worms was observed compared to the saline control group; thirty worms were recovered in the control group compared to two worms in e. coli infected animals. In addition, the patterns of oviposition was significantly different in these latter animals suggesting complete inhibition of this process. Following S. typhi infection the difference in recovery of worms and pattern of oviposition was minimal. These findings suggest a difference in the interaction of various gram negative bacteria and S. mansoni and are consistent with the clinical observation of prolonged salmonella bacteremia in patients with schistosomiasis.

Numa análise de 68 pacientes com o diagnóstico de salmonelose septicêmica prolongada (doentes com a forma hépato-esplênica da esquistossomose mansônica, e bactérias do gênero Salmonella isoladas do sangue), demonstrou-se que 28 deles (41,2%) apresentaram, concomitantemente, proteinúria e alterações significantes do sedimento urinário (hematúria, leucocitúria e cilindrúria). Destes doentes 3 apresentaram quadro de síndrome nefrótica e quatro se apresentaram urêmicos. Em 10 doentes foi realizado estudo histológico dos rins, havendo em 5, glomerulonefrite proliferativo membranoss, em 2 esclerose glomerular focal, 1 paciente apresentou glomerulonefrite proliferativa mesangial e um apenas alterações histológicas mínimas. Infecção do trato urinário por Salmonella (a mesma isolada do sangue) foi observada em 3 casos. A ocorrência do mesmo padrão histológico de alteração glomerular observado na glomerulopatia da esquistossomose sugeriu que o principal determinante da lesão glomerular foi, provavelmente, a infecção por S. mandoni. A elevada prevalência de alterações urinárias, em muitos casos desaparecendo com o tratamento da salmonelose, sugeriu que a infecção bacteriana contribuiu para o aparecimento das manifestações clínicas da nefropatia provavelmente através mecanismo imunológico. O achado de nefrite intersticial mais freqüente e intensa nestes casos do que naqueles apenas com esquistossomose também sugere uma peculiaridade desta condição provavelmente de natureza imunológica.

In a study of 68 cases of prolonged salmonella bacteremia (patientes with hepatosplenic schistosomiasis mansoni and bacteremia due to a Salmonella sp), 28 of them (41,2%j showed proteinúria and alterations of the urinary sediment (hematuria, leucocyturia and casts). Three of these patientes presented with a nephrotic syndrome and 4 of them had high blood urea leveis. Kidney histology was obtained in nine cases, showing membrano-proliferative glomerulonephritis in 5, a focal glomerular sclerosis in 2, in some a mesangio-proliferative glomerulonephritis and, in one, minimal histologic changes. Urinary tract infection due to Salmonella organisms (the same isolated from blood) was observed in 3 cases. The ocorrurence of a similar histologic pattern of glomerular pathology in cases of prolonged septicemic salmonellosis when compared to just hepatosplenic schistosomiasis with glomerulonephritis suggested that S. mansoni infection was probahly the major determinant of the glomerular pathology. However, the high rate of urinary tract im/olvement and the disappearence of some of the alterations following effective therapy of the Salmonella bacteremia suggests an additional role of the bacterial agent as a determinant of the glomerular pathology. Also, the kidney intersticial mononuclear infiltration, more conspicuous and intense in cases of septicemic salmonellosis accompanied by bacteriuria, also suggested an immuno logical damage to the kidneys probably mediated by the salmonella infection.