Abstract Pterodon emarginatus Vogel and P. pubescens (Benth.) Benth. are phylogenetically related trees that compose a clade of sister species abundant in the Brazilian Savanna. Despite their morphological differences, some individuals with intermediate morphological characteristics have been reported, indicating the formation of interspecific hybrids. This study proposed to evaluate the genetic structure and controlled pollination of individuals of P. pubescens and P. emarginatus in areas of sympatry with the presence of putative hybrids. For this purpose, we genotyped seven microsatellite loci from 61 individuals collected from four apparent contact zones between P. pubescens and P. emarginatus. Controlled pollination experiments were performed on 4,133 flowers from six trees of P. emarginatus and five of P. pubescens. We observed two genetic clusters (k= 2) that corroborate the divergence between P. pubescens and P. emarginatus. The individual genetic assignment showed evidence of natural hybridization between P. pubescens and P. emarginatus. The genetic assignment did not fully support the visual description of the diagnoses of individual morphological characteristics. Controlled interspecific pollination generated fruit and seed production, possibly indicating the absence of a reproductive barrier at the pollination and ovule fertilization levels between these species. Our results enlarge the understanding of the diversification process of Pterodon species.

ABSTRACT Pterodon (Fabaceae) species known as “sucupira-branca” are traditionally used in Brazilian medicine. This South American monophyletic genus has species delimitation problems. To separate the recognized Pterodon species we described the wood anatomy of P. abruptus, P. emarginatus, P. pubescens, hybrid (between P. emarginatus and P. pubescens) and P. apparicioi, the latter two for the first time. Wood anatomical studies were undertaken, and qualitative and quantitative features statistically tested. Qualitatively the species are very similar, but in most quantitative features, differences were observed, especially axial parenchyma quantity and type. Pterodon abruptus was easily separated by high density narrow vessels allied to a low area of axial parenchyma but with confluent almost forming bands. Hybrid was more similar to P. emarginatus and had a significantly greater axial parenchyma area than other Pterodon species. PCA analysis separates only P. abruptus. Cluster analysis using qualitative and quantitative data were able to separate P. abruptus and P. apparicioi from the other species. Vessels, ray and axial parenchyma features enable to clarify the distinction in identification key.

Resumo As universidades, direta ou indiretamente, causam impacto no ambiente através do consumo de água, energia, geração de resíduos e ocupação de áreas verdes. Este estudo teve por objetivo realizar um diagnóstico do consumo de água e energia; geração de resíduos e manejo de áreas verdes no câmpus da Faculdade UnB de Planaltina/Distrito Federal, para propor uma estratégia de gestão sustentável. Para tal, foram analisados os consumos de água e energia (período de 2006 a 2017), a caracterização quali-quantitativa dos resíduos sólidos (2015-2016) e estudo fitossociológico das áreas verdes do câmpus. Os resultados obtidos indicaram que os consumos de água e energia estão aumentando desde a inauguração do câmpus, em 2006, devido à ampliação do quadro de servidores, alunos e áreas edificadas. Dos resíduos sólidos produzidos, 67% são recicláveis. O estudo fitossociológico indicou alta diversidade biológica do Cerrado sentido restrito. Dentre as estratégias indicadas para gestão, indica-se a adoção de programas de uso eficiente da água e de energia elétrica e implantação da coleta seletiva com destinação da fração reciclável a cooperativas de catadores. Nas áreas verdes, recomenda-se sua preservação e conservação, além da expansão do câmpus em áreas mais degradadas do Cerrado sentido restrito, para reduzir a supressão da cobertura vegetal.

Abstract Universities, directly or indirectly, have an impact on the environment through the consumption of water, energy, generation of waste and occupation of green areas. This study aimed to perform a diagnosis of water and energy consumption, waste generation, and management of green areas in the UnB Planaltina Faculty/Federal District, to propose a sustainable management strategy. For that, water and energy consumption (2006 to 2017), qualitative and quantitative characterization of solid residues (2015-2016) and phytosociological study of the green areas of the campus were analyzed. The results indicate that water and energy consumption are increasing since the inauguration of the campus in 2006, due to the expansion of the number of servers, students and built areas. From the solid waste produced, 67% is recyclable. The phytosociological study indicated high biological diversity of Cerrado restricted sense. Among the indicated strategies for management is the adoption of programs for the efficient use of water and energy, and the implementation of selective collection with destination of the recyclables to collectors cooperatives. In the green areas, it is recommended their preservation and conservation. Future expansions of the campus should occur in more degraded areas, such as Cerrado restricted sense, to reduce suppression of vegetation cover.

Antioxidants such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX1) reduce the oxidation rates in the organism. Gluthatione S-transferases (GSTs) play a vital role in phase 2 of biotransformation of many substances. Variation in the expression of these enzymes suggests individual differences for the degree of antioxidant protection and geographical differences in the distribution of these variants. We described the distribution frequency of CAT (21A/T), SOD2 (Ala9Val), GPX1 (Pro198Leu), GSTM1 and GSTT1 polymorphisms in three Brazilian population groups: Kayabi Amerindians (n = 60), Kalunga Afro-descendants (n = 72), and an urban mixed population from Federal District (n = 162). Frequencies of the variants observed in Kalunga (18% to 58%) and Federal District (33% to 63%) were similar to those observed in Euro and Afro-descendants, while in Kayabi (3% to 68%), depending on the marker, frequencies were similar to the ones found in different ethnic groups. Except for SOD2 in all population groups studied here, and for GPX1 in Kalunga, the genotypic distributions were in accordance with Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium. These data can clarify the contribution of different ethnicities in the formation of mixed populations, such as that of Brazil. Moreover, outcomes will be valuable resources for future functional studies and for genetic studies in specific populations. If these studies are designed to comprehensively explore the role of these genetic polymorphisms in the etiology of human diseases they may help to prevent inconsistent genotype-phenotype associations in pharmacogenetic studies.

Nectários extraflorais (NEFs) são estruturalmente variáveis e de ampla ocorrência entre as angiospermas. A ocorrência dos NEFs nas folhas de Pterodon polygalaeflorus Benth. e Pterodon pubescens Benth. (Fabaceae: Papilionoideae) foi detectada em espécimes adultas, durante a produção de novas gemas e flores. Os objetivos deste estudo foram registrar a ocorrência de NEFs em P. pubescens e P. polygalaeflorus, e fornecer dados comparativos sobre a estrutura anatômica destas estruturas. Os NEFs ocorrem na raque e estão localizados sob a inserção de cada peciólulo. Cada nectário consiste de uma pequena elevação cuja porção apical é fortemente invaginada, resultando em uma depressão (o pólo secretor), característica comum a ambas as espécies. Tricomas tectores unicelulares ocorrem ao longo da raque, sendo menos numerosos em P. polygalaeflorus, enquanto em P. pubescens eles cobrem todo o NEF. O tecido secretor consiste de células parenquimáticas com citoplasma denso. O néctar alcança a superfície dos NEFs pela ruptura da fina cutícula que cobre o pólo secretor, uma vez que ambas as espécies não apresentam estômatos ou qualquer outra interrupção da epiderme neste local. A diferença básica entre as duas espécies, em relação aos NEFs, é a densidade da pubescência, que é sempre maior em P. pubescens. Modificações estruturais e de dimensões podem ser observadas até mesmo entre os nectários basais e apicais de uma mesma raque, e portanto tais modificações não apresentam valor taxonômico.

Extrafloral nectaries (EFNs) are structurally variable and widely spread among the angiosperms. The occurrence of EFNs in leaves of Pterodon polygalaeflorus Benth. and Pterodon pubescens Benth. (Fabaceae: Papilionoideae) were detected in adult specimens, at the time of production of new buds and flowers. The goals of the present study are to register the occurrence of the EFNs in P. pubescens and P. polygalaeflorus, and provide comparative data on the anatomical structures. The EFNs occur in the rachis and are located under the insertion of each petiolule. Each nectary consists of a small elevation whose apical portion is deeply invaginated, resulting in a depression (secretory pole), a common characteristic of both species. Unicellular, nonglandular trichomes occur along the rachis, being less numerous in P. polygalaeflorus while in P. pubescens they cover the EFNs. The secretory tissue consists of parenchyma cells with dense cytoplasm compactly arranged. The nectar reaches the surface of the EFNs by rupturing the thin cuticle which covers the secretory pole, since both species lack stomata or any other interruption at the epidermis. The basic difference between the two species, in relation to the EFNs, is the density of the pubescence, which is always greater in P. pubescens. Structural and dimensional modifications may be observed, even between basal and apical nectaries in the same rachis, so it does not constitute a taxonomical tool.