RESUMO A murcha de Fusarium, causada por Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. tracheiphilum (Fot), reduz a produtividade de feijão-caupi. Este estudo teve como objetivo identificar genotipos com resistência à Fot oriundos do banco germoplasma do Instituto agronômico de Pernambuco, Embrapa Meio Norte e outras regiões produtoras da região Nordeste e Norte do Brasil. A cultivar BR-17 Gurguéia foi utilizada como controle suscetivel e a MNC01-649F-2-1 como controle resistente. Dois experimentos foram conduzidos em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado em casa de vegetação pertencente ao Departamento de Agronomia da Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco. Plantas apresentando o primeiro par de folhas desenvolvidas foram inoculadas com uma suspensão de conidios (106 conídios/mL) utilizando a metodologia de imersão de raízes. A severidade da murcha de Fusarium foi determinada aos 21 dias após a inoculação através de uma escala descritiva. No primeiro experimento foi avaliado a resistência de 38 genotipos de feijão-caupi, sendo que 19 genotipos (5 moderadamente resistentes e 14 resistentes) foram selecionados para o segundo experimento. No primeiro experimento 4 genotipos (Canapu PE, Miranda IPA 207, Esperança e BRS Pujante) apresentaram ausência de sintomas. Para o segundo experimento, 15 genotipos apresentaram alto nível de resistência à infecção por Fot, com destaque para Canapu PE e Miranda IPA 207, aos quais novamente apresentaram ausência de sintomas de murcha. Em conclusão, este estudo identificou que os genotipos Canapu PE, Miranda IPA 207, Esperança e BRS Pujante apresentam maior resistência à murcha de Fusarium.

ABSTRACT Fusarium wilt, caused by soil-borne Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. tracheiphilum (Fot), can reduce cowpea bean yield. Considering that genetic control through resistant genotypes is pivotal for Fusarium wilt control, the aim of the present study was to identify cowpea genotypes that are resistant to Fot from the Germplasm Bank of the Pernambuco Agronomic Institute, Embrapa Middle North, and other producing areas in the North and Northeast regions of Brazil. The cultivar BR-17 Gurguéia was used as a susceptible control and MNC01-649F-2-1 was used as a resistant control. Two experiments were carried out in a completely randomized design in the greenhouse of the Department of Agronomy of the University Federal Rural of Pernambuco. Plants with the first pair of expanded leaves were inoculated with a conidial suspension (106 conidia/mL) using the conidia root-immersion methodology. Fusarium wilt severity in plants was assessed 21 d after inoculation, with the aid of a descriptive scale. In the first experiment, we evaluated the resistance of 38 cowpea genotypes, of which 19 (5 moderately resistant and 14 resistant) were selected for the second experiment. In the first experiment, four genotypes (Canapu PE, Miranda IPA 207, Esperança, and BRS Pujante) did not show any symptoms of Fusarium wilt. In the second, 15 genotypes showed high resistance to Fot, including Canapu PE and Miranda IPA 207, which again had no symptoms of Fusarium wilt. In conclusion, this study identified that the genotypes, Canapu PE, Miranda IPA 207, Esperança, and BRS Pujante have greater resistance to Fusarium wilt.

ABSTRACT Mango wilt, caused by the fungus Ceratocystis fimbriata, is an important disease affecting mango production. In view of the beneficial effects of potassium (K) in other profitable crops and the lack of information about the effect of macronutrients on mango wilt development, the present study aimed to evaluate how mango plants supplied with K respond physiologically when infected by C. fimbriata. Mango plants (» 3 years old) from cultivar Ubá were grown in plastic pots containing 58 mg of K·dm−3 (original K level based on the chemical analysis of the substrate) or in plastic pots with substrate amended with a solution of 0.5 M potassium chloride (KCl) to achieve the rate of 240 mg K·dm−3. Disease symptoms were more pronounced in inoculated plants grown at the lower K level. Substantial declines in stomatal conductance, in line with decreases in the internal-to-ambient CO2 concentration ratio and the absence of detectable changes in the chlorophyll a fluorescence parameters, suggest that the decrease in the net carbon assimilation rate is due, at least initially, to stomatal limitations. High concentrations of K and manganese were found in the stem tissues of inoculated plants and supplied with the highest K rate, most likely due to the involvement of these tissues in the local development of defense mechanisms. The results of this study suggest that the supply of K favored the physiological performance of mango plants and their resistance against C. fimbriata infection.

ABSTRACT Mango wilt, caused by Ceratocystis fimbriata, is one of the most important diseases affecting mango yields in Brazil. Information regarding the biochemical mechanisms involved in mango resistance against C. fimbriata is absent in the literature. Thus, the present study determined and quantified alkaloids and phenolics in the stem tissue of mango plants from Palmer (susceptible) and Ubá (resistant) cultivars. Furthermore, it was examined the effect of these secondary metabolites against C. fimbriata growth in vitro. The high-performance liquid chromatography revealed that the concentration of two alkaloids (theobromine and 7-methylxanthine) and six phenolic compounds (caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, catechin and epicatechin) in the inoculated plants from cv. Ubá was higher in comparison with inoculated plants from cv. Palmer. The concentration of the secondary metabolites was higher in the non-inoculated plants from cv. Palmer than in the inoculated ones, while the opposite was observed for plants of cv. Ubá. Peaks in the concentrations of secondary metabolites in the inoculated plants from both cultivars occurred at 7 and 14 days after inoculation. The different concentrations (10 to 30 mg∙mL−1) of secondary metabolites added to the Petri dishes greatly inhibited C. fimbriata growth over time. These results suggest that secondary metabolites played an important role in the resistance of mango plants against C. fimbriata infection.

Brown spot (BS), caused by the fungus Bipolaris oryzae, is one of the most important diseases contracted by rice. We investigated the effect of magnesium (Mg) on the development of BS, caused by Bipolaris oryzae, and the effects of disease development on the photosynthetic performance of rice (Oryza sativa L.) plants (cv. Metica-1) grown in nutrient solutions containing 0.25 or 4.0 mM of Mg. Assessments of BS severity, leaf Mg and pigment concentrations (total chlorophylls and carotenoids), were carried out at 120 h after inoculation, in addition to gas exchange parameters,. Higher leaf concentration of Mg was observed in plants supplied with 4.0 mM Mg than in those supplied with 0.25 mM. The increase in leaf Mg was accompanied by a decrease in BS severity, higher concentration of total chlorophyll and better photosynthetic performance. Plants supplied with 4.0 mM Mg had higher average values for carbon assimilation, stomatal conductance and internal leaf CO2 concentration when compared with plants supplied with 0.25 mM Mg. Conversely, the concentration of carotenoids was lower in plants supplied with the higher Mg rate. These results suggest that Mg suppresses disease severity and preserves photosynthetic performance by allowing for better stomatal conductance and, consequently, greater availability of CO2 at the carboxylation sites.

Considering the importance of blast, caused by Pyricularia oryzae, to reduce wheat yield, this study investigate how silicon (Si) could reduce the wheat blast symptoms in the rachis tissues using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Wheat plants (cv. BR 18) were grown in hydroponic culture with either 0 (–Si) or 2 mM (+Si) of Si. Blast symptoms were very well developed on the spikes of the –Si plants, which showed intense discoloration in contrast with the spikes of the +Si plants. At 72 hours after inoculation (hai), fungal hyphae extensively colonized the epidermis and the collenchyma tissue in the radial direction in the rachis of the –Si plants. In the +Si plants, fungal hyphae colonized the epidermis and the collenchyma cells to a lesser extent than in the –Si plants. At 96 hai, fungal hyphae were observed in the epidermis, vascular bundles and cortical tissue in the rachis node of the -Si plants. In the +Si plants, a phenolic-like material was detected in the parenchyma with lower fungal colonization in comparison with the –Si plants. In scanning electron microscopy, fungal hyphae were scarcely observed in the upper epidermal, collenchyma and parenchyma cells in the rachis tissue of the +Si plants, whereas in the rachis tissue of the –Si plants, fungal hyphae extensively colonized the epidermis, collenchyma, parenchyma and vascular bundles.

This study investigated the effects of acibenzolar-S-methyl (ASM), ethylene (ET) and jasmonic acid (JA) on the resistance of two wheat cultivars (BRS-229 and BR-18) to infection by Pyricularia oryzae. The treatments included spraying plants with ASM (300 mg L-1), ET (0.5 mM), JA (0.1 mM) and distilled water (control) 48 h before inoculation with P. oryzae. Malondialdehyde concentration, an indicative of oxidative damage to the lipids in the leaf cells, was significantly higher for plants sprayed with ASM compared to plants sprayed with JA and ET. Plants sprayed with JA and ET showed reduced values for the number of lesions per cm² of leaf area and area under blast progress curve, but these hormones had no effect on the incubation period and lesion size (in mm). Plants sprayed with JA and ET showed reduce blast symptoms in comparison to plants sprayed with ASM due to greater peroxidase, polyphenoloxidase, chitinase and β-1,3-glucanase activities.

A produção da soja pode ser afetada pela ocorrência de várias doenças. Dentre estas, a ferrugem, causada pelo fungo Phakopsora pachyrhizi, tem se destacado. Atualmente, novas estratégias de controle para essa doença devem ser pesquisadas. Assim, este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a eficiência do silicato de potássio (KSi), acibenzolar-S-metil e fungicidas no controle da ferrugem da soja. Um experimento foi conduzido em condições de campo, em delineamento em blocos ao acaso, utilizando-se 10 tratamentos, com três repetições. Foi utilizada a cultivar 'Monarca' por ser suscetível à ferrugem. Os tratamentos utilizados foram: T1 - testemunha (pulverização com água); T2 - KSi (1,2kg ha-1); T3 - KSi (2,4kg ha-1); T4 - KSi (3,6kg ha-1); T5 - KSi (4,8kg ha-1); T6 - tebuconazole (125g de i.a. ha-1); T7 - cloreto de potássio (61,72g L-1); T8 - mancozebe (2400g de i.a. ha-1); T9 - mancozebe (2400g de i.a. ha-1) + KSi (1,2kg ha-1) e T10 - acibenzolar-S-metil (125g de i.a. ha-1). As plantas da bordadura foram inoculadas com uma suspensão de 5x10(5) uredosporos mL-1 no estádio V4 para constituírem fonte de inóculo, para as parcelas centrais. As plantas foram pulverizadas com os produtos que constituíram os tratamentos T2, T3, T4, T5, T7, T8 e T9 nos estádios V5, R1, R4 e R5.4 e os tratamentos T6 e T10 nos estádios R1, R4 e R5.4. As plantas foram pulverizadas com atomizador costal manual de bico cônico empregando-se um volume de calda de 200L ha-1. Foram realizadas cinco avaliações da severidade da ferrugem nos terços inferior, médio e superior das plantas utilizando-se uma escala diagramática variando de 0,6 a 78,5%, e os dados obtidos foram utilizados para calcular a área abaixo da curva do progresso da ferrugem (AACPF). Não houve efeito significativo das doses de KSi na AACPF e severidade máxima (Ymax) nos terços inferior, médio e superior das plantas, além da produtividade. Os tratamentos 8, 9 e 10 apresentaram eficiência intermediária no controle da ferrugem. O tratamento 6 foi o mais eficiente no controle da doença por resultar nos menores valores da AACPF e Ymax para os terços inferior, médio e superior, além de uma produtividade significativamente maior em relação aos demais tratamentos.

Soybean production can be affected by the occurrence of several diseases. Among them, the rust, caused by the fungus Phakopsora pachyrhizi, has been outstanding. Nowadays, new strategies to control soybean rust need to be searched. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of potassium silicate (KSi), acibenzolar-S-methyl and some fungicides on the control of soybean rust. An experiment was carried out under field conditions in a randomized complete block design with 10 treatments and three replications. The cultivar 'Monarca' was used because it is susceptible to rust. The treatments used were: T1 - control (plants sprayed with water); T2 - KSi (1.2kg ha-1); T3 - KSi (2.4kg ha-1); T4 - KSi (3.6kg ha-1); T5 - KSi (4.8kg ha-1); T6 - tebuconazol (125g de a.i. ha-1); T7 - potassium cloride (61.72g L-1); T8 - mancozeb (2400g de a.i. ha-1); T9 - mancozeb (2400g de a.i. ha-1) + KSi (1.2kg ha-1) and T10 - acibenzolar-S-methyl (125g de a.i. ha-1). Plants from the two lateral lines were inoculated with a suspension of 5x10(5) uredospores/mL at the V4 growth stage to produce inoculum to infect plants at the two central lines. Plants were sprayed with the products that constituted the treatments T2, T3, T4, T5, T7, T8, and T9 at V5, R1, R4, and R5.4 growth stages; and the treatments T6 and T10 at R1, R4, and R5.4 growth stages. Plants were sprayed using a costal sprayer in a volume of 200L ha-1. A total of five disease severity evaluations at the low, medium and high part of the plant canopy were done using a diagrammatic scale ranging from 0.6 to 78.5%. Data were used to calculate the area under rust progress curve (AURPC). There was no effect of the KSi rates on AURPC and final disease severity (Ymax) at the low, medium and high part of the plant canopy. Yield was also unaffected. The treatments 8, 9, and 10 had an intermediary efficiency on rust control. The treatment 6 was the most efficient on rust control giving the lowest values for AURPC and Ymax for the low, medium and high part of the plant canopy. High values for yield were also obtained using this treatment as compared to the others.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito da aplicação foliar de silicato de potássio, isoladamente ou em mistura com diferentes doses do fungicida, no controle da requeima, causada por Phytophthora infestans, da batateira. O experimento foi conduzido em condições de campo utilizando-se o delineamento em blocos casualizados com 8 tratamentos e 4 repetições. A cultivar de batata usada foi a Asterix. Foi utilizado o fungicida Cimoxanil + Mancozeb (60 + 700 g/Kg i.a.) e silicato de potássio na dose de 60 g/L (pH = 5,5). Os tratamentos (T) utilizados foram: T1 - Testemunha; T2 - Cimoxanil + Mancozeb (2,0 Kg/ha); T3 - Cimoxanil + Mancozeb (2,5 Kg/ha); T4 - Cimoxanil + Mancozeb (2,0 Kg/ha) + silicato de potássio; T5 - Cimoxanil + Mancozeb (2,5 Kg/ha) + silicato de potássio; T6 - Cimoxanil + Mancozeb (3,0 Kg/ha) + silicato de potássio; T7 - silicato de potássio e T8 - Cimoxanil + Mancozeb (3,0 Kg/ha). As pulverizações foram realizadas semanalmente. A severidade da requeima foi avaliada utilizando-se uma escala descritiva com notas de 0 a 100%. Os resultados da severidade foram utilizados para calcular a área abaixo da curva do progresso da requeima (AACPR). A AACPR foi de 72,5; 23,8; 18,3; 29,5; 19,7; 17,9; 68,3 e 16,3, respectivamente, nos tratamentos T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7 e T8. Os tratamentos 3, 5, 6 e 8 foram os mais eficientes (menores AACPRs e maiores rendimentos) no controle da requeima. O silicato de potássio não foi eficiente e não apresentou nenhum efeito aditivo quando misturado ao fungicida no controle da requeima.

This study aimed to investigate the effect of foliar application of potassium silicate, alone or mixed with different rates of fungicides, on the control of late blight, caused by Phytophthora infestans, on potato. The experiment was carried out under field conditions using the completely randomized block design with 8 treatments and 4 replications. The potato cultivar used was Asterix. The fungicide Cimoxanil + Mancozeb (60 + 700 g/Kg i.a.) and potassium silicate at the rate of 60 g/L (pH = 5.5) were used. The treatments (T) were the: T1 - Control; T2 - Cimoxanil + Mancozeb (2.0 Kg/ha); T3 - Cimoxanil + Mancozeb (2.5 Kg/ha); T4 - Cimoxanil + Mancozeb (2.0 Kg/ha) + potassium silicate; T5 - Cimoxanil + Mancozeb (2.5 Kg/ha) + potassium silicate; T6 - Cimoxanil + Mancozeb (3.0 Kg/ha) + potassium silicate; T7 - potassium silicate and T8 - Cimoxanil + Mancozeb (3.0 Kg/ha). Sprays were done weekly. Evaluations of late blight severity were done using a descritive scale ranging from 0 to 100%. Results from late blight severity were used to calculate the area under disease progress curve (AUDPC). The AUDPC was 72.5, 23.8, 18.3, 29.5, 19.7, 17.9, 68.3 and 16.3, respectively, for the treatments T1, T2, T3, T4, T5, T6, T7 and T8. The treatments 3, 5, 6 and 8 were the most efficient (lower values for AUDPC and highest values for yield) on the control of late blight. The potassium silicate was not efficient on disease control and did not show any additional effect when mixed with fungicide.