ABSTRACT Improving the effectiveness of pesticide application for controlling insects, mites, and pathogens in coffee cultivation has been a major challenge for coffee farmers, researchers, and consultants. The present study aimed to assess the deposition and distribution of a brilliant blue tracer in the coffee canopy using Jacto’s Arbus 2000 Super Export EL and Kuhn’s Twister 2000 air blast sprayers at different application speeds (5 and 7 km h-1). The experiment was conducted using a randomized block design, with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement (two sprayer models and two application speeds), with six replicates. After spraying, leaves were collected, and the deposition of the tracer was assessed using spectrophotometry. The canopy was divided into lower, middle, and upper heights, and subdivided into external and internal crown positions. The percentage difference in spray deposition between positions was termed relative spray deposition. Spray deposition in the internal crown differed only in the upper third section between sprayers. In the external crown, the application speed affected the deposition of tracer dye for both sprayers, whereas, in the internal crown, the application speed only affected the deposition of tracer dye in the upper crown section only when using the Arbus sprayer.

Abstract Objective Assess the mediating role of breastfeeding self-efficacy in the association between the Kangaroo Neonatal Intermediate Care Unit and exclusive breastfeeding. Method Cross-sectional study nested in a cohort, carried out in the Neonatal Unit of a Brazilian university hospital between September 2018 and March 2020. The sample consisted of 114 newborns weighing ≤1800 g and their mothers who were divided into those who participated in the first and second stages of the Kangaroo Method and those who only passed through the first stage, categorized as the Conventional group. To assess the self-efficacy of breastfeeding, the Breastfeeding Self Efficacy Scale - Short-Form was used. The Mann-Whitney test was used to compare the breastfeeding self-efficacy score between the groups, and Fisher's exact test to compare rates of exclusive breastfeeding. The adjusted structural equation model was used to check for the mediating effect of breastfeeding self-efficacy. The significance level adopted was 5%. Results The kangaroo group had a higher rate of exclusive breastfeeding at hospital discharge (p= 0.000). There was a positive association between having remained in the kangaroo (p= 0.003) and the breastfeeding self-efficacy score (p= 0.025) with the rate of exclusive breastfeeding at hospital discharge. Breastfeeding self-efficacy did not act as a mediator. Conclusion The self-efficacy of breastfeeding and the stay of the low birth weight newborn baby in the kangaroo unit acted positively and independently in exclusive breastfeeding, and the self-efficacy of breastfeeding did not act as a mediator in this association.

ABSTRACT. Chemical control is essential for efficient pest management in coffee crops. Application technologies should safely deliver insecticides to the target whilst protecting the environment, insecticide applicators, and consumers. To achieve these goals, application volumes, hydraulic nozzles, and application techniques should be evaluated. This study assessed the biological efficiency of different spray volumes and spray nozzles used to apply insecticides to control coffee berry borer (Hypothenemus hampei) populations. We applied insecticides using a hydropneumatic sprayer with and without an electrostatic spraying system. The experiment followed a randomized block factorial design (2 × 2 + 1) and included two types of spray nozzles [a hollow cone spray nozzle (JA1) and a hollow cone spray nozzle with air induction (TVI)], two spray volumes (200 and 400 L ha-1), one additional treatment (SPE2 nozzle with a 200 system 200 L ha-1), and six replicates. We assessed the control efficiency of the different application methods by evaluating the percentage of fruits damaged 20 and 40 days after the date of application. The spray volume did not affect the biological efficiency of pest control, and the lower spray volume (200 L ha-1) was effective in the control of coffee berry borers. Application of insecticides using coarse droplets was more efficient than the application using very fine and fine droplets. The TVI hydraulic spray nozzle effectively controlled coffee berry borers at 200 and 400 L ha-1. The electrostatic application system performed similarly to the conventional system in terms of the control of the coffee berry borers, and was less efficient than the conventional system under some operational conditions.

RESUMO Para o sucesso do controle fitossanitário no cafeeiro, é importante uma correta deposição de calda ao longo do dossel. Contudo, a estrutura da planta dificulta essa distribuição. Objetivou-se avaliar a deposição de um traçador em folhas e frutos, na cultura do café, em função da taxa de aplicação e do tipo de ponta de pulverização, bem como do emprego de um sistema de pulverização eletrostática. Utilizou-se pulverizador hidropneumático com pontas hidráulicas de jato cônico vazio, da série TVI (gotas grossas com indução de ar) e JA (gotas finas), em taxas de 200 e 400 L ha-1. Também foi avaliado um sistema eletrostático, com ponta SPE-2 e taxa de 200 L ha-1, instalado no mesmo pulverizador. Foram determinadas a deposição do traçador em folhas e frutos dos terços superior, médio e inferior das plantas, bem como as perdas para o solo na projeção da copa, mediante quantificação por espectrofotometria. Os resultados indicaram que a aplicação eletrostática proporciona maior deposição nas folhas do terço superior, em relação à aplicação hidropneumática, independentemente da taxa de aplicação. A ponta TVI produz maior deposição nos frutos do terço médio e maior perda para o solo, em relação à ponta JA. A taxa de aplicação de 400 L ha-1 promove maior deposição nos frutos do terço médio, em relação à de 200 L ha-1, mas também causa maior perda para o solo.

ABSTRACT The correct deposition of spray along the canopy is important for the phytosanitary control in coffee plants; however, the structure of the plant makes this distribution difficult. This study aimed to evaluate the deposition of a tracer on leaves and fruits in coffee cultivation, with respect to the application rate and type of hydraulic nozzle, as well as the use of an electrostatic spraying system. A hydropneumatic sprayer was used, with hydraulic nozzles of empty conical jet of the series TVI (coarse droplets with air induction) or JA (fine droplets), at rates of 200 and 400 L ha-1. An electrostatic system, with SPE-2 nozzle and rate of 200 L ha-1, was also evaluated. The deposition of the tracer on leaves and fruits of the upper, middle and lower thirds of the trees, as well as the losses to the ground in the canopy projection, were quantified using spectrophotometry. The results indicated that the electrostatic application provides a greater deposition on leaves of the upper third than the hydropneumatic application, regardless of the application rate. The use of the TVI nozzle results in a greater deposition on the fruits of the middle third and a greater loss to the ground than the JA nozzle. Although an application rate of 400 L ha-1 results in a greater deposition on the fruits of the middle third than an application rate of 200 L ha-1, it also causes a greater loss to the ground.

ABSTRACT Coffee production faces challenges due to the susceptibility of the crop to insects. Owing to the coffee leaf miner Leucoptera coffeella, which is one of the main insect pests, the technology for the application of phytosanitary measures becomes the main challenge for coffee growers. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of coffee leaf miner control using different methods of application. The study was conducted in an experimental site in the municipality of Monte Carmelo - Minas Gerais. Spray depositions in different positions of the plant canopy and the effective control of coffee leaf miner were evaluated using the following application treatments: a hydropneumatic sprayer with varying spray volumes (200 and 400 L ha-1), two hollow-cone spray nozzles with the presence and absence of agricultural adjuvant, and electrostatic application using a spray volume of 200 L ha-1 with and without spray adjuvant. The addition of an adjuvant to the spray did not influence coffee leaf miner control; in contrast, a spray volume of 200 L ha-1 combined with the application of coarse droplets was efficient in the management of insect pest. The reduction in the rate of the application using coarse droplets increased the operational capacity and reduced spray drift potential.

RESUMO Condições meteorológicas adversas, ou problemas mecânicos e redução na taxa de aplicação, podem aumentar o tempo de armazenamento da calda no tanque do pulverizador. Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito do armazenamento da calda fitossanitária na germinação de conídios de Beauveria bassiana, com e sem adjuvantes. Utilizou-se delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 13 x 5, composto por treze períodos de armazenamento (0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, 32, 36, 40, 44 e 48 h) e cinco composições para a calda de pulverização (B. bassiana, B. bassiana + Helper Neutrum, B. bassiana + TA-35, B. bassiana + Nimbus e B. bassiana + Orobor). A calda biológica contendo conídios de B. bassiana sem adjuvantes manteve-se viável para uso após seu preparo e a germinação dos conídios reduziu-se 9,2 vezes após 48 h com a adição de adjuvante.

ABSTRACT Adverse weather conditions, or mechanical problems and decrease in the application rate, may increase the storage time of the spray solution in the sprayer tank. This study aimed to assess the effect of the phytosanitary spray solution storage on the germination of Beauveria bassiana conidia, with or without agricultural adjuvants. A completely randomized design was used, in a 13 x 5 factorial scheme, consisting of thirteen storage times (0, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, 28, 32, 36, 40, 44 and 48 h) and five compositions for the spray solution (B. bassiana, B. bassiana + Helper Neutrum, B. bassiana + TA-35, B. bassiana + Nimbus and B. bassiana + Orobor). The biological spray solution containing B. bassiana conidia and no adjuvants remained viable for use after preparation and the conidial germination decreased 9.2 times after 48 h when an adjuvant was added.

O princípio de fracionamento e o tamanho de gotas são fundamentais para o sucesso do controle fitossanitário. Objetivou-se, com este trabalho, desenvolver e avaliar um sistema automatizado, para controlar os parâmetros do espectro de gotas da pulverização, em função do déficit de pressão de vapor d'água no ar. O sistema de controle automático constituiu-se de um sensor de temperatura e umidade relativa, um microcontrolador, um servomotor e um pulverizador hidropneumático. A pulverização foi realizada em etiquetas de papel hidrossensível, dispostas em suportes de madeira, para diferentes déficits de pressão de vapor d'água no ar. Posteriormente à digitalização e análise das etiquetas, foram selecionadas três pressões de trabalho (633 kPa, 844 kPa e 1.055 kPa), para serem utilizadas no sistema automatizado. Os resultados indicaram que o controlador foi eficiente na manutenção do espectro de gotas da pulverização de agrotóxicos. A automatização permitiu a manutenção do volume de calda, alterando a pressão de trabalho, em função do déficit de pressão de vapor d'água no ar. A pulverização com o sistema automatizado apresentou qualidade do espectro de gotas superior ao sistema manual, à pressão de 633 kPa.

The principle of fractionation and droplets size are crucial for the success of pest control. This study aimed at developing and evaluating an automated system to control the spraying droplet spectrum according to the vapor pressure deficit in the air. The automatic control system consisted of a temperature and relative humidity sensor, a microcontroller, a servomotor and a hydropneumatic sprayer. Spraying was performed on water sensitive paper labels arranged on wooden supports for different vapor pressure deficits in the air. After scanning and analysing the paper labels, three working pressures were selected (633 kPa, 844 kPa and 1,055 kPa) for use in the automated system. The results indicated that the controller efficiently maintained the droplets spectrum when spraying pesticides. Automation enabled the maintenance of the spray volume by altering the working pressure, according to the vapor pressure deficit in the air. Spraying with the automated system presented a droplet spectrum quality superior to the one obtained by using the manual system at the pressure of 633 kPa.

O ambiente da criação intensiva de suínos influencia diretamente as condições de conforto e bem-estar animal; ambiente estressante provoca várias respostas, dependendo da capacidade de adaptação do animal, e as instalações têm como finalidade minimizar esses problemas. Objetivou-se, com este trabalho, avaliar o comportamento fisiológico e os índices zootécnicos das matrizes e dos leitões, com a utilização dos sistemas de aquecimento e resfriamento do piso. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, no esquema fatorial em parcelas subdivididas, com cinco repetições para os tratamentos: piso aquecido para os leitões e resfriado para as matrizes (PCARA), piso sem aquecimento para os leitões e resfriado para as matrizes (PRCA) e piso sem modificação (PSMCA). Foram avaliados os parâmetros térmicos e fisiológicos das matrizes dos tratamentos PRCA e PCARA. O tratamento PRCA apresentou o melhor resultado, proporcionando maior conforto térmico para os animais, que atingiram em média um ganho 233 gramas por dia.

The environment of the intensive farming of pigs directly influences their comfort and welfare; a stressful environment leads to various responses, depending on the adaptability of the animal. The facility aims to minimize these problems.The objective of this study was to evaluate the physiological and production indices of lactating mothers and piglets with the use of cooling systems and floor heating, respectively. The experimental design was completely randomized in a split plot with five replicates for the following treatments: heated floor for piglets and cooled to the parent (HPiCPa), no floor heating for piglets and cooled for the parent (CPa ) and floor without modification (FWM). We evaluated the thermal and physiological parameters of the arrays of treatments CPa and HPiCPa. In the room designated S2 without modification, we evaluated the parameters of the matrices FWM treatment. Treatment CPa showed the best result, providing greater thermal comfort for the animals, which reached an average gain 233grams per day.

Pesquisas desenvolvidas por meio de avaliações ergonômicas e antropométricas contribuem a dar subsídios para novos projetos, com base no dimensionamento de máquinas e equipamentos. Objetivou-se com o presente trabalho realizar uma análise antropométrica de trabalhadores que operam as máquinas de colheita de madeira e avaliar ergonomicamente a cabine do "Feller-Buncher", com a finalidade de levantar informações necessárias para futuras modificações a serem realizadas com base nos dados obtidos. As análises foram realizadas na empresa florestal Cenibra, localizada no Estado de Minas Gerais. A avaliação antropométrica dos operadores foi realizada por dois conjuntos de medidas, na posição em pé e sentado. Durante as avaliações ergonômicas e a mensuração do posicionamento dos órgãos de comando e campo de visão foram determinadas as distâncias a partir do ponto de referência do assento (PRA) nas três dimensões (x, y e z). De acordo com os resultados, pode-se concluir que há necessidade de melhorias ergonômicas no assento, controle, painel de controle, simbologia de comandos, mostradores e luzes de advertência.

Studies conducted by anthropometric and ergonomic assessments contribute to aid for new projects based on the design of machines and equipment. The objective of the present work was to perform an anthropometric analysis of workers who operate forest harvest machines and an ergonomic assessment of the operator cabin of a Feller-Buncher, in order to gather information needed for future modifications. Analyses were performed at CENIBRA forestry company in Minas Gerais. The anthropometric evaluation of the operators was conducted by two sets of measures, while standing and sitting. During the ergonomic assessments and measurement of controls positioning and field of view, distances were determined from the seat reference point (ARP) in three dimensions (x, y and z). The results showed that there is need for ergonomic improvements in the seat, controls, control panel, symbology commands, dials and warning lights.

Este trabalho foi conduzido em povoamentos de eucalipto de uma empresa florestal do Estado de Goias, com o objetivo de avaliar técnica e economicamente o trabalho de um "skidder". A análise técnica consistiu do estudo de tempos e movimentos, além da produtividade, da disponibilidade mecânica e da eficiência operacional da máquina. A análise econômica consistiu na determinação dos custos operacionais. Utilizou-se um delineamento estatístico em blocos inteiramente casualizados em esquema fatorial 6x3x3, (seis operações, três produtividades e três distâncias de arraste), com quatro repetições. Os valores foram submetidos à analise de variância e teste Tukey a 5% de significância. O melhor rendimento energético foi para a distância de 300 m e uma produtividade da floresta de 100 m³ ha-1.

This study was carried out in eucalyptus stands of a forestry company in the State of Goias-Brasil, for the purpose of technical and economic evaluation of a ''skidder''. The technical analysis was basically a time-and-motion study. In addition, a study on productivity, mechanical availability, and operational efficiency were also determined for each operation. The economic analysis consisted of determining machine operation costs, as well as evaluating significant interactions. A randomized-block design was used, in a 6x3x3 factorial arrangement (six operations, three productivities, and three 'dragging' distances), with four replications. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and to the Tukey test at 5% significance level. The skidder had its best performance in productivity of 100 m³ ha-1 and at distances up to 300 m.

Com o propósito de aumentar a eficiência de uso de insumos energéticos utilizados na agricultura tropical, procurou-se determinar o custo energético (MJ ha-1) das principais operações agrícolas mecanizadas em quatro sistemas de preparo do solo para a semeadura do milho e quantificar sua possível redução, utilizando os sistemas de preparo conservacionistas, em relação ao sistema convencional. O experimento foi conduzido na Universidade Federal de Viçosa - UFV. O delineamento experimental foi em parcelas subdivididas com quatro tratamentos e nove repetições, totalizando 36 parcelas experimentais. Foram avaliadas a densidade do solo, teor de água do solo e resistência do solo a penetração, o consumo de combustível e o custo energético. O plantio direto foi o sistema que proporcionou menor consumo de combustível, seguido pelo sistema de cultivo mínimo com grade de disco leve, preparo reduzido e preparo convencional, respectivamente. O plantio direto teve um custo energético de 52,72% do custo do sistema convencional e o cultivo mínimo foi de 77,52%, possibilitando economizar entre 1216,51 e 578,39 MJ ha-1, respectivamente, equivalente a 25,45 e 12,10 L de óleo diesel para cada hectare trabalhado.

This study was carried out to increase the efficiency of energy inputs used in tropical agriculture, so the energy cost (MJ ha-1) of the main mechanized agricultural operations was determined in four soil preparation systems for seeding of maize. In addition, the possible reduction of this cost by the conservationist preparation systems was quantified, relative to the conventional system. The experiment was conducted in the Universidade Federal de Viçosa- MG, by using the split-plot design with four treatments and nine replicates, total of 36 experimental plots. The following variables were analyzed: soil density, soil water content, soil resistance to penetration, fuel consumption and energy cost. The no-till cropping provided the lowest fuel consumption, followed by the minimum cropping system with light-disk grate, the reduced preparation and the conventional one. The energy cost of the no-till planting was 52.72% the cost of the conventional system, where as the minimum cropping was 77.52%, therefore turning possible to save between 1216.51 and 578.39 MJ ha-1, respectively, which corresponds to 25.45 and 12.10L the diesel oil in each hectare.

Este trabalho teve como principal objetivo a avaliação dos níveis de compactação de um Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo, de uso florestal, submetido ao tráfego comparativo entre duas versões de máquina de arraste de madeira, sobre pneus e esteiras, tendo em vista a escassez de informações sobre o tema e, ainda, considerando que o tráfego de máquinas habitualmente resulta em impactos no ecossistema, influenciando a qualidade dos recursos hídricos, a compactação do solo e a produtividade da floresta. As propriedades físicas do solo avaliadas foram: densidade, porosidade total e resistência mecânica do solo à penetração. O delineamento experimental empregado foi um esquema fatorial 2 x 3 x 3, ou seja, duas versões de máquina empregadas em três condições de operação, discutidas em relação à testemunha sem tráfego e em três profundidades, tendo quatro repetições. Foi também aplicado o teste de interações para avaliar o efeito das duas versões do trator arrastador em relação ao número de percursos das máquinas. As médias foram comparadas pelo teste de Dunnet a 5% de significância. A análise dos resultados obtidos apontou que, na faixa de profundidade entre 0 e 15 cm, o trator arrastador sobre pneus, trafegando com carregamento de madeira em um ou dois percursos, provocou efeitos na compactação do solo. Nas mesmas condições, o tráfego do trator arrastador sobre esteiras, em dois percursos, produziu efeito análogo. Nas profundidades entre 15 e 50 cm, somente dois percursos sobre pneus produziram alteração na compactação do solo.

The objective of this research was to evaluate compaction of a Red-Yellow Latosol subjected to forestry traffic including two types of skidder: a wheeled-clambunk skidder and a tracked one. This study tries to remedy the lack of information on this subject, considering that mechanized traffic can result in several impacts on the environment. These impacts are related to soil compaction and water resources quality, resulting in reduction of forestry productivity. The soil physical parameters analysed were: soil dry bulk density, total porosity and soil penetrometer resistance. A 2x3x3 factorial statistical design was used, including type of skidder, pattern operation and soil depth, using the Dunnet test at 5% significance level. The statistical analysis included the test of interaction between types of machines and the number of machine travels. Results showed that the loaded wheeled-clambunk skidder traveling once or twice caused effects of compaction on soil up to 15 cm depth. In the same condition, the tracked-skidder traveling twice also produced significant effect on soil compaction. In the 15-50 cm depth, only two travels of the wheeled-clambunk skidder caused soil compaction.