Abstract This study assesses the vulnerability of Latin American economies, measured by GDP per capita, to precipitation and temperature fluctuations, in order to estimate how these countries are affected by climatic conditions. The Differentiated Generalized Moments Method (DIF-GMM) was used to verify the influence of climatic variables, together with economic indicators, on the level of economic activity. The results indicated that precipitation extremes, as measured by the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), are the dominant climatic influences on economic growth and that the effects are significant and negative. The Drought dummy was associated with a positive influence on GDP per capita, while the flood dummy Rain was associated with a negative influence for Latin American countries. It was found that temperature has a significantly lower effect than precipitation.

Resumo Este estudo avalia a vulnerabilidade das economias latino-americanas, medida pelo PIB per capita, a precipitação e flutuações de temperatura, a fim de analisar como esses países são afetados pelas condições climáticas. O Método de Momentos Generalizados Diferenciado (MMG-DIF) foi utilizado para verificar a influência das variáveis climáticas, juntamente com indicadores econômicos, no nível de atividade econômica. Os resultados indicaram que extremos de precipitação, medidos pelo Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI), são as influências climáticas dominantes no crescimento econômico, e que os efeitos são significativos e negativos. A dummy de Seca foi associada a uma influência positiva no PIB per capita, enquanto a dummy de inundação, Chuva, foi associada a uma influência negativa para os países latino-americanos. Constatou-se que a temperatura tem efeito significativo menor do que a precipitação.

Abstract The slaughter process produces carcasses, which are of greater commercial value, and by-products, which can be separated into edible or non-edible products. The latter is intended for the preparation of products not fit for human consumption, such as animal meal. The use of animal meal as feed ingredients reduces the environmental damage caused by the waste from the slaughterhouses and supplies nutritional and economic characteristics in the poultry sector. However, contamination by microorganisms such as Salmonella spp. plays an important role in the spread of the pathogen in poultry farms. This in turn negatively impacts poultry performance and can be a consumer health risk. In this report, we review the process for extracting proteinaceous waste from these by-products and the risk of contamination by Salmonella spp. in the food chain of animal products.

Resumo O processo de abate produz carcaças, que são de maior valor comercial, e subprodutos, que podem ser separados em comestíveis ou não comestíveis. Estes últimos destinam-se à preparação de produtos impróprios para alimentação humana, como as farinhas de origem animal. A utilização de farinhas de origem animal como ingrediente da ração reduz os danos ambientais causados pelos resíduos dos frigoríficos e fornece possibilidades nutricionais e econômicas ao setor avícola. No entanto, a contaminação por microrganismos como Salmonella spp. desempenha um papel importante na disseminação do patógeno em granjas avícolas. Isso, por sua vez, impacta negativamente o desempenho das aves e pode ser um risco à saúde do consumidor. Neste relatório, revisamos o processo de extração de resíduos de proteináceos desses subprodutos e o risco de contaminação por Salmonella spp. na cadeia alimentar de produtos de origem animal.

Abstract Public funding for Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) innovation projects in collaboration with Scientific and Technological Institutions is still incipient in less developed Global South regions. Within the context mentioned above, our objective is to show a network analysis of Industry-University-Research Institute (IUR) interactions promoted by a government program, identifying its structure and dynamics and the influences played by these organisational actors. The results point out that the program presents effectiveness in establishing the IUR interaction network. Moreover, the network presents a scale-free structure, strong clustering and short distances between the actors. Universities lead as the most central actors, followed by research institutes. Despite the growth of the network with the significant entry of new SMEs, there is no evidence that this evolution contributes to improving its network metrics. The conclusions suggest that the network structure and dynamics may imply greater redundancy in the innovation process while allowing greater speed in the flow of knowledge and wider dissemination of knowledge among actors. The hubs (four central universities) in the network suggests an influence as generators and disseminators of knowledge and facilitators of interaction, but they can also limit the dynamics of the search for innovation in the network.

RESUMO A salinidade da água de irrigação e do solo é um dos grandes desafios da agricultura, pois prejudica os processos fisiológicos e o crescimento das plantas. A aplicação exógena de compostos antioxidantes, como o ácido salicílico, pode reduzir os danos causados pelo estresse salino nas plantas. Assim, o presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a ação atenuante do ácido salicílico sobre o estresse salino em Ocimum basilicum cv. Cinnamon. O experimento foi conduzido em blocos casualizados com cinco níveis de salinidade da água de irrigação (0,5; 1,3; 3,25; 5,2 e 6,0 dS m-1) e cinco concentrações de ácido salicílico (0; 0,29; 1,0; 1,71 e 2,0 mM), com cinco repetições e duas plantas por parcela. O crescimento, as trocas gasosas, os índices de clorofila e a fluorescência da clorofila foram avaliados 30 dias após a aplicação do estresse salino. O aumento da salinidade da água de irrigação diminui a altura da planta, diâmetro do caule, número de folhas, condutância estomática, eficiência instantânea do uso da água e fluorescência inicial do manjericão cv. Cinnamon. A aplicação de ácido salicílico atenua os efeitos nocivos da salinidade da água de irrigação nas trocas gasosas, clorofila total e fluorescência inicial e máxima de plantas de manjericão.

ABSTRACT The salinity of irrigation water and soil create considerable challenges in agriculture, as they harm the physiological processes and growth of plants. The exogenous application of antioxidant compounds, such as salicylic acid, can reduce the damage caused by salt stress. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the attenuation of salt stress induced by salicylic acid in Ocimum basilicum “Cinnamon”. The experiment was performed in randomized blocks with five irrigation water salinity levels (0.5, 1.3, 3.25, 5.2 and 6.0 dS m-1) and five salicylic acid concentrations (0, 0.29, 1.0, 1.71 and 2.0 mM), with five repetitions and two plants per plot. Growth, gas exchange, and chlorophyll indices and fluorescence were evaluated 30 days after the salt treatment was applied. An increase in the salinity of irrigation water decreased the plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves, stomatal conductance, instantaneous water use efficiency, and initial fluorescence of basil “Cinnamon”. Salicylic acid was revealed to attenuate the harmful effects of irrigation water salinity on gas exchange, total chlorophyll, and initial and maximum fluorescence of basil plants.

Abstract The Theory of Special Relativity promoted, in the beginning of the 20th century, a paradigmatic revolution and introduced new interpretations on the concept of mass (inertia) and how it is related to energy. Over the years, several authors have tried to present these concepts to a more general public through scientific dissemination and didactic transposition. Unfortunately, these adaptations have shown the presence of some conceptual errors and inconsistencies. In this paper, we analyze the topics of Special Relativity in physics textbooks approved in the National Textbook Program (PNLD) - 2018 address the concepts of mass and the mass-energy relationship and we point out that these present inconsistencias. As they are persistent and recurrent problems, they have already become epistemological obstacles and therefore require a more careful analysis to show their origin and they are or have become incongruous. For this reason, our work is not limited to pointing out which books they appear in, but it brings a broad reflection on each of these inconsistencies, dialoguing with various authors, aiming to serve as a subsidy for undergraduates, teachers, students and book authors and publishers of the science.

Resumo A Teoria da Relatividade Especial promoveu, no comego do sáculo XX, uma revolugao paradigmática e introduziu novas interpretares sobre o conceito de massa (inárcia) e como essa se relaciona com a energia. Ao longo dos anos, diversos autores tentaram apresentar esses conceitos para um público mais geral, por meio da divulgagao científica e da transposigao didática. Infelizmente, nessas adapta- goes tem se evidenciado a presenga de alguns erros conceituais e inconsistencias. Neste trabalho analisamos os tópicos de Relatividade Especial nos livros didáticos de física aprovados no Programa Nacional do Livro Didático (PNLD) - 2018 que abordam os conceitos de massa e a relagao massa-energia, desta análise apontamos que estas obras apresentam incongruencias. Por serem problemas persis tentes e recorrentes, eles já se tornaram obstáculos epistemológicos e por isso exigem uma investigagao mais cuidadosa que mostre a sua origem e se eles sao ou se tornaram incongruentes. Por essa razao, nosso trabalho nao se limita apenas em apontar em quais livros elas aparecem, mas traz uma ampla reflexao sobre cada uma dessas incongruencias, dialogando com vários autores, visando servir de subsídio para licenciandos, professores, alunos e autores de livros e divulgadores da ciencia.

Abstract The objective of this study was carried out to evaluating the productive performance, the physical-chemical quality of the milk, the physical-chemical and sensorial quality of rennet cheeses obtained from the milk of goats submitted to diets with diferente levels of guava agroindustrial waste (GAW). The goats were randomly distributed in a Latin square (4x4) according to the substitution levels (0, 14, 28, and 42%) of inclusion GAW in the diet. The consumption of natural and dry matter increased with the increase in hay substitution. However, the physical-chemical requirements of milk and cheese were not altered.

Abstract The banana is one of the most consumed fruits in the world, but it has little shelf life due to its high water activity. Drying is able to increase shelf life and pre-treatments can optimize the process. The objective was to study the solar drying kinetics and evaluate the effect of pre-treatments on the drying kinetics and physico-chemical quality of 'Prata' bananas. The drying was carried out in a solar dryer and the pre-treatments consisted of immersing the samples in solutions of water, citric acid (1%) and lemon juice (10%). Water loss, drying kinetics, mathematical models and physical-chemical and colorimetric characteristics of fresh and dried bananas were evaluated. The drying rate was higher at the beginning and stabilized after 20 hours. The mathematical model of Midilli and Kucuk was the one that best fit the experimental data. The water content, ascorbic acid and the parameters L *, b *, C * and h ° reduced after drying. Reducing sugars and a * coordinate increased and the acidity was not changed with drying. The solar drying of 'Prata' bananas is a sustainable and economical way to make a product available with a longer shelf life.

Abstract Microalgae are considered a rich source of biostimulants for plants, as an excellent business opportunity for the agricultural sector, as they can activate plant metabolism, contributing to the improvement in physiological performance, phytomass and, subsequently, vigor and quality of seedlings. The objective of this work was to evaluate the potential of Spirulina platensis biomass, in enabling improvements in physiological performance, phytomass and, subsequently, vigor and quality of cashew rootstock seedlings. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse in a completely randomized design, in a 4 x 2 factorial scheme (concentrations x rootstock), with three replications. The concentrations used were 0%, 0.04%, 0.08%, and 0.12% and the FAGA and CCP 76 genotypes. The seeds were immersed in the solutions for 12 hours. Applications were made via the leaves at 30 days after sowing (DAS), with an interval of seven days between each application and at 90 DAS evaluations were made. The FAGA and CCP 76 genotypes showed a positive response to the supply of S. platensis, with concentrations 0.04% and 0.08% which provided greater root length, aerial part length, number of leaves, diameter and leaf area. Concentrations 0.04% and 0.08% also promoted better percentages in the physiology of the CCP 76 genotype, while the FAGA genotype showed opposite action, which may be related to the mode of action of the microalgae on the different genetic and phenotypic characteristics of each genotype. The 0.12% concentration provided greater accumulations of aerial part and total dry mass to the genotypes.

Abstract Changes in the population's eating habits have expanded the French fries market. However, the need for refrigerated storage to supply sprouts and maintain a constant supply to the industry has led to a reduced number of cultivars suitable for processing due to the accumulation of sugars and browning after frying. Because of this, the objective of this study was to evaluate the suitability of the Donata and BRS F132 cultivars for use in the pre-fried potato processing industry. The tubers were stored at 6 and 8 °C for up to 180 days and the analysis of sprouting, total soluble sugar (TSS), reducing sugar (RS), non-reducing sugar (NRS), post-frying color by scale visual color used by the industry and L* and b* parameters. The sprouting was higher at 8 °C and in the BRS F 132 cultivar. The sugar content was high in both cultivars, however, the color remained adequate. It is concluded that the Donata and BRS F132 cultivars are suitable for the potato processing industry, and Donata presented better quality parameters. Conditioning at 8 °C is recommended in both cultivars that maintained the quality for 180 days.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a influência das diferentes angulações internas de conexões protéticas cônicas em próteses parciais fixas de três elementos, em relação a distribuição de tensões no osso cortical e medular adjacente, também como nos implantes e componentes protéticos através do método dos elementos finitos. Métodos: Foram analisados de forma quantitativa e qualitativa, através do método de elementos finitos, as tensões de tração, compressão e cisalhamento no osso cortical e medular, e tensões de von Misses nos implantes e componentes protéticos de dois implantes, um com conexão cônica de 11.5 graus e o outro de 16 graus. Ambos em prótese múltipla de três elementos. Resultados: Na análise quantitativa, tanto no osso cortical quanto no medular, os picos de tensão nas forças de tração, compressão, e de cisalhamento foram maiores para o grupo CM16, se comparado ao CM11,5, exceto a força de cisalhamento do osso cortical, que obteve valores muito próximos em ambos os grupos. Ao se analisar qualitativamente, os ossos corticais e medulares apresentaram um maior stress ao redor da plataforma dos implantes com incidência maior no implante na região do molar. Na análise von Misses em ambos os grupos, as tensões concentraram-se na região cervical dos implantes, nas primeiras roscas, nas regiões de pré-molar e molar. No que diz respeito aos pilares protéticos, a concentração de tensões foi localizada na região de contato com o implante. Conclusão: Podemos concluir que conforme o ângulo da interface implante-pilar aumenta, ocorre uma incidência maior de tensões em todas as áreas envolvidas nesse estudo.

ABSTRACT Objective: Evaluate the biomechanical behavior of the influence of different internal angles of conical prosthetic connections in fixed partial prostheses of three elements, through the tridimensional finite element method. Methods: Two different models of segment of the posterior portion of the mandible, with two implants with conical connections at angulations of 11.5 and 16 degrees. Afterwards, and occlusal load of 180N was used, and divided into 2 points of application on the premolar, and 400N divided into 5 points of application on the molar. Data were acquired as the tensile, compressive and shear stresses on cortical and medullary bone, and von Mises stresses on implants and prosthetic components of two implants in both in three-unit fixed partial prosthesis. In the quantitative analysis, both in cortical and medullary bone, the tension peaks in tensile, compression, and shear forces were higher for the CM16 group. Results: When analyzing qualitatively, the cortical and medullary bones presented a greater stress around the implant platform with a higher incidence in the implant in the molar region. In the von Misses analysis in both groups, the tensions were concentrated in the cervical region of the implants, in the first threads, in the premolar and molar regions. Regarding prosthetic pillars, the stress concentration was located in the region of contact with the implant. Conclusion: The increased angulation of conicity of the internal conical connections represents a determinant factor to increase in stress concentration in the implants, prosthetic components and adjacent structures, such as the cortical and medullary bone.

Abstract Background: The Coronavirus 19 (COVID-19) pandemic has dramatically impacted liver organ transplantation. The American Society of Transplantation recommends a minimum of 28 days after symptom resolution for organ donation. However, the exact time for transplantation for recipients is unknown. Considering that mortality on the waiting list for patients with MELD >25 or fulminant hepatitis is higher than that of COVID-19, the best time for surgery after SARS-CoV-2 infection remains undetermined. This study aims to expand the current knowledge regarding the Liver Transplantation (LT) time for patients after COVID-19 and to provide transplant physicians with essential decision-making tools to manage these critically ill patients during the pandemic. Methods: Systematic review of patients who underwent liver transplantation after diagnosis of COVID-19. The MEDLINE, PubMed, Cochrane, Lilacs, Embase, and Scielo databases were searched until June 20, 2021. The MESH terms used were “COVID-19” and “Liver transplantation”. Results: 558 articles were found; of these 13 articles and a total of 18 cases of COVID-19 prior to liver transplantation were reported. The mean age was 38.7±14.6, with male prevalence. Most had mild symptoms of COVID. Five patients have specific treatment for COVID-19 with convalescent plasm or remdesivir/oseltamivir, just one patient received hydroxychloroquine, and 12 patients received only symptomatic treatment. The median time between COVID-19 to LT was 19 days (13.5-44.5). Deceased donor liver transplantation accounted for 61% of cases, while living donor transplantation was 39%. Conclusion: Despite the concerns regarding the postoperative evolution, the mortality of patients with high MELD or fulminant hepatitis transplanted shortly after COVID-19 diagnosis does not seem to be higher. (PROSPERO, registration number = CRD42021261790)

ABSTRACT This work aims to evaluate the toxicity of insecticides used for stink bug control to the egg parasitoids Telenomus podisi and Trissolcus teretis. We tested ethiprole and sulfoxaflor + lambda-cyhalothrin in comparison with thiamethoxam + lambda-cyhalothrin and chlorpyrifos. Three independent bioassays were conducted in the laboratory and repeated for each parasitoid species, to evaluate the effect of insecticides on pupal and adult stages of the parasitoids and the effects of insecticide sprays on host eggs prior to parasitism. Ethiprole at concentrations of 100 and 133.3 g/100 L H2O was classified as harmless (class 1), according to the International Organization of Biological Control to both pupae and adults of T. podisi. When tested against T. teretis, ethiprole was classified as harmless (class 1) and slightly harmful (class 2), but it still was the most selective pesticide among the studied chemicals. When adult parasitoids of both species were exposed to sprayed host eggs, parasitism rates were similar. The other treatments triggered more severe negative side effects to the parasitoids, especially to adults. Overall, ethiprole was the least toxic compound among the studied products and should be preferred in integrated pest management aimed at preserving these biocontrol agents, while the other tested insecticides should be evaluated under semi-field and field conditions to verify their higher toxicity.

Abstract Background Considering the magnitude of systemic hypertension (SH) and its complications, as well as the importance of regular physical activity in its prevention and/or treatment, there is a necessity to identify the factors associated with insufficient practice of physical activity. Objective To analyze factors associated with insufficient physical activity in hypertensive patients treated at Primary Health Care (PHC). Method This cross-sectional study was performed with a random sample of 305 hypertensive patients in three PHC units in São Luis, state of Maranhão, Brazil. A bivariate analysis was performed with estimates of prevalence ratios and confidence intervals, and multivariate analysis using Poisson regression. Results Insufficient physical activity was observed in 38.7% of the sample. Insufficient physical activity was associated with having <8 years of formal education (prevalence ratio–PR=1.58; 95% confidence interval-CI=1.04–2.39), total cholesterol ≥200 mg/dL (PR=0.78; 95% CI=0.58–1.04), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol-LDL ≥100 mg/dL (PR=0.79; 95% CI=0.53–0.95), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol-HDL <40 mg/dL among men and <50 mg/dL among women (PR=1.21; 95% CI=0.90–1.64). Length of education <8 years (PR=1.50; 95% CI=0.99–2.29) and LDL ≥100 mg/dL (PR=0.72;95% CI=0.54–0.96) were also associated in the multivariate regression. Conclusion High prevalence of insufficient physical activity and its association with low education level and altered LDL serum levels were observed in hypertensive patients.

Resumo Introdução Considerando-se a magnitude da hipertensão arterial sistêmica e suas complicações, assim como a importância da atividade física regular na sua prevenção e/ou tratamento, é necessário identificar os fatores associados à prática de atividade física insuficiente. Objetivo Analisar os fatores associados à atividade física insuficiente em hipertensos atendidos na atenção primária à saúde. Método Estudo transversal realizado com amostra aleatória de 305 hipertensos em três unidades de saúde de São Luís (MA). Foi realizada análise bivariada, com estimativas de razões de prevalência, intervalos de confiança e análise multivariada por regressão de Poisson. Resultados A atividade física insuficiente foi observada em 38,7% da amostra. Atividade física insuficiente foi associada a menos de 8 anos de educação formal (razão de prevalência - RP = 1,58; intervalo de confiança de 95% - IC = 1,04–2,39), colesterol total ≥200 mg/dL (RP = 0,78; IC 95% = 0,58 -1,04), lipoproteína de baixa densidade colesterol-LDLc ≥100 mg/dL (RP = 0,79; IC 95% = 0,53-0,95) e lipoproteína de alta densidade colesterol-HDLc <40 mg / dL entre homens e <50 mg/dL entre mulheres (RP = 1,21; IC 95% = 0,90-1,64). A escolaridade <8 anos (RP = 1,50; IC 95% = 0,99–2,29) e LDLc ≥100 mg/dL (RP = 0,72; IC 95% = 0,54–0,96) também estiveram associados na regressão multivariada. Conclusão Observou-se alta prevalência de atividade física insuficiente e sua associação com baixa escolaridade e LDLc alterado em hipertensos.

Resumo A longevidade das flores de corte é limitada por sua natureza efêmera e por diversos estresses. De forma geral, a diminuição da absorção de água, esgotamento dos carboidratos armazenados, aumento da atividade respiratória e produção de etileno são reflexos senescência floral. Uma ampla gama de técnicas está disponível para estender a preservação de flores, incluindo o uso de conservantes de flores, inibidores da ação do etileno, reguladores de crescimento e controle de temperatura e desidratação das flores. O uso de sacarose em solução pulsante ou como constituinte de solução de vaso pode estender a vida de vaso das flores, melhorando o balanço hídrico, estimulando a abertura das flores ou retardando a senescência devido à menor síntese de etileno. Os inibidores da produção e ação do etileno afetam a longevidade, estendendo a vida de vaso de algumas flores sensíveis ao etileno. As flores têm intensa atividade respiratória, o que pode esgotar as reservas limitadas de carboidratos armazenados nas hastes cortadas. A redução da temperatura reduz tremendamente a produção de CO2 e etileno, bem como a sua ação. No entanto, em flores sensíveis ao frio como ave-do-paraíso, helicônia, orquídea e gengibre não podem ser armazenadas abaixo de 10 a 13ºC devido ao intenso desenvolvimento de descoloração do tecido.

Abstract The longevity of cut flowers is limited by their ephemeral nature and by multiple stresses. Impairment in water uptake, depletion of stored carbohydrates, increases in both respiratory activity and ethylene production are signatures of flower senescence. A wide range of techniques is available to extend flower preservation, including the use of flower preservative solutions, ethylene action inhibitors, growth regulators, and control of temperature and flower dehydration. The use of sucrose in pulsing solution, or as a component of vase solution, extends the vase life of flowers by either improving water balance and energy or delaying the senescence via reductions in ethylene biosynthesis. Inhibitors of ethylene production and action affect the longevity by extending the vase life of some ethylene-sensitive flowers. Flowers have intense respiratory activity, which may deplete the limited reserves of carbohydrates in the tissues. Lower temperatures markedly reduce both carbon dioxide concentration and ethylene production as well as its action. However, chilling-sensitive flowers, such as bird-of-paradise, heliconia, orchid, and ginger, cannot be stored below 10 to 13°C due to the intense development of tissue discoloration.