ABSTRACT: Improved spray deposition can be attained by electrostatically charging spray droplets, which increases the attraction of droplets to plants and decreases operator exposure to pesticide and losses to the environment. However, this technique alone is not sufficient to achieve desirable penetration of the spray solution into the crop canopy; thus, air assistance can be added to the electrostatic spraying to further improve spray deposition. This study was conducted to compare different spraying technologies on spray deposition and two-spotted spider mite control in cut chrysanthemum. Treatments included in the study were: conventional TJ 8003 double flat fan nozzles, conventional TXVK-3 hollow cone nozzles, semi-stationary motorized jet launched spray with electrostatic spray system (ESS) and air assistance (AA), and semi-stationary motorized jet launched spray with AA only (no ESS). To evaluate the effect of these spraying technologies on the control of two-spotted spider mite, a control treatment was included that did not receive an acaricide application. The AA spraying technology, with or without ESS, optimized spray deposition and provided satisfactory two-spotted spider mite control up to 4 days after application.

Assim como a maioria dos cultivos, em cafeeiro, a associação de inimigos naturais com produtos fitossanitários seletivos é uma importante estratégia no manejo integrado de pragas (MIP). Dessa forma, este estudo objetivou avaliar a seletividade de agrotóxicos utilizados na cultura cafeeira sobre larvas de Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant, 1853 (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), em laboratório. Os bioensaios foram realizados em condições controladas (25±2°C, UR de 70±10% e fotofase de 12 horas). Cada bioensaio consistiu em seis tratamentos e dez repetições, sendo cada parcela composta por duas larvas. Para as comparações das médias dos tratamentos, empregou-se um esquema fatorial inteiramente ao acaso de produtos x número de instares para os diferentes instares subsequentes à aplicação. Os inseticidas utilizados e suas respectivas dosagens de aplicação, em g de i.a. L-1 foram: tiametoxam (0,5), imidacloprido (0,7), óleo mineral (13,3), endossulfam (2,63) e dimetoato (0,48). A testemunha foi composta apenas por água destilada. A aplicação dos produtos foi realizada por meio de torre de Potter. Avaliaram-se a sobrevivência dos espécimes após serem contaminados com os produtos e os efeitos dos compostos sobre os parâmetros reprodutivos do predador. Tiametoxam (0,5), imidacloprido (0,7) e endossulfam (2,63) foram os mais prejudiciais, tendo sido observados, para os dois primeiros, 100% de mortalidade de larvas de primeiro e de segundo instares um dia após a aplicação e significativa redução na sobrevivência das larvas de terceiro e quarto instares. Dimetoato (0,48) foi nocivo para larvas de primeiro instar e levemente nocivo para larvas de quarto instar. Em função da seletividade apresentada pelo óleo mineral (13,3), este pode ser recomendado em compatibilização com o predador C. montrouzieri em programas de MIP na cultura cafeeira, sem prejuízo ao desempenho do inimigo natural.

As well as most of the crops, in coffee crop, the association of selective compounds and natural enemies, composes an important tool for the integrated pest management (IPM). The objective of this study was to evaluate the selectivity of some pesticides used in coffee crops on larvae of Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant, 1853 (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) under controlled laboratory conditions (climatic chamber) at 25±2°C, RH of 70±10% with a 12 h-photophase. The randomized experimental design was used, with six treatments and ten repetitions, being each composed for two larvae. For the comparisons of the averages of treatments, a factorial scheme was used with the products x number of instars for the different instars subsequent the application. The pesticides and doses in g of a.i. L-1 were: thiamethoxan (0.5), imidacloprid (0.7), mineral oil (13.3), endosulfan (2.63) and dimethoate (0.48). Distilled water was used as control. The sprayings of the pesticides were accomplished using a Potter's tower. The parameters evaluated were: specimens survival after the application of the compounds, and the compounds effects over the reproductive parameters of the predator. Thiamethoxan (0.5), imidacloprid (0.7) and endosulfan (2.63) were the most harmful to the treated individuals and for the first two compounds it was observed 100% of larvae mortality of the first and second instars soon at 1 day after the application and reduction in the survival of the larvae of third and fourth instars. Dimethoate (0.48) was harmful for the larvae of the first instar and slightly harmful for larvae of fourth instar. As a function of the selectivity presented by mineral oil (13.3), it can be recommended aiming its compatibilization with the C. montrouzieri natural enemy in programs of IPM in coffee crop.

Se evaluaron los efectos de los insecticidas químicos acetamiprid, lufenuron, imidacloprid, novaluron, triflumuron, y piriproxifen en las etapas de desarrollo de Trichogramma pretiosum. Se ofrecieron huevos de Anagasta kuehniella adheridos a cartón azul a las hembras de T. pretiosum durante 24 h. Después de parasitismo, los huevos fueron tratados por inmersión en las soluciones químicas o en agua durante cinco segundos, después de alcanzadas las etapas de huevo-larva, pre-pupa o pupa. La aplicación de piriproxifen a T. pretiosum durante su período de huevo-larva fue ligeramente perjudicial a la capacidad de parasitismo de las hembras de la generación F1 y la tasa de emergencia de adultos de la generación F1 y F2. Cuando se aplicó a T. pretiosum en el período de huevo-larva, acetamiprid fue ligeramente perjudicial a la capacidad de parasitismo de las hembras de la generación F1 de T. pretiosum. Cuando se aplicó a T. pretiosum en la fase de pupa, acetamiprid fue ligeramente perjudicial para la capacidad de parasitismo de las hembras de la generación F2. Cuando se aplicó durante el período de huevo-larva, imidacloprid fue ligeramente perjudicial a la capacidad de parasitismo de las hembras de T. pretiosum de la generación F1. Lufenuron aplicado en T. pretiosum en la fase de pupa fue ligeramente perjudicial para la capacidad de parasitismo de las hembras de la generación F2. Los insecticidas novaluron y triflumuron cuando se aplicaron en los estados inmaduros de T. pretiosum fueron inofensivos para las generaciones F1 y F2.

The effects of the chemical insecticides acetamiprid, lufenuron, imidacloprid, novaluron, triflumuron, and pyriproxifen on the developmental stages of Trichogramma pretiosum were evaluated. Eggs of Anagasta kuehniella glued on blue paper cards were offered to T. pretiosum females for 24 h. After parasitization, the eggs were treated by dipping the cards into the insecticide solutions or in water for 5 s after they had reached the egg-larval, pre-pupal, or pupal stages. The application of pyriproxifen to T. pretiosum during its egg-larval period was slightly harmful to the parasitization capacity of F1 generation females and the emergence rate of F1 and F2 generation adults. When applied to T. pretiosum in the egg-larval period, acetamiprid was slightly harmful to the parasitization capacity of the F1 generation females of T. pretiosum. When applied to T. pretiosum in the pupal stage, acetamiprid was slightly harmful to the parasitization capacity of F2 generation females. When applied during the egg-larval period, imidacloprid was slightly harmful to the parasitization capacity of T. pretiosum females of the F1 generation. Lufenuron applied on T. pretiosum in the pupal stage was slightly harmful to the parasitization capacity of the F2 generation females. The insecticides novaluron and triflumuron, when applied during the immature stages to T. pretiosum, were harmless to its F1 and F2 generations.

Devido à grande importância de Chrysoperla externa (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) como agente de controle biológico de artrópodes-praga na cultura da macieira no Brasil, avaliaram-se os efeitos dos agrotóxicos (g i.a. L-1) abamectina (0,02), carbaril (1,73), enxofre (4,80), fenitrotiona (0,75), metidationa (0,40) e triclorfom (1,50) em pupas desse predador, oriundas de Bento Gonçalves e Vacaria, Rio Grande do Sul, bem como sobre o desenvolvimento dos adultos obtidos e sua reprodução. A aplicação dos compostos e de água destilada (testemunha) foi realizada sobre as pupas utilizando-se torre de Potter. Carbaril e triclorfom causaram mortalidade significativa de pupas tratadas de ambas as populações. Abamectina somente causou mortalidade de pupas oriundas de Vacaria; enxofre, fenitrotiona e metidationa mostraram-se inócuos ao predador. Não foram constatadas reduções no número de ovos depositados por C. externa de Bento Gonçalves; entretanto, fenitrotiona causou reduções nessa característica biológica de fêmeas provenientes de Vacaria. Apenas carbaril e abamectina não afetaram negativamente a viabilidade dos ovos depositados por C. externa oriundas de pupas tratadas, provenientes de Bento Gonçalves e Vacaria, respectivamente. Baseando-se no efeito total (E), enxofre, fenitrotiona e metidationa são inócuos, enquanto abamectina, carbaril e triclorfom são levemente prejudiciais a insetos oriundos de Bento Gonçalves. Abamectina e enxofre são inócuos a indivíduos de Vacaria, enquanto carbaril, fenitrotiona, metidationa e triclorfom são levemente prejudiciais, conforme classificação da IOBC.

Chrysoperla externa (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) is an important biological control agent of artropod-pests in apple crop. In this research the effects of the pesticides (g a.i. L-1) abamectin (0.02), carbaryl (1.73), fenitrothion (0.75), methidathion (0.40), sulphur (4.80) and trichlorfon (1.50), on C. externa pupae from Bento Gonçalves and Vacaria regions, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, as well as on the development of the adults obtained and its reproduction were evaluated. The sprayings of those compounds and distilled water (control) on pupae were accomplished using a Potter tower. Carbaryl and trichlorfon caused mortality of treated pupae in both studied populations. Abamectin only caused significant mortality of treated pupae from Vacaria; sulphur, fenitrothion and methidathion presented to be harmless to the predator. None of the compounds reduced the oviposition capacity of C. externa from Bento Gonçalves, originated from treated pupae; however, fenitrothion caused reductions in that biological parameter for females from Vacaria. Among the evaluated pesticides, only carbaryl and abamectin did not reduced the viability of eggs laid by C. externa from Bento Gonçalves and Vacaria, respectively. According to the total effect (E) of each pesticide, sulphur, fenitrothion and methidathion are harmless, whereas abamectin, carbaryl and trichlorfon are slightly harmful to insects from Bento Gonçalves. Abamectin and sulphur are harmless to insects from Vacaria, while carbaryl, fenitrothion, methidathion and trichlorfon are slightly harmful, according to the IOBC classification.