Objective: To describe self-reported experiences of gender incongruence related to discomfort and body changes to be more congruent to the desired gender, and to examine whether experiences of psychological distress related to gender identity were more strongly related to the experience of gender incongruence per se or to experiences of social rejection. Methods: This field study used a structured interview design in a purposive sample of transgender adults (aged >18 years or older) receiving health-care services in two main reference centers in Brazil. Results: A high proportion of participants (90.3%, n=93) reported experiencing psychological distress related to their gender identity and report having experienced social rejection related to their gender identity during the interview index period and that rejection by friends was the only significant predictor for psychological distress. Conclusions: Gender incongruence variables were not significant predictors of distress. This result supports the recent changes proposed by the Word Health Organization in ICD-11 to move transgender conditions from the Mental and Behavioral Disorders chapter to a new chapter on Sexual Disorders and Conditions Related to Sexual Health.

Objective: Disorders characterized by “distressing unexplained somatic symptoms” are challenging. In the ICD-11 Primary Health Care (PHC) Guidelines for Diagnosis and Management of Mental Disorders (ICD-11 PHC), a new category, bodily stress syndrome (BSS), was included to diagnose patients presenting unexplained somatic symptoms. The present study investigated the association of BSS with anxiety, depression, and four subgroups of physical symptoms in a Brazilian primary health care (PHC) sample. Methodology: As part of the international ICD-11 PHC study, 338 patients were evaluated by their primary care physicians, followed by testing with Clinical Interview Schedule (CIS-R) and World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule, Version 2.0 (WHODAS 2.0). BSS was diagnosed in the presence of at least three somatic symptoms associated with incapacity. The association between anxiety, depression, and four subgroups of physical symptoms with being a BSS case was analyzed. Results: The number of somatic symptoms was high in the overall sample of 338 patients (mean = 8.4), but even higher in the 131 BSS patients (10.2; p < 0.001). Most BSS patients (57.3%) had at least three symptoms from two, three, or four subgroups, and these were associated with anxiety and depression in 80.9% of these patients. The symptom subgroup most strongly associated with “being a BSS” case was the non-specific group (OR = 6.51; 95%CI 1.65-24.34), followed by musculoskeletal (OR = 2,31; 95%CI 1.19-4.72). Conclusion: Somatic symptoms were frequent in a sample of PHC patients in Brazil. In the present sample, one third were BSS cases and met the criteria for at least two symptom subgroups, supporting the hypothesis that different functional symptoms are related to each other.

OBJETIVO: O objetivo do estudo foi examinar o papel do gênero no endosso dos sintomas incluídos tanto na Classificação Internacional de Doenças-10ª Edição quanto no Manual Diagnóstico e Estatístico de Transtornos Mentais-4ª Edição. MÉTODO: Seiscentos pacientes tratados por problemas ligados ao álcool em serviços ambulatórios de saúde no México foram avaliados com o Módulo sobre Abuso de Substâncias da Composite International Diagnostic Interview. RESULTADOS: A análise fatorial confirmatória com a Classificação Internacional de Doenças-10ª Edição e o Manual Diagnóstico e Estatístico de Transtornos Mentais-4ª Edição produziu dois fatores, que incluíram uma combinação de abuso/uso nocivo de álcool e sintomas de dependência, que explicaram 40% e 49,2% da variância total, respectivamente. No grupo de pacientes abuso/uso nocivo, os sintomas e as consequências sociais diferiram entre os gêneros: síndrome de abstinência, falta de controle e problemas jurídicos foram mais frequentes nos homens, enquanto as mulheres apresentaram maiores taxas de tentativas de abandonar o álcool e dificuldades para realizar atividades diárias. Fatores específicos de gênero diferenciaram abuso/uso nocivo da dependência, como a perda de controle e o tempo gasto para beber, no caso dos homens, e do desejo de beber entre as mulheres, de acordo com os critérios de dependência do Manual Diagnóstico e Estatístico de Transtornos Mentais-4ª Edição, e presença de sintomas físicos em homens, problemas sociais/família, e desejo e esforço fútil de parar de beber em mulheres, segundo o critério de dependência da Classificação Internacional de Doenças-10ª Edição. CONCLUSÃO: Futuros sistemas de classificação da toxicomania devem levar em conta as diferenças entre os sexos, a fim de ajudar a suprimir a lacuna de tratamento para as mulheres.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to examine the role of gender in the endorsement of symptoms included in both the International Classification of Diseases-10th Edition and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-4th Edition. METHOD: Six hundred patients treated for alcohol-related problems in outpatient services in Mexico were evaluated with the Substance Abuse Module of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview. RESULTS: Confirmatory factor analyses using the International Classification of Diseases-10th Edition and Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-4th Edition criteria produced two factors that included a combination of abuse/harmful alcohol use and dependence symptoms, which explained 40% and 49.2% of the total variance, respectively. In the abuse/harmful use groups of patients, symptoms and social consequences differed according to gender: withdrawal syndrome, lack of control and legal problems were more frequent in men, while women exhibited higher rates of attempts to give up alcohol and difficulties to accomplish daily activities. Specific gender-related factors differentiated abuse/harmful use from dependence, such as loss of control and time spent to drink in the case of men and desire to drink among women, according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-4th Edition dependence criteria; and presence of physical symptoms in men and family/social problems, craving, and futile effort to stop drinking in women, according to the International Classification of Diseases-10th Edition dependence criteria. CONCLUSION: Future classification systems of substance abuse disorders should take into account differences between genders in order to help closing the treatment gap for women.

In the context of the updating of the International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision (ICD-10), this study conducted a code-by-code comparison between the ICD-10 chapter "Mental and Behavioural Disorders" and the diagnostic categories of two Latin American classification schemes: the Third Cuban Psychiatric Glossary (GC-3) and the Latin American Guide to Psychiatric Diagnosis (GLADP). The objective was to help define what categories in the current classification should be broadened and what new categories might be added to the future ICD-11 to make it more applicable in local sociocultural and clinical contexts that differ from those found in regions whose perspectives have historically dominated the ICD, namely, the United States and Europe. It is hoped that the results will contribute to the efforts under way to develop a genuinely international classification system.

Dentro del marco del análisis de la décima revisión de la Clasificación Internacional de Enfermedades y Problemas de Salud Asociados (CIE-10), se realizó una comparación código a código entre las categorías diagnósticas de dos clasificaciones latinoamericanas -el Tercer Glosario Cubano de Psiquiatría (GC-3) y la Guía Latinoamericana para el Diagnóstico Psiquiátrico (GLADP)- y el capítulo de "Trastornos mentales y del comportamiento" de la CIE-10. El objetivo fue ayudar a definir qué categorías de la clasificación actual deberían ampliarse y qué nuevas categorías podrían añadirse a la futura CIE-11 para lograr una mayor aplicabilidad local en contextos socioculturales y clínicos distintos del estadounidense y del europeo, cuyas perspectivas han dominado la CIE históricamente. Se espera que el resultado contribuya a los esfuerzos que se están llevando a cabo para desarrollar un sistema clasificatorio que sea genuinamente internacional.