ABSTRACT The use of tutoring systems has become normalized in secondary schools (grades 7-9) in many parts of the world. There have been studies analyzing the students' behavior, their affective responses, or the abuse of the system, but little has been done to discover other types of behavior. This paper presents evidence that there are different types of help-seeking behavior which can be typified in Mexican students interacting with the Scooter intelligent tutoring system (ITS), which was designed to teach mathematics at secondary-level. The implemented methodology consisted of applying discovery algorithms and data mining to typify students in terms of their help-seeking behaviors. The results and contributions of this work suggest that gaming the system with the aforementioned ITS may not always be useful. Future work will analyze other student groups who have used this software in other parts of the world to correlate these typologies to students' traits or opinions about mathematics and learning.

RESUMEN En muchas partes del mundo se ha normalizado el uso de sistemas de tutoría en las escuelas de secundaria (grados 7 a 9). Se han realizado estudios que analizan el comportamiento de los estudiantes, sus respuestas afectivas o el abuso del sistema, pero se ha hecho poco para descubrir otros tipos de comportamiento. Este artículo presenta evidencia de que existen diferentes tipos de comportamiento de búsqueda y solicitud de ayuda, los cuales pueden tipificarse en estudiantes que interactúan con el sistema tutor inteligente (STI) Scooter, diseñado para enseñar matemáticas a estudiantes de secundaria. La metodología implementada consistió en aplicar algoritmos de descubrimiento y minería de datos para tipificar a los estudiantes en términos de sus comportamientos de búsqueda de ayuda. Los resultados y las contribuciones de este trabajo sugieren que "jugar con el sistema" del STI ya mencionado no siempre es útil. El trabajo futuro analizará otros conjuntos de estudiantes que han utilizado el tutor inteligente en otras partes del mundo para correlacionar estas tipologías con los rasgos u opiniones de los estudiantes sobre las matemáticas y el aprendizaje.

RESUMEN En este trabajo, se estudiaron los materiales usados para la construcción de una estructura de tierra en el sitio arqueológico de La Joya, en la costa del Golfo de México, construida del Preclásico tardío (400 AC) al periodo Clásico (100-1000 DC). Las primeras construcciones se levantaron alrededor del 100 AC, sobre la cima de una paleoduna, ligeramente arriba de las terrazas aluviales circundantes del río Jamapa; entonces, el sitio crece hasta adquirir un complejo monumental de 15 ha. La construcción total alcanza un volumen de 250,000 m3, toda hecha de tierra, rodeada de grandes pozas artificiales de agua (aljibes). Para entender el tipo de componentes encontrados en las estructuras y su procedencia, se comparó la micromorfología de los materiales de las construcciones de tierra con los sedimentos y paleosuelos localizados en los alrededores. Se tomaron muestras de rellenos de tres etapas constructivas, así como de un perfil natural de suelos y de los horizontes de paleosuelos encontrados debajo de las estructuras. Las características micromorfológicas encontradas en los rellenos permiten establecer la correlación entre ellos. Los rellenos de la primera etapa constructiva tienen fragmentos de un horizonte Btb, mezclado con un horizonte A, compactado y molido, en donde se identifican abundantes artefactos. Sin embargo, estos artefactos no se incorporaron intencionalmente a los rellenos, sino que habían sido acumulados en el horizonte A pre-ocupación, como basura residencial y agrícola. Particular atención fue puesta al material gléyco presente en los rellenos de la tercera etapa constructiva que se piensa vienen de los sedimentos acumulados en depresiones, transformadas en reservorios de agua, limitando el complejo arquitectónico principal. Estos rellenos del reservorio comparten propiedades con los sedimentos naturales y los paleosuelos transformados por las condiciones de saturación de agua. En consecuencia, estos materiales son intempretados como un caso de pedogénesis antropogénica, en donde la micromorfología del gley indica condiciones de saturación de agua, pero a causa de un cuerpo de agua artificial, ya que no muestran sedimentos orgánicos oscuros que resultarían de la vegetación típica de un estanque, bajo un ambiente tropical húmedo.

ABSTRACT In this paper, we study the materials used for the construction of earthen structure in the La Joya archaeological site, on the Gulf of Mexico coast, built on top of a paleodune, from the Late Preclassic (400 BC) to the Classic period (AD 100-1000). The first constructions arise around 100 BC, on a paleodune top rising slightly above the surrounding alluvial terraces of the Jamapa river; then it grows into a 15-ha monumental compound. The total construction volume reaches 250,000 m3, all made of earth, surrounded by large artificial water pounds (reservoirs). To understand the kind of components found in the structures and their provenance, we compare the micromorphological features of the materials from the earthen constructions with the sediments and paleosols located in the surrounding areas. Samples were taken from the fills of three first building stages, as well as from a natural soil profile and the natural paleosol horizons found beneath the structures. Micromorphological features found in fills permit to establish the correlation between them and their parent material. The fills from the first stage of construction have fragments of a Btb horizon, mixed with an A horizon, compacted and crushed, in which abundant artifacts are identified. However, these artifacts were not intentionally incorporated to the fills, but had been accumulated on the pre-occupation A horizon as residential and agriculture trash. Particular attention was paid to a gley material occurring in the third building stage, that was believed to come from the sediments accumulated in the original borrow pits transformed into water reservoirs, enclosing the main architectural compound. These reservoir fills share properties of the natural sediments and paleosols but transformed by the waterlogging conditions. In consequence, these materials are interpreted as a case of anthropogenic pedogenesis, where the gley micromorphology indicates waterlogging conditions, but in artificially made reservoirs, as they do not have dark organic sediments that would result of the vegetation typical of a natural pond in a humid tropical environment.

Abstract In this paper a 3D numerical model using a software based on the Finite Element Method (FEM), was developed and validated using the results obtained in a geotechnical centrifuge model of a piled raft system founded in soft soils undergoing regional subsidence. The piled raft configuration had nine piles distributed in the center of the raft. The kaolin parameters were obtained, calibrated, and validated for the Hardening Soil Model (HSM), based on laboratory triaxial and oedometer test results. Also, a single pile load test was carried out in the centrifuge to get the resistance parameters used in the FEM. The developed numerical model reproduced satisfactorily soil and foundation consolidation displacements due, not only by the structural service load but also by the pore pressure drawdown. For load distribution on piles and raft, the model reproduces with good agreement the foundation behavior only for the structural service load, for pore pressure drawdown some adjustments on the embedded piles elements shaft and base resistance had to be done. The developed model allowed to identify the most sensitive parameters for this type of simulation, to define the types and stages of analysis that had the best fit for the physical model, and to obtain additional results to those measured in the physical model, e.g., the axial load distribution developed along the piles and therefore the magnitude of the negative skin friction, that is an important load that should be considered for the structural safety review of piled foundations subjected to this complex conditions.

Resumen El proceso de fragmentación, a consecuencia de las actividades humanas, ha modificado la diversidad de los ecosistemas acuáticos y riparios, especialmente en áreas como bosques secos tropicales que, en Colombia, son zonas en peligro de desaparecer dentro de pocos años. Ante esta situación, la diversidad y la composición de los insectos Odonata, que están influenciadas por factores abióticos, podrían ser excelentes herramientas para comprender el estado ambiental actual. Por lo anterior, el objetivo de este estudio fue observar los cambios en la diversidad y la composición de Odonata, en diferentes condiciones de la vegetación riparia, a lo largo de un arroyo, en un remanente de bosque seco. Al mismo tiempo, se plantea la hipótesis de que existen diferencias, en la diversidad y composición de Odonata, a lo largo del sistema. Para esto, se muestrearon larvas y adultos de odonatos y se determinaron las variables ambientales a lo largo de cuatro estaciones de muestreo dentro de un mismo arroyo, con diferente vegetación ribereña, en cuatro periodos durante un año. Se recolectó un total de 272 especímenes correspondientes a 16 especies. Se observaron variaciones en la composición de Odonata, señaladas en los registros de especies y en el índice de similitud. Sin embargo, no se observaron diferencias significativas en la diversidad de odonatos. En cuanto a la fisicoquímica del arroyo, se notó una variación espacial en la conductividad y la concentración de nutrientes y una variación temporal en el pH y la temperatura. A manera de conclusión, se exponen cambios en la composición de Odonata, en concordancia con la vegetación riparia, durante el año de muestreo.

Abstract The fragmentation of aquatic and riparian environments has damaged diversity into ecosystems. These injuries are pronounced in areas as tropical dry forests in Colombia, which are endangered zones that could be disappear in few years. In this situation, diversity and composition in Odonata insects, which are influenced by abiotic factors, could be excellent tools for understanding environmental status. Thus, we aim to observe changes in Odonata diversity and composition in different riparian vegetation during a year, along a stream from a remnant of dry forest. At the same time, we hypothesize that there are differences in Odonata diversity and composition. To take this, we sampled Odonata, larvae and adults, and environmental variables in four sampling stations, with different riparian vegetation during a year. We collected a total of 272 specimens corresponding to 16 species. In one hand, we noted variations in Odonata composition, showed in species records and similarity index. In other hand, we do not observe differences in Odonata diversity. Lastly, we approve in part our hypothesis exposing only Odonata composition changes with riparian vegetation, during sampling year.

Abstract It was assessed the effect of the inclusion of Moringa oleifera Lam. and Trichanthera gigantea (Bonpl.) Nees in the diet of hair (Pelibuey) sheep on the quality of their semen. During 90 d, the diets of 15 sheep (24 kg ± 3.95) were divided into three treatments: T1: integral diet with 40 % of M. oleifera + Taiwan grass (Pennisetum purpureum Schumach.), T2: integral diet with 40 % of T. gigantea + Taiwan grass, and T3: 40 % commercial feed + Taiwan grass. The daily weight gain (DWG), carcass yield (CY), testicular development (DT) determined by the diameter (AE) and the scrotal circumference (SC) of these sheep were determined, and the volume, concentration, motility (CASA), viability (SYBR-14/IP), mitochondrial activity (J-C1) and acrosomal integrity (FITC-PSA) of their sperm samples were assessed. No differences were found (P>0.05) in the GDP and RC. Differences were found (P<0.05) in DT, T1 (AE= 48.84 ± 5.99 mm, CE=$9.29 ± 1.13 cm) and T3 (AE= 48.83 ± 4.34 mm, C = 26.62 ± 1.27 cm) exhibited higher values than T2 (44.57 ± 5.59 AE= mm, CE= 25.42 ± 1.50 cm); as for viability, T2 (62.90 ± 6.10 %) and T1 (54.00 ± 6.61 %) had higher percentages than T3 (24.45 ± 7.56 %); in motility, T1 (93.9 ± 2.1 %) and T2 (88.6 ± 1.9 %) had a higher percentage than T3 (71.9 ± 4.0 %). The inclusion of M. oleifera and T. gigantea in the diet allows to obtain a GDP, RC and DT similar to those of commercial feed and increases the number of viable sperm cells by more than 20 %; it also improves certain parameters of motility, thereby improving the reproductive potential of the stallions.

Resumen Se evalúo el efecto de la inclusión de Moringa oleifera Lam. y Trichanthera gigantea (Bonpl.) Nees en la dieta de ovinos de pelo (Pelibuey) sobre su calidad seminal. Durante 90 días, las dietas de 15 ovinos (24 kg ± 3.95) se dividieron en tres tratamientos: T1: dieta integral con 40 % de M. oleifera + pasto Taiwán (Pennisetum purpureum Schumach.), T2: dieta integral con 40 % de T. gigantea + pasto Taiwán y T3: 40 % alimento comercial + pasto Taiwán. A estos ovinos se les determinó la ganancia diaria de peso (GDP), rendimiento de la canal (RC), desarrollo testicular (DT) (determinado por el diámetro (AE) y la circunferencia escrotal (CE)); y a sus muestras de esperma se les evalúo el volumen, concentración, motilidad (CASA), viabilidad (SYBR-14/IP), actividad mitocondrial (J-C1) e integridad acrosomal (FITC-PSA). No se encontraron diferencias (P>0.05) en la GDP y RC. Se encontraron diferencias (P˂0.05) en DT, T1 (AE= 48.84 ± 5.99 mm, CE= 26.48 ± 1.13 cm) y T3 (AE= 48.83 ± 4.34 mm, C = 26.62 ± 1.27 cm) presentaron valores más elevados que T2 (AE= 44.57 ± 5.59 mm, CE= 25.42 ± 1.50 cm); en la viabilidad, T2 (62.90 ± 6.10 %) y T1 (54.00 ± 6.61 %) poseen mayores porcentajes que T3 (24.45 ± 7.56 %); en la motilidad, T1 (93.9 ± 2.1 %) y T2 (88.6 ± 1.9 %) tuvieron mayor porcentaje que T3 (71.9 ± 4.0 %). La inclusión de M. oleifera y T. gigantea en la dieta permite obtener una GDP, RC y DT similar al alimento comercial e incrementa más del 20 % de las células espermáticas viables; también mejora algunos parámetros de motilidad, mejorando con esto el potencial reproductivo de los sementales.

Resumen Objetivo: determinar los valores séricos de la enzima lecitina colesterol aciltransferasa en un grupo de mujeres postmenopáusicas, y establecer su relación con factores asociados a riesgo cardiovascular. Materiales y métodos: estudio descriptivo transversal prospectivo, correlacional, que incluyó 56 mujeres postmenopáusicas en quienes se evaluaron variables antropométricas y bioquímicas (perfil lipídico y glicemia basal) asociadas a riesgo cardiovascular y se correlacionaron con las concentraciones séricas de lecitina colesterol aciltransferasa. Resultados: los valores séricos promedio de dicha enzima fueron 7,89 ± 1,26 (g/ml. Las mujeres con valores de índice de masa corporal superior a 25 tienen niveles séricos de lecitina colesterol aciltransferasa significativamente mayores que aquellas que tienen índice de masa corporal normal. No se observaron relaciones significativas entre los niveles de lecitina colesterol aciltransferasa y las variables bioquímicas evaluadas. Conclusiones: este trabajo es uno de los primeros que evalúa los niveles séricos de lecitina colesterol aciltransferasa en mujeres postmenopáusicas del Caribe colombiano. Se encontró una relación significativa entre los niveles séricos de lecitina colesterol aciltransferasa y los valores de índice de masa corporal elevados. Se requieren nuevos estudios para entender mejor la relación entre los niveles séricos de lecitina colesterol aciltransferasa y el riesgo cardiovascular en mujeres postmenopáusicas.

Abstract Objective: To determine the serum levels of lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase in a group of postmenopausal women and to establish their relationship with factors associated with cardiovascular risk. Materials and methods: A descriptive, correlational and cross-sectional study was performed that included 56 postmenopausal women. Anthropometric and biochemical (lipid profile and baseline blood glucose) variables associated with cardiovascular risk were measured, and were correlated with the serum concentrations of lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase. Results: The mean serum level of lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase was 7.89 ± 1.26 (g/ml. The women with a body mass index greater than 25 had significantly higher serum levels of the enzyme than those that had a normal body mass index. No significant relationships were observed between the levels of lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase and the biochemical variables evaluated. Conclusions: This study is one of the first that has evaluated the serum levels of lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase in postmenopausal women of the Colombian Caribbean. A significant relationship was found between the serum levels of lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase and elevated values of the body mass index. Further studies are required for a better understanding of the relationship between the serum levels of lecithin cholesterol acyltransferase and cardiovascular risk in postmenopausal women.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different Beauveria bassiana strains (B. bassiana) against Alphitobius diaperinus (A. diaperinus). A total of 360 beetles A. diaperinus (adults) were collected from poultry farms in Colima state. After verifying its viability (90% of germinated conidia), five of B. bassiana strains (Bb3, Bb4, Bb5, Bb6 and Bb17) were used. The five treatments of B. bassiana, presented a concentration of 1 x 108 conidia/mL. Fifteen beetles were used for the control and for each of B. bassiana strain, with four replicates/treatment. The dead A. diaperinus were incubated for 21 d, to promote mycelial growth and thus determine whether the death was caused by B. bassiana. The resulting data set was analyzed by descriptive statistics. The comparison between groups was assessed by Analysis of Variance and frequency histogram. The results showed that all fungal isolates were pathogenic against A. diaperinus beetles. The Bb4 strain showed a difference between groups, with respect to mortality (5.25 ± 0.95 dead A. diaperinus beetles). In dead beetles, mycosis due to mycelium growth of B. bassiana, presented the best results in Bb4 strain (2.50 ± 1.29 beetles A. diaperinus with mycosis) equivalent to 16.66%ith the lowest value in Bb3 strain and Bb6 strain (3.33 and 1.66% of mycosis) respectively. The results found could be used in future trials to evaluate the Bb4 strain under normal conditions within the bird facilities.

RESUMEN El objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar el efecto de diferentes cepas de Beauveria bassiana (B. bassiana) contra Alphitobius diaperinus (A. diaperinus). Un total de 360 escarabajos A. diaperinus (adultos), fueron colectados de granjas avícolas en el estado de Colima. Después de comprobar su viabilidad (90% de conidios germinados), cinco cepas de B. bassiana (Bb3, Bb4, Bb5, Bb6 y Bb17) fueron utilizadas. Los cinco tratamientos de B. bassiana, presentaron una concentración de 1 x 108 conidios/mL. Se emplearon 15 escarabajos para el testigo y por cada cepa de B. bassiana, con cuatro réplicas/tratamiento. Los A. diaperinus muertos se incubaron por 21 d, para promover el crecimiento del micelio y con ello determinar si la muerte fue causada por B. bassiana. El conjunto de datos resultante se analizó mediante estadística descriptiva. La comparación entre grupos se llevó a cabo por Análisis de Varianza e histograma de frecuencia. Los resultados mostraron que todos los aislamientos fúngicos eran patógenos contra escarabajos A. diaperinus. La cepa Bb4 presentó diferencia entre grupos, con respecto a la mortalidad (5.25 ± 0.95 escarabajos A. diaperinus muertos). En los escarabajos muertos, la micosis por crecimiento del micelio de B. bassiana, presentó los mejores resultados en la cepa Bb4 (2.50 ± 1.29 escarabajos A. diaperinus con micosis) equivalente al 16.66%. Con el valor más bajo en las cepas Bb3 y Bb6 (3.33 y 1.66% de micosis) respectivamente. Los resultados encontrados, se podrían utilizar en próximos ensayos para evaluar la cepa Bb4 en condiciones normales dentro de instalaciones para aves.

Resumen El cabrito del frambueso (Aegorhinus superciliosus), es un curculiónido nativo de Chile y parte de Argentina. En Chile, habita la zona centro-sur y es considerado una plaga importante, ya que afecta a las plantaciones de frutales arbustivos de avellano europeo (Corylus avellana) y arándano (Vaccinium corymbosum), causando cuantiosos daños económicos a la industria frutícola de la zona. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la variabilidad genética de las poblaciones de A. superciliosus asociadas a Maytenus boaria. Ejemplares adultos de A. superciliosus fueron recolectados en las poblaciones de Máfil, Futrono, La Unión y Frutillar. Su clasificación y almacenamiento se realizó en el Laboratorio de Investigación en Biotecnología Animal (LINBA) de la Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile. El análisis molecular se realizó mediante Marcadores Intermicrosatelitales (ISSR). Los resultados arrojaron una alta similitud génica entre todas las poblaciones de estudio. Se observó una correlación positiva entre la variabilidad genética y la distribución geográfica. Las poblaciones distribuidas más al sur (Futrono- La Unión- Frutillar) presentaron entre si una elevada similitud génica, situación asociada a la abundante presencia de M. boaria el cual permite el flujo génico a lo largo del territorio donde se realizó el estudio. El bajo nivel de variabilidad genética en las poblaciones de A. superciliosus del sur de Chile, está probablemente asociado al gran número de huéspedes encontrados en los ecosistemas agrícolas y forestales, que tienen la capacidad de colonizar grandes áreas en esta zona del país. Estas condiciones contribuyen a incrementar el flujo génico de A. superciliosus, transformando a este insecto en la mayor y más peligrosa plaga de arándanos en Chile.

Abstract The raspberry weevil (Aegorhinus superciliosus) is a curculionid native of Chile and part of Argentina. This insect is considered to be a pest to both European hazel (Corylus avellana) and blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum) fruit plantations in south-central Chile and has caused considerable economic damage to the local fruit industry. The aim of this study was to evaluate the genetic variability within A. superciliosus populations associated with Maytenus boaria. Adult A. superciliosus specimens were collected from Máfil, Futrono, La Unión and Frutillar populations. Their classification and storage was carried out at the Animal Biotechnology Research Laboratory (LINBA) of the Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile. Molecular analysis was assessed through ISSR (Inter Simple Sequence Repeats). Results showed high genetic similarities across all studied populations. A positive correlation was observed between genetic variability and geographic distribution. The southernmost populations (Futrono, La Unión and Frutillar) expressed high interspecific genetic similarities, associated with the abundance of M. boaria, which allows for genetic flow throughout the studied area. The low level of genetic variability in A. superciliosus populations in southern Chile is likely to be correlated with the large number of hosts found in agricultural and forest ecosystems which have the capacity to colonize extensive areas in this part of the country. These conditions contribute to an increase in the genetic flux of A. superciliosus, thus transforming this insect into one of the most significant and most harmful blueberry pests in Chile.

Resumen Introducción: los ImTOR, sirolimus y everolimus son una alternativa de inmunosupresión en personas que han recibido transplantes renales. En este artículo, se describe la experiencia de pacientes que han experimentado una conversión a ImTOR, y a los que se les ha hecho un seguimiento por más de cinco años. Materiales y métodos: se incluyeron pacientes con transplantes renales desde 1995 hasta 2013, quienes tuvieron indicación de suspensión del inhibidor de calcineurina (ICN) después del tercer mes posterior al trasplante. Todos los pacientes fueron sometidos a biopsia renal antes de la administración de ImTOR. Ningún paciente tuvo diagnóstico de nefropatía crónica, IFTA >40 % o proteinuria >350 mg/24h. Se elaboró un análisis descriptivo para todas las variables. Para estudiar la supervivencia del paciente y del injerto, y la incidencia de rechazo agudo, se usó el método de Kaplan-Meier. Resultados: de 1273 trasplantes renales, la conversión de ICN a ImTOR se realizó en 166 casos (13 %). Al 78 % (n=129) se le administró sirolimus. El 13 % de los pacientes perdió la función del injerto y 7 pacientes (4,2 %) fallecieron. En el 37 % de los casos, se retiró el ImTOR. La principal causa de retiro fue el hallazgo de proteinuria patológica. La incidencia de rechazo agudo después del cambio a ImTOR fue de 9,6 %. La supervivencia del injerto tras uno y cinco años fue de 96,6 % y 83,5 %, respectivamente; y la supervivencia del paciente a uno y cinco años fue de 98 % y 97 %, respectivamente. Conclusiones: el uso de inhibidores ImTOR parece ser seguro en este grupo de pacientes trasplantados, pues hubo una baja tasa de rechazo y buena supervivencia del injerto.

Abstract Introduction: mTOR inhibitors Sirolimus and Everolimus are an alternative for inmunosuppression in renal transplant recipients. The aim of the study was to describe the experience of patients with switch to mTOR inhibitors, followed up for more than five years. Materials and methods: Patients with renal transplantation from 1995 to 2013, who had indication of calcineurin inhibitor (CNI) withdrawl after the third month post-transplant were included. All patients underwent renal biopsy prior to conversion. No patient had a diagnosis of chronic nephtopathy, IFTA>40 % or proteinuria >350mg/24h. A descriptive analysis for all variables was devoloped. Kaplan-Meier method was used for the patient's and graft survival and graft rejection incidence. Results: From 1273 renal transplants, the switch from CNI to mTOR inhibitors was performed in 166 (13 %), 78 % (n=129) were switched to Sirolimus. 12,6 % of the patients lost graft function and 4,2 % (n=7) died. 37% had mTOR inhibitors withdrawal, and the major cause was pathologic proteinuria. The incidence of graft rejection after switching to mTOR inhibitors was 9,6 %. The one and five year graf survival was 96,6 % and 83,5 %. The patient survival at one and five years was 98 % and 97 %. Conclusions: The use of mTOR inhibitors drugs appears to be safe in the managgement of specific renal transplant recipients, with a low rejection rate and good survival.

Abstract Calvertius tuberosus (Curculionidae) lives exclusively on Araucaria araucana trees (commonly known as pehuen) in southern Chile. In this study, morphometric and molecular genetic analyses of Andean and coastal populations of C. tuberosus were performed to evaluate evolutionary divergence associated with the discontinuity of the Araucaria forest between the coastal and Andean regions. Specimens of C. tuberosus were collected in Nahuelbuta National Park, Villa Las Araucarias, and Malalcahuello National Reserve and were classified and stored at the Animal Biotechnology Researching Laboratory (LINBA), University of La Frontera, Temuco, Chile. Thirteen morphometric parameters and the expression patterns of ISSR (inter-simple sequence repeat) markers were analyzed. Morphometric data revealed high phenotypic similarity between coastal populations. The genetic analysis revealed a high similarity between coastal populations (genetic identity, 93%), which were differentiated from the Andean population (genetic identity, 84%). This study contributes new genotypic and phenotypic data for the C. tuberosus populations in forest ecosystems of A. araucana, and clarifies the associations between these characteristics and the geographic distributions of populations.

ABSTRACT Moussonia deppeana (Schltdl. & Cham.) Klotzsch ex Hanst., Gesneriaceae, known as tlachichinole, is a Mexican medicinal plant used for treatment of chronic inflammation-related diseases such as arthritis. In this paper, the main metabolite verbascoside was quantified in ethanolic extract; anti-arthritic and antioxidant activities were also evaluated in Complete Freund's Adjuvant induced arthritis in mice, with complete hematological evaluation, and oxidative stress measure in edema and ganglionic tissues on day 28. In popliteal ganglion, CD4+ lymphocytes and tumor necrosis factor alpha concentration were measured in addition to histological analysis. Ethanolic extract contained 79.2 mg of verbascoside/g extract, and this extract at 450 mg/kg generated an inhibition of 24% over paw edema development and increased body weight gain on final day. For hematological parameters, same dose decreased total leukocytes and lymphocytes, as well as decreased oxidation rate over biomolecules in edema and ganglionic tissues, and increased antioxidant enzyme activity. In ganglionic tissue, CD4+ lymphocytes and tumor necrosis factor alpha level showed no differences at any tested dose compared to complete Freund's adjuvant untreated group. Histological analysis of popliteal ganglion revealed moderate reduction of follicular hyperplasia, leukocyte infiltration and lipid inclusions at 450 mg/kg dose. Ethanolic extract of M. deppeana possesses anti-edematous activity associated to a moderate reduction in follicular hyperplasia, with immune-modulatory and antioxidant effects during experimental arthritis in mice.

Abstract: This paper seeks to dismantle the historiographical attribution that gives the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) the organization and direction of the main strikes in the Chilean maritime terminals of Iquique and Antofagasta between 1919 and 1923. It is concluded that the role of this organization in the strike propensity of stevedores has been oversized by researchers. It is concluded that the role of this organization in the striking propensity of the dockworkers has been oversized by researchers, a problem that would be due to insufficient rigor in the treatment of documentation and labor terminology, as well as the lack of consideration of the conjuncture 1919-1923 as part of a long road that this workers had exhibited from the nineteenth century, particularly in regard to methods and demands.

Resumen: Mediante el examen de la conflictividad laboral en los puertos nortinos de Iquique y Antofagasta, este artículo busca desmontar la atribución historiográfica que le concede a los Industrial Workers of the World (IWW), la organización y dirección de las principales huelgas en los terminales marítimos chilenos entre 1919 y 1923. Según se concluye, el rol de esta organización en la propensión huelguística de los hombres ocupados en la estiba ha sido sobredimensionado por los investigadores, cuestión que obedecería a insuficiencias de rigurosidad en el tratamiento de la documentación y de la terminología laboral, e igualmente en la falta de consideración de la coyuntura 1919-1923 como parte de un largo derrotero huelguístico que los estibadores nortinos habían exhibido desde el siglo XIX, particularmente en lo referido a métodos y demandas obreras.

Background: Occupational identity is defined as the perception of occupational interests, abilities, goals, and values, and the structure of the meanings that link these self-perceptions to career role. We developed an occupational identity questionnaire suitable to be used with university teachers. Aim: To evaluate the psychometric properties of the Occupational Identity Questionnaire (OIQ) and relate its results with those of the Teaching Practices questionnaire. Material and Methods. The OIQ and Teaching Practices Questionnaire were answered by 311 university teachers along Chile, who were selected through a non-probabilistic volunteer sampling. An exploratory factor analysis was performed and the internal consistency of each factor was calculated with Cronbach's Alpha. Spearman correlations were used to explore the relationship between the two questionnaires. Results: Two factors were identified in OIQ: Teaching Vocation and Sense of Competence. Cronbach's Alpha was 0.75 for teaching vocation and 0.82 for the sense of competence. There was a moderate direct relationship between teaching vocation, sense of competence and the results of the Teaching Practices Questionnaire. Conclusions: OIS has an adequate internal consistency, its factorial structure showed two different types of identities and it is directly related to the results of the Teaching Practices Questionnaire.

ABSTRACT Although larval stages are often considered particularly vulnerable to stressors, for many marine invertebrates studies of thermal tolerance have focused on adults. Here we determined the upper thermal limit (LT50) of the zoea I of four Caribbean crab species (Macrocoeloma trispinosum, Aratus pisonii, Armases ricordi, and Minuca rapax) and compared their thermal tolerance over time and among species. The zoea from the subtidal species M. trispinosum and tree climbing mangrove species A. pisonii had a lower thermal tolerance, 35 and 38.5 °C respectively, than did the semiterrestrial A. ricordi and M. rapax. In all four species tested, the estimates of thermal tolerance depend on the duration of exposure to elevated temperatures. Longer exposures to thermal stress produce lower estimates of LT50, which decreased by ~1 °C from a two- to a six-hour exposure. Crab embryos develop on the abdomen of the mother until the larvae are ready to hatch. Therefore, the thermal tolerances of the embryos which need to coincide with the environmental conditions experienced by the adult stage, may carry over into the early zoea stage. Our results suggest that semiterrestrial species, in which embryos may need to withstand higher temperatures than embryos of subtidal species also produce larvae with higher thermal tolerances. Over the short term, the larvae of these tropical crab species can withstand significantly higher temperatures than those experienced in their marine habitat. Longer term rearing studies are necessary to determine the temperature at which chronic exposure has a negative impact on embryonic and larval survival.

ABSTRACT The urban expansion of Santiago city includes areas with geomorphological and geological conditions with potential to be affected by landslide processes. This work presents compiled landslide susceptibility maps for the Andean foothills of Santiago city, between Maipo and Mapocho rivers. The maps identify the areas prone to the generation of slides, falls and flows. The results show that the oriental foothills of Santiago city have moderate to high susceptibility of rock falls, rock and soil slides and debris flows. The most important of these landslide types are debris flows, due to the runout of this processes that may reach urban areas posing a risk for the city, for which detailed hazard studies are required.

RESUMEN La expansión urbana de la ciudad de Santiago involucra áreas con condiciones geológicas y geomorfológicas con potencial de ser afectadas por procesos de remociones en masa. Este trabajo presenta mapas compilados de susceptibilidad de remociones en masa para el frente precordillerano de la ciudad de Santiago, entre los ríos Maipo y Mapocho. Los mapas identifican las zonas propensas a generar procesos de deslizamientos, caídas y flujos. Los resultados muestran una moderada a alta susceptibilidad de caídas de rocas, deslizamientos de suelo y roca y flujos de detritos. Los más importantes corresponden a los flujos de detritos, que pueden alcanzar áreas urbanas y generar un riesgo para la ciudad, por lo cual se requieren estudios detallados de amenaza.