Abstract Background Diagnosis of SS is a complex task, as no symptom or test is unique to this syndrome. The American-European Consensus Group (AECG 2002) and the American-European classification criteria of 2016 (ACR/EULAR 2016) emerged through a search for consensus. This study aims to assess the prevalence of Sjögren’s Syndrome (SS) in patients with Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE), according to AECG 2002 and ACR-EULAR 2016 classifications, as well as clinical and histopathological features in this overlap. To date, there is no study that has evaluated SS in SLE, using the two current criteria. Methods This cross-sectional study evaluated 237 SLE patients at the outpatient rheumatology clinic between 2016 and 2018. Patients were submitted to a dryness questionnaire, whole unstimulated salivary flow (WUSF), “Ocular Staining Score” (OSS), Schirmer’s test I (ST-I), and labial salivary gland biopsy (LSGB). Results After verifying inclusion and exclusion criteria, a total of 117 patients were evaluated, with predominance of females (94%) and mixed ethnicity (49.6%). The prevalence of SS was 23% according to AECG 2002 and 35% to ACR- EULAR 2016. Kappa agreement between AECG 2002 and ACR-EULAR 2016 were 0.7 (p < 0.0001). After logistic regression, predictors for SS were: anti/Ro (OR = 17.86, p < 0.05), focal lymphocytic sialadenitis (OR = 3.69, p < 0.05), OSS ≥ 5 (OR = 7.50, p < 0.05), ST I positive (OR = 2.67, p < 0.05), and WUSF ≤ 0.1 mL/min (OR = 4.13, p < 0.05). Conclusion The prevalence of SS in SLE was 23% (AECG 2002) and 35% (ACR-EULAR 2016). The presence of glandular dysfunction, focal lymphocytic sialadenitis, and anti/Ro were predictors of SS in SLE. The greatest advantage of the new ACR-EULAR 2016 criteria is to enable an early diagnosis and identify the overlapping of these two diseases. ACR- EULAR 2016 criteria is not yet validated for secondary SS and this study is a pioneer in investigating prevalence based on the new criteria.

RESUMEN En Colombia se producen aproximadamente 855 840 toneladas anuales de arracacha. La raíz de arracacha postcosecha no vendible (Arracacia xanthorriza Bancroft) no se comercializa, principalmente debido a daños mecánicos o raíces pequeñas y deformadas. En este trabajo, las muestras secas fueron caracterizadas y sometidas a dos tratamientos: uno con hidrólisis térmica aplicando vapor saturado a presiones de 0,1034 MPa, 0,2068 MPa y 0,4137 MPa; y el otro de hidrólisis con ácido sulfúrico en concentraciones entre 0,25-2,00 M. Luego, la torta resultante del proceso de hidrólisis y filtración se hidrolizó enzimáticamente (Liquozyme SC DS, Novozymes) a 1,5, 5 y 10 KNU/g (pH 6, 80 °C, 2 h). Se evaluaron los inhibidores de fermentación (ácido acético y furfural) en el mejor pretratamiento. Los resultados mostraron que el tratamiento con ácido sulfúrico a 1,00 M (2 h) tiene altos rendimientos en azúcares reductores adicionados a hidrólisis enzimática. También se alcanzó el nivel máximo de carbohidratos fermentables por gramo de muestra seca (1,04 g/g). En cuanto a los agentes inhibidores de la fermentación del azúcar reductor, se encontró una mayor concentración de ácido acético con contenido furfural menor. Por tanto, los residuos de arracacha son una materia prima prometedora para incrementar la oferta de bioetanol.

ABSTRACT In Colombia, approximately 855 840 tons of arracacha are produced each year. The unsalable post-harvest arracacha root (Arracacia xanthorriza Bancroft) is not commercialized, mainly due to mechanical damage or small and misshapen roots. In this work, dry samples were characterized and subjected to two treatments: one using thermal hydrolysis, applying saturated steam at pressures of 0,1034 MPa, 0,2068 MPa, and 0,4137 MPa; and another one using hydrolysis with sulfuric acid in concentrations between 0,25-2,00 M. Then, the cake resulting from the hydrolysis and filtration process was enzymatically hydrolyzed (Liquozyme SC DS, Novozymes) at 1,5, 5 and 10 KNU/g (pH 6, 80 °C, 2 h). Fermentation inhibitors (acetic acid and furfural) were evaluated in the best pretreatment. The results showed that the treatment with sulfuric acid at 1,00 M (2 h) has high yields in reducing sugars added to enzymatic hydrolysis. The maximum level of fermentable carbohydrates per gram of dry sample (1,04 g/g) was also reached. Regarding the fermentation inhibitors of the reducing sugar, a higher concentration of acetic acid was found with a lower furfural content. Therefore, arracacha discards are a promising raw material to increase the supply of bioethanol.

Abstract This work presents the results of the analysis of the turbulent flow inside a Submerged Entry Nozzle and outside the ports of a model using visualization and PIV techniques. The Submerged Entry Nozzle model consists of a vertical, constant diameter tube with two rounded exit ports found at the bottom with a downward angle of 15o each. The visualization method is the first step in analyzing the characteristics of the port’s internal and external flow. To enhance the visualizations, a LED light source is employed to illuminate the Submerged Entry Nozzle, which reduces the reflections in the images. Also, a transparent cell consisting of a cubic volume with reduced dimensions was used to capture images from the high-speed camera and to record the flow pattern. To calculate the fluid velocity within the Submerged Entry Nozzle and close to the exit ports, laser-illuminated Particle Imaging Velocimetry was used. We confirm the previously reported formation of vortical structures closed to the exit ports that interact with each other altering the swirl motion of the exit flow, previously reported. Visualization and Particle Imaging Velocimetry results were compared with the numerical simulations results. Experimental scaled model and Computational Fluid Dynamics results were used to enhance the findings of the Submerged Entry Nozzle internal flow. On the other hand, physical model and Smoothed-Particle Hydrodynamics results were used to expand the information of the jet flow outside the exit ports. Both physical and numerical results display a high turbulent flow behavior close to and off the exit ports of the Submerged Entry Nozzle. Experimental and numerical methods may be used together to develop a method to design a better Submerged Entry Nozzle and increase the quality of the steel slab.

Resumo O objetivo principal dos testes foi obter o coeficiente de difusão de cloretos e gerar uma previsão de ingresso de cloretos em concretos com e sem superfície tratada, válida para o período de iniciação da corrosão de armaduras e penetração por difusão de íons. A previsão foi baseada no estado não estacionário e alguns resultados indicam que um concreto com esse tipo de proteção pode aumentar o tempo de contaminação em até três vezes. Também foram apresentados dados de cobrimento equivalente dos materiais de proteção indicando que os utilizados neste experimento variaram entre 0,3 e 3,4 cm, ou seja, apresentou grande variação de resultados entre os materiais de proteção testados.

Abstract The main purpose of the experimental tests was to obtain the chloride diffusion coefficient and generate a chloride ingress prediction for surface treated concrete that could be valid during the initiation stage and transport by ions diffusion. The prediction was based on non steady-state conditions and some of the results indicated that a concrete with this type of protection can extend the chloride ingress up to three times. Data showed in this work indicated the equivalent cover of the surface treatment, ranging between 0.3 and 3.4 cm, showing large variations in results among the surface treatment materiais tested.

Resumen El principal objetivo de las pruebas era obtener el coeficiente de difusión y generar un cloruro de cloruro de entrada en previsión de hormigón con y sin superficie tratada, válido para el período de inicio de la corrosión de penetración de armadura y la difusión de iones. El pronóstico se basa en el estado inestable y algunos resultados indican que un hormigón con este tipo de protección puede aumentar el tiempo de contaminación hasta tres veces. Revestimientos equivalentes también presentados de protección de datos indica que los materiales utilizados en este experimento oscilaron entre 0,3 y 3,4 cm, es decir, los resultados mostraron una gran variación entre la protección de materiales probados.

Resumo A durabilidade das construções tem sido avaliada através de inspeções visuais associadas a ensaios de campo e laboratório. Hoje, para análise da carbonatação o método colorimétrico por aspersão de fenolftaleína é amplamente utilizado, devido à facilidade e alta confiabilidade. Porém, na presença de cloretos, os ensaios não são expeditos e possuem alto custo. Como alternativa, há a aspersão de nitrato de prata (AgNO3). O método é de fácil aplicação, baixo custo e permite avaliações in loco. Mas quando há presença de carbonatação, a análise torna-se mais complexa, devido a redução do pH e alteração da coloração do concreto. Esta pesquisa apresenta estudos sobre o uso do método colorimétrico para avaliação da profundidade de penetração de cloretos no concreto. Ainda não há consenso de como eliminar essa influência ou determinar o ponto de viragem, entretanto há pesquisas que demonstram a influência do tipo de cimento no método colorimétrico.

Abstract The durability of the buildings has been evaluated through visual inspections associated with field and laboratory tests. Nowadays, for analysis of the carbonation colorimetric method by spraying phenolphthalein is widely used, due to the ease and high reliability. However, when there is the presence of chlorides, the tests are long and expensive. As an alternative, there is a colorimetric method (AgNO3). The method is easy to use, low cost and allows for on-site reviews. But when there is presence of carbonation, the analysis becomes more complex, since reducing the pH and leads to discoloration of the concrete. This paper presents studies on the use of the colorimetric method for evaluation of the depth of chloride penetration in concrete. There is no consensus in academic circles as to eliminate this influence and to determine the turning point, however there is research demonstrating the influence of cement type on the colorimetric method.

Resumen La durabilidad de las construcciones se ha evaluado mediante inspecciones visuales asociados a los ensayos de campo y de laboratorio. Hoy, para el análisis de carbonatación método colorimétrico por pulverización fenolftaleína se utiliza ampliamente debido a la facilidad y alta fiabilidad. Sin embargo, en la presencia de cloruros, los ensayos no son expeditos y tienen un alto costo. En su lugar, se utiliza la pulverización de nitrato de plata (AgNO3). El uso del método es simple, de bajo costo y permite evaluaciones in situ. Pero cuando, hay presencia de carbonatación, el análisis se hace más compleja debido a que la reducción del pH y los cambios en la coloración de hormigón. Esta investigación presenta estudios sobre el uso del método colorimétrico para evaluar la profundidad de penetración de cloruro en el hormigón. No hay todavía uno consenso sobre la forma de eliminar esa influencia o determinar el momento decisivo, sin embargo, hay investigaciones que muestran la influencia del tipo de cemento en el método colorimétrico.

Hereditary sudden cardiac death syndromes comprise a wide range of diseases resulting from alteration in cardiac ion channels. Genes involved in these syndromes represent diverse mutations that cause the altered encoding of the diverse proteins constituting these channels, thus affecting directly the currents of the corresponding ions. In the present article we will briefly review how to arrive to a clinical diagnosis and we will present the results of molecular genetic studies made in Mexican subjects attending the SCD Syndromes Clinic of the National Institute of Cardiology of Mexico City.

Los síndromes hereditarios de muerte súbita cardíaca comprenden una amplia gama de enfermedades resultantes de la alteración en los canales iónicos cardíacos. Los genes implicados en estos síndromes presentan mutaciones que causan alteraciones de las diversas proteínas que constituyen estos canales y que, por lo tanto, afectan directamente a las diferentes corrientes iónicas. En el presente artículo se revisa brevemente la forma de llegar a un diagnóstico clínico de dichos síndromes y se presentan los resultados de los estudios genéticos moleculares realizados en sujetos mexicanos que asisten a la Clínica de Síndromes Hereditarios de Muerte Súbita del Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez.

Health care for combat casualties is the ultimate aim of the military health. The implementation of care protocols as TCCC (Tactical Combat Casualty Care) has helped improve that care, but the medical staff is incountering problems (lack of access to clinical history, difficulty in transferring the wounded). The e-SafeTag Project is designed to assist health workers providing clinical information of the casualty, and item (PDA and radio) support in the care process and allows the transmission of information automatically.

La asistencia sanitaria a las bajas de combate es el objetivo final de la Sanidad Militar. La implantación de protocolos asistenciales como el TCCC (Tactical Combat Casualty Care) ha ayudado a mejorar dicha asistencia, pero el personal sanitario sigue encontrándose con problemas (falta de acceso a Historia Clínica, dificultad en la transferencia del herido). El Proyecto e-SafeTag se ha diseñado para ayudar al personal sanitario proporcionándole información clínica de la baja, y un material (PDA y radio) de apoyo en el proceso asistencial y que permite la transmisión de la información de forma automática.

Resumo Nesse estudo foi possível observar a influência de quatro tipos de cimento brasileiros na resistência à compressão e na Resistividade Elétrica Superficial (RES) de amostras de concreto. Foram analisadas três relações água/cimento, o que resultou em doze distintas dosagens. Os resultados mostraram que os tipos de cimentos tem influência direta em ambos os ensaios. De maneira geral, quando comparado com uma série de referência, os cimentos com adição de escória de alto forno e pozolanas apresentaram redução na resistência à compressão do concreto, porém ganho na RES. O cimento com adição de pozolana é o que apresenta o maior ganho de resistência à compressão no tempo, embora tenha o menor valor absoluto. Os resultados também indicaram que a RES cresce com o tempo de ensaio e diminui com o aumento da relação a/c do concreto. Foi encontrada uma boa correlação entre os ensaios, com R² variando de 0,823 a 0,999.

Abstract This work studied the influence of four Brazilian types of cement on the compressive strength and electrical resistivity in samples of concrete. Three water/binder ratios were analyzed, which led to the preparation of twelve different samples. The results show that the types of cement has a direct influence on both tests. In general, compared to a reference, the cements with additions of blast furnace slag and pozzolans reduced the strength, but increased the electrical resistivity. It was also observed that the cement with pozzolan showed the highest gain in strength with time, although it resulted in the lowest absolute value. The results also indicated that the electrical resistivity increases with time and decreases with higher water/binder ratios. A good correlation was found between the mentioned tests with R2 ranging from 0.823 to 0.999.

O controle tecnológico do concreto faz parte de uma gama de controles e métodos normalizados que devem ser empregados em todas as obras para a garantia da conformidade deste produto, visto que a resistência à compressão do concreto é considerada uma variável aleatória que deve ser controlada através de amostragem e realização de ensaios padronizados, podendo assim, garantir a segurança da estrutura. Neste sentido, o uso de uma grande quantidade de resultados de controle tecnológico de concreto com características similares apresenta-se como uma importante ferramenta no processo de aferição das normas técnicas vigentes. O presente trabalho apresenta uma análise com base no controle tecnológico presente em grandes obras portuárias ocorridas nos últimos anos no Porto do Rio Grande, na cidade de Rio Grande - RS. Foram realizadas análises estatísticas e de aceitação do produto, com base nos critérios de aceitação de distintas metodologias de diferentes continentes, mostrando as variações que podem ocorrer nos resultados dos testes de conformidade dependendo do modelo adotado. Verificou-se que a construção das obras portuárias em concreto na região está em conformidade com as normas brasileiras vigentes.

Conformity control of concrete is part of a range of control and standard methods which must be employed in all construction work to assure its compliance with quality requirements. The compressive strength of the concrete is considered as a random variable that must be controlled by standardized sampling and testing in order to ensure the structural safety. Therefore, the use of a large amount of compressive strength test results of concretes with similar characteristics has been seen as an important tool in the assessment of current standard norms. This paper describes an analysis based on the conformity control used in large port construction works which have recently been carried out in the Rio Grande Port, located in Rio Grande, RS, Brazil. Statistical analyses were performed and acceptance tests of the product were conducted. They were based on the acceptance criteria of different methodologies from different continents and showed the variations that can occur in the results of the conformity testing, depending on the adopted model. It is worth mentioning that the concrete used in port construction works in the region has been in accordance with current Brazilian norms.

Telemedicine is a modern discipline with just half a century whose evolution and impact is being truly relevant. In Spain, the origins of telemedicine must be sought in the first radio-medical consultations provided for ships at sea in the late 20s. But, it would pass several decades until 1996 when the first telemedicine service in Spain opened establishing a video conferencing session via Inmarsat satellite from Telemedicine Unit Military Hospital "Gómez Ulla" in Madrid (Spain) to the medical detachment's service deployed to Mostar (Bosnia-Herzegovina). It starts, since then, an important projection of telemedicine in Spain, and especially in the Military Health System, to build the background of, what is today, the Spanish Ministry of Defence's Telemedicine System. This pioneering Telemedicine System has kept at the forefront of new developments in telemedicine, becoming an international leader in this field. That's why, in this article, we approach the history of military telemedicine in Spain, putting the accent in its Telemedicine System, to better understand the role of telemedicine in the Military Health System, its evolution, its limitations and strengths, as well as its new challenges and future prospects.

La telemedicina es una moderna disciplina con apenas medio siglo de vida cuya evolución e impacto está siendo verdaderamente relevante. En España, los orígenes de la telemedicina hay que buscarlos en las primeras consultas por radio de asistencia sanitaria en alta mar a finales de los años 20. Pero pasarían varias décadas hasta que en 1996 se inaugurara el primer servicio de telemedicina en España cuando se establece una sesión de videoconferencia vía satélite Inmarsat desde la Unidad de Telemedicina del Hospital Militar "Gómez Ulla" en Madrid (España) al centro médico del destacamento desplegado en Mostar (Bosnia-Herzegovina). Se inicia, desde entonces, una importante proyección de la telemedicina en España, y muy especialmente en la Sanidad Militar, al ponerse las bases del que es hoy el Sistema de Telemedicina del Ministerio de Defensa. Este pionero Sistema de Telemedicina ha sabido mantenerse siempre a la vanguardia de los nuevos avances en telemedicina, constituyéndose como un referente internacional en este campo. Es por eso que, en este artículo, nos acercamos a la historia de la telemedicina militar en España, poniendo la tilde en su Sistema de Telemedicina, para conocer mejor el papel desempeñado de la telemedicina en la Sanidad Militar, su evolución, sus limitaciones y fortalezas, así como sus nuevos retos y perspectivas de futuro.

Purpose The discovery of new diagnostic tools for the diagnosis of prostate cancer (PCa) has become an important field of research. In this study, we analyzed the diagnostic value of the expression of the pepsinogen C (PGC) and prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA) genes in tissue samples obtained from prostate biopsies. Materials and Methods This study was comprised of 51 consecutive patients who underwent transrectal ultrasound (TRUS)-guided prostate biopsies between January 2010 and March 2010. The biopsies were performed with 12 cores, and an additional core was randomly retrieved from the peripheral zone from each patient for study purposes. The expression of the PGC and PSMA genes was analyzed from the cDNA from the samples via the qRT-PCR technology. The expression patterns of patients with PCa were compared with those of patients without a PCa diagnosis. Results PSMA was overexpressed in only 43.4% of PCa cases, and PGC was overexpressed in 72.7% of cases. The median expression of PSMA was 1.5 times (0.1 to 43.9) and the median PGC expression was 8.7 times (0.1 to 50.0) the expression observed in prostatic tissue from TRUS-guided biopsies of normal patients. Analysis of patients with high-risk PCa indicated that PGC was overexpressed in 71.4% of cases (with a median expression of 10.6 times), and PSMA was overexpressed in only 35.7% of cases (with a median expression of 4.5 times). Among patients with low-risk PCa, PGC was also overexpressed in 71.4% of cases (with a median expression of 5.9 times), and PSMA was overexpressed in only 42.8% of cases (with a median expression of 2.5 times). Conclusions PGC gene expression is significantly higher in prostatic tissue in men affected by PCa when compared to normal prostates. Further analyses are necessary to confirm our results.