Abstract This article aims to report the preparation and optimized formulation of Ctn[15-34], a designed anti-infective peptide, with poly(lactic acid-co-glycolic acid), PLGA, nanoparticles. Ctn[15-34] is a short peptide derived from crotalicidin, a cathelicidin-related antimicrobial peptide from the venom of the South American rattlesnake (Crotalus durissus terrificus), that has arisen as a promising antifungal and microbicide agent. The PLGA nanoparticles were prepared and loaded with carboxyfluorescein (CF)-Ctn[15-34] using the double emulsion/solvent evaporation method. After a preformulation study, which tested different formulation parameters, Poly (vinyl alcohol) 87-89% hydrolyzed and sonication with Sonifier® were choosen to prepare unloaded PLGA nanoparticles by that method, resulting in smaller particle size and Polydispersity Index (PDI) values and higher zeta potential values of nanoparticles. This better condition was used to prepare CF-Ctn[15-34]-loaded PLGA nanoparticles, resulting in homogeneous and spherical nanoparticles, with an average size of 213.2 ± 2.00 nm, PDI of 0.044 ± 0.04 and zeta potential of -16.03 ± 1.20 mV. An excellent encapsulation efficiency was obtained, corresponding to 93.3 ± 0.10 %. The drug-release profile showed a rapid initial release of the peptide, approximately 27 % in the first 24 hours, followed by a sustained release for at least 16 days. Another relevant aspect in the peptide formulation is that the CF-Ctn[15-34]-loaded nanoparticles potentiated the antifungal effect against the opportunistic pathogenic yeast Cryptococcus neoformans compared with the free, in solution Ctn[15-34], in equivalent volume dosage. A preparation method of CF-Ctn[15-34]-loaded PLGA nanoparticles was established and validated, representing a successful approach to deliver CF-Ctn[15-34] for pharmaceutical applications.

RESUMO Órgão oficial da Associação Médica de Goiás, a Revista Goiana de Medicina ultrapassou suas fronteiras originais e tornou-se veículo de divulgação das pesquisas dos médicos do Brasil Central, dando-lhes muita visibilidade. O destaque conferido em sua linha editorial à doença de Chagas, grave endemia rural que ameaçava o interior do país em meados do século XX, é fator determinante da proeminência por eles alcançada. Com base na análise de artigos e correspondência institucional, e tomando o periódico em questão como fonte e objeto de pesquisa, busca-se refletir simultaneamente sobre a importância da revista goiana para a institucionalização da medicina local e sua relevância entre os estudiosos da tripanossomíase.

ABSTRACT As the official journal of the Goiás Medical Association, the Revista Goiana de Medicina transcended its original frontiers and became a vehicle for disseminating medical research by doctors from Central Brazil, giving them a high level of visibility. The editorial emphasis on Chagas disease, a serious rural endemic that threatened the interior of the country in the mid-twentieth century, is identified as a determining factor in the prominence achieved by them. Setting out from an analysis of articles and institutional correspondence, and taking the journal in question as both the source and object of research, the article reflects simultaneously on the importance of the Goiás medical journal for the institutionalization of local medicine and its relevance among scholars of American trypanosomiasis.

Abstract: Sustainability science proposes including in research and actions knowledge and management techniques constructed by different sectors of the society. Such proposal recognizes that complexity of environmental problems exceeds approaches and rhythms of the predominant scientific research and provides the possibility of shortening time for action, making use of integral human experience. This work reviews a panorama of our work on: 1) participative-action research, 2) educational processes for participation, and 3) institutional processes of communication and participation. We address socio-ecological studies based on participative-actions involving technological innovation and exchange of technical and organizational experiences for solving environmental problems in Valle de Tehuacán, Sierra Tarahumara, Montaña de Guerrero, and the southern coast of Jalisco, emphasizing the construction of alternatives. We also show our experiences of participative research with students of graduate programs and the Environmental Sciences undergraduate program at UNAM. In both cases, we direct our studies on real environmental problems in rural contexts collaborating with NGOs and communities. We finally summarize our view on proposals of institutional linking of the Institute of Research on Ecosystems and Sustainability (IIES) for assessing environmental problems along with ecosystem managers and decision makers. We discuss the importance of strengthening participative processes as a platform for enhancing the academic collaboration for constructing sustainable socio-ecological perspectives.

Resumen: La ciencia para la sustentabilidad plantea incluir en investigaciones y acciones los conocimientos y técnicas desarrollados por diversos sectores de la sociedad. Esta propuesta reconoce que la complejidad de los problemas ambientales rebasa los enfoques y ritmos de la investigación científica predominante y brinda la posibilidad de acortar tiempos para la acción, aprovechando integralmente la experiencia humana. Presentamos un panorama de nuestro trabajo en: 1) investigación participativa, 2) procesos educativos para la participación y 3) procesos institucionales de comunicación y participación. Se abordan estudios socioecológicos participativos que involucran innovación tecnológica e intercambios de experiencias técnicas y organizativas para atender problemas ambientales en el valle de Tehuacán, la sierra Tarahumara, la montaña de Guerrero y la costa sur de Jalisco, poniendo énfasis en la construcción de alternativas. Se muestra la experiencia de prácticas de investigación de alumnos de posgrado y de la licenciatura en Ciencias Ambientales, UNAM. Ambos programas abordan problemas concretos en comunidades rurales en colaboración con organizaciones civiles y sociales, y comunidades. Se resumen las propuestas de vinculación institucional del Instituto de Investigaciones en Ecosistemas y Sustentabilidad (IIES) para atender problemas ambientales con manejadores de ecosistemas y tomadores de decisiones. Se discute la importancia de fortalecer procesos participativos como base para impulsar la colaboración académica en la construcción de perspectivas socioecológicas sustentables.

Espaço privilegiado de intercâmbio intelectual entre os médicos do interior e ilustres figuras da ciência nacional, os Congressos Médicos do Brasil Central, que tiveram início em 1947, figuraram também como espaço de cobrança aos poderes públicos. Com base em periódicos médicos editados na região, nas atas das reuniões da Associação Médica de Goiás e em depoimentos orais de médicos locais, analiso a organização, objetivos e principais temas destes congressos, cuja ênfase recaía sobre as doenças que mais acometiam os habitantes do interior. Em um contexto político no qual as endemias rurais estavam em destaque, os médicos que atuavam na região ganharam visibilidade justamente por pesquisarem estes males, fomentando uma rede científica nacional interessada nas patologias tropicais. O êxito destes eventos marcou o processo de institucionalização da medicina em Goiás, cujo ápice está na fundação da Faculdade de Medicina de Goiás em 1960, marco temporal final do trabalho.

Privileged space for intellectual exchange among physicians of the hinterland and illustrious figures of national science, Medical Congress of Central Brazil, which began in 1947, also figured as claim space to the public authorities. Based on published regional medical journals, in the minutes of the Medical Association of Goiás meetings and speech of local doctors, I analyze the organization, objectives and main themes of these congresses, whose emphasis was focused on diseases that most afflict inhabitants of the hinterland. In a political context in which rural endemic diseases were highlighted, physicians working in the region gained visibility just by searching these maladies, promoting a national scientific network interested in tropical diseases. The success of these events followed the medicine institutionalization process in Goiás, whose hallmark is the foundation of Goiás Medical School in 1960, final timeframe of this article.

O tema da localização da sede do governo federal no Brasil tem motivado estudos que analisam os diferentes marcos temporais da história da transferência da capital para o Planalto Central. Neste artigo, discutimos a importância que argumentos oriundos da medicina e da geopolítica, aliados a interesses regionais, tiveram nas comissões organizadas nas décadas de 1940 e 1950 pelo governo federal, as quais tinham como objetivo escolher o lugar mais adequado para fixação do novo centro político-administrativo do país.

There are several studies concerning the transfer of federal government seat in Brazil. These studies analyse different timeframes in the history of the location of capital in the Central Plateau. This article will discuss the relevance of medicine and geopolitics arguments, added to regional interests, in the committees organized in the 1940s and 1950s by the federal government that were responsible for choosing the most suitable place for setting the new political and administrative center of the country.

Le sujet du débat autour de l'endroit le plus convenable pour installer le siège du gouvernement fédéral au Brésil motive, il y a quelque temps, des études qui cherchent à analyser les différentes repères temporels de l'histoire du transfert de la capitale au Plateau central. Dans cet article, nous examinons l'importance du rôle que des arguments provenus de la médecine ainsi que de la géopolitique, alliés à des intérêts régionaux, eurent à l'intérieur des comissions constituées pendant les années 40 et 50 du XXe siècle par le gouvernement fédéral, lesquelles avaient pour but de choisir l'endroit le plus adéquat pour le nouveau centre politico-administratif du pays.

Projetada como expressão do arrojo e da modernidade de uma época, Brasília não poderia prescindir de um planejamento que considerasse as condições do sítio onde seria instalada, no interior do país. Construída em região historicamente associada ao isolamento, à pobreza e a doenças, a nova capital demandou a participação de médicos e sanitaristas desde o início das obras, visando garantir condições de salubridade. Ao vislumbrar a oportunidade de ampliar seu espaço de atuação, até então restrito ao interior, os médicos goianos se destacaram nesse processo, do qual se ressaltam os anseios da classe manifestados no periódico editado por sua associação e sua ampla mobilidade e atualização, a contrariar concepções comuns acerca dos médicos do interior.

Projected as an expression of the daring and modernity of an age, Brasília could not overlook planning that considered the conditions where it would be located in the interior of Brazil. Constructed in a region historically associated with isolation, poverty and diseases, the new capital required the participation of doctors and sanitarists from the very beginning of construction to ensure healthy conditions. Seeing the opportunity to expand their sphere of action, until then restricted to the interior, doctors from Goiás stood out in this process, highlighted by concerns of the profession manifested in the periodical published by its association and their extensive mobility and modern practice, contradicting the common conceptions regarding doctors in the interior.