ABSTRACT Family participation in educational training in times of pandemic becomes a matter of vital importance for the achievement of educational inclusion as a way to overcome the technological and social distancing barriers that isolation has imposed. The objective of this research was to propose actions of educational inclusion, from a community social promotion approach, to contribute to family integration in the formation of children of the fifth level of the “María Inmaculada” Private Educational Unit. The research had a mixed, descriptive and cross-sectional approach, based on the application and analysis of data collection techniques. Responsibility in carrying out tasks, cooperation between students and interest in participating in school activities were identified as aspects with difficulty.

RESUMEN La participación familiar en la formación educativa en tiempos de pandemia se torna un tema de vital importancia para el logro de la inclusión educativa como vía para superar las barreras tecnológicas y de distanciamiento social que ha impuesto el aislamiento. La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo proponer acciones de inclusión educativa, desde un enfoque de promoción social comunitaria, para contribuir a la integración familiar en la formación de los niños del quinto nivel de la Unidad Educativa Particular “María Inmaculada”. La investigación tuvo un enfoque mixto, descriptivo y transversal, basado en la aplicación y el análisis de técnicas de recolección de información. Se identificaron como aspectos con dificultad la responsabilidad en la realización de tareas, la cooperación entre estudiantes y el interés en participar en actividades de la escuela.

Abstract Background: Neonatal sepsis is a condition with high mortality and morbidity that contributes to high rates of antibiotic therapy at birth. In addition, very low birth weight newborns (VLBWN) are particularly vulnerable. Interleukin 6 (IL-6) seems to be an early and effective marker that could help a better selection of patients to be treated. This study aimed to evaluate the use of antibiotics in the first 72 hours of life in VLBW infants before and after using IL-6 as an infection marker. Also, we wanted to analyze the differences in morbidity and mortality during admission and other factors associated with the decision to start antibiotic treatment. Methods: We conducted a cohort retrospective study. We included VLBWN born in our hospital or admitted before 72 hours of life in two two-year periods (2007-2008 and 2011-2012). Results: Antibiotics use during the first 72 hours of life was analyzed as the primary variable, which was reduced by 20% on the second period (p = 0.002). Regarding the analysis of secondary variables, we found no significant differences in mortality during hospital admission and the incidence of nosocomial sepsis, enterocolitis, or invasive fungal infection. The multivariate analysis indicated extreme prematurity and the study group as the most strongly related factors to the start of antibiotic therapy. Conclusions: IL-6 was a useful marker of infection to reduce the use of antibiotic therapy in VLBW infants without increasing mortality.

Resumen Introducción: La sepsis neonatal es una patología con altas mortalidad y morbilidad, lo cual contribuye a las altas tasas de antibioticoterapia al nacimiento. Los recién nacidos de muy bajo peso (RNMBP) son especialmente vulnerables. La interleucina 6 (IL-6) parece ser un marcador precoz y eficaz que podría ayudar a una mejor selección de los pacientes. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el uso de antibióticos en las primeras 72 horas de vida en los RNMBP antes y después de utilizar IL-6 como marcador de infección; en segundo lugar, analizar las diferencias en la morbilidad y la mortalidad durante el ingreso, y estudiar la presencia de otros factores asociados con la decisión de iniciar un tratamiento antibiótico. Métodos: Se llevó a cabo un estudio de cohortes en el que se incluyeron los RNMBP nacidos en nuestro hospital o admitidos antes de las 72 horas de vida en dos periodos de 2 años (2007-2008 y 2011-2012). Resultados: Como variable principal se analizó el uso de antibióticos en las primeras 72 horas de vida, que se redujo casi un 20% en el segundo periodo (p = 0.002). En cuanto a las variables secundarias, no se detectaron diferencias significativas en la mortalidad durante el ingreso ni en la incidencia de sepsis nosocomial, enterocolitis o infección fúngica invasiva. El análisis multivariado señaló la extrema prematuridad y el grupo de estudio como los factores más estrechamente relacionados con el inicio de la antibioticoterapia. Conclusiones: La IL-6 fue un marcador de infección útil para reducir el uso de antibioticoterapia al nacimiento en los RNMBP, sin aumentar la mortalidad.

ABSTRACT The current development of information and communication technologies (ICTs) has sparked numerous theoretical debates about the advantages and limitations of these spaces for activism and social change. In the field of feminisms there are both interesting discussions on the potentialities of techno-digitization of practices and the identity possibilities offered by new fluid environments, as well as on the disadvantages and insecurities that they pose for the movement and for women. Through the analysis of three geo-contextualized cyber-artivism practices in Cuba, Spain and Morocco, there are conclusions that are connected with the body of studies that propose the Internet and social networks as transgressive political and educational tools that seek to challenge the hegemonic order (Laudano , 2017; Laudano and Kratje, 2018), breaking the social limits of the binary gender (García Manso and Silva e Silva, 2017), opening a gap in what is considered standardized and “normal” (Martín-Cabello, 2013) and creating spaces for Identity confrontation and own action repertoires (Sádaba and Barranquero, 2019). The reflections are made available to the International Critical Academy in order to join the global discussion on social change, technologies and feminisms.

RESUMEN El desarrollo actual de las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación (TICs) ha provocado numerosos debates teóricos sobre las ventajas y limitaciones de estos espacios para el activismo y el cambio social. En el ámbito de los feminismos se encuentran tanto interesantes discusiones sobre las potencialidades de la tecno-digitalización de las prácticas y las posibilidades identitarias que ofrecen los nuevos entornos fluidos, como sobre las desventajas e inseguridades que suponen para el movimiento y para las mujeres. A través del análisis de tres prácticas de ciber-artivismo geocontextualizadas en Cuba, España y Marruecos se presentan conclusiones que entroncan con el acervo de estudios que plantean a Internet y a las redes sociales como herramientas políticas y educativas transgresoras que pretenden desafiar el orden hegemónico (Laudano, 2017; Laudano y Kratje, 2018), romper los límites sociales del género binario (García Manso y Silva e Silva, 2017), abrir una brecha en lo considerado normativizado y “normal” (Martín-Cabello, 2013) y crear espacios de confrontación de identidad y repertorios de acción propios (Sádaba y Barranquero, 2019). Las reflexiones se ponen a disposición de la Academia crítica internacional con objeto de sumar a la discusión global sobre cambio social, tecnologías y feminismos.

ABSTRACT Chemical and physical methods have been generally used for modifying the surface of titanium implants with the aim of achieving better osseointegration. In this work, an evaluation of the effect of different chemicals and thermochemical treatments on the surface modification of titanium was carried out. Plates of commercially pure titanium were polished and treated with four different methods. Scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and drop shape analysis were used to characterize the modified titanium surface. Our results showed that the AEPTTT surface exhibited the highest Ra values followed by AEAT, AEPT, polished Ti and AE samples. In addition, the AEAT and AEPTTT treatments developed the largest surface area, while the AE treatment produced the lowest surface area. Furthermore, the AEAT treatment created the most hydrophilic surface, which is known to positively affect the osseointegration rate of dental implants.

Salud Responde (in English: Healthline) is a Health Service and Information Centre of the taxpayer-funded Andalusian Health System (AHS) that offers a Telephone Health Advisory Service called SA24 h, among other services. The main objective of SA24 h is to inform and advise citizens on health issues and the available health resources of the AHS. SA24 h has a Customer Relationship Management information technology tool that organises information at various levels of specialization. Depending on the difficulty of the query, the citizen is attended by professionals with distinct profiles, providing a consensual response within the professionals working within Salud Responde or within other healthcare levels of the AHS. SA24 h provided responses to 757,168 patient queries from late 2008 to the end of 01/12/2015. A total of 9.38% of the consultations were resolved by the non-health professionals working at Salud Responde. The remaining 84.07% were resolved by health staff. A total of 6.5% of users were referred to accident and emergency facilities while 88.77% did not need to attend their general practitioner within the next 24 hours, thus avoiding unnecessary visits to health care facilities.

Salud Responde es un centro de información y servicios de salud del Sistema Sanitario Público de Andalucía, que ofrece, entre otros, un servicio telefónico de atención sanitaria denominado Salud Andalucía 24 horas. El objetivo principal es informar y asesorar a la ciudadanía en materia de salud y sobre los recursos existentes de los servicios sanitarios. El servicio se basa en un customer relationship management que organiza la información en varios niveles de especialización y dependiendo de la dificultad de la consulta del ciudadano es atendida por diferentes perfiles de profesionales, ofreciendo una respuesta consensuada con profesionales de Salud Responde o con otros niveles de atención sanitaria. Salud Andalucía 24 horas ha dado respuesta a 457.168 pacientes desde finales de 2008 hasta el 1 de diciembre de 2015. Sus operadores han resuelto un 9,4% de las consultas y un 84,1% han sido resueltas por personal sanitario. Un 6,5% fueron derivados al servicio de urgencias. El 88,8% de quienes usaron el servicio no necesitaron ir a su médico de su centro de salud en menos de 24 horas, evitando así desplazamientos innecesarios.

Salud Responde (in English: Healthline) is a Health Service and Information Centre of the taxpayer-funded Andalusian Health System (AHS) that offers a Telephone Health Advisory Service called SA24 h, among other services. The main objective of SA24 h is to inform and advise citizens on health issues and the available health resources of the AHS. SA24 h has a Customer Relationship Management information technology tool that organises information at various levels of specialization. Depending on the difficulty of the query, the citizen is attended by professionals with distinct profiles, providing a consensual response within the professionals working within Salud Responde or within other healthcare levels of the AHS. SA24 h provided responses to 757,168 patient queries from late 2008 to the end of 01/12/2015. A total of 9.38% of the consultations were resolved by the non-health professionals working at Salud Responde. The remaining 84.07% were resolved by health staff. A total of 6.5% of users were referred to accident and emergency facilities while 88.77% did not need to attend their general practitioner within the next 24 hours, thus avoiding unnecessary visits to health care facilities.

Salud Responde es un centro de información y servicios de salud del Sistema Sanitario Público de Andalucía, que ofrece, entre otros, un servicio telefónico de atención sanitaria denominado Salud Andalucía 24 horas. El objetivo principal es informar y asesorar a la ciudadanía en materia de salud y sobre los recursos existentes de los servicios sanitarios. El servicio se basa en un customer relationship management que organiza la información en varios niveles de especialización y dependiendo de la dificultad de la consulta del ciudadano es atendida por diferentes perfiles de profesionales, ofreciendo una respuesta consensuada con profesionales de Salud Responde o con otros niveles de atención sanitaria. Salud Andalucía 24 horas ha dado respuesta a 457.168 pacientes desde finales de 2008 hasta el 1 de diciembre de 2015. Sus operadores han resuelto un 9,4% de las consultas y un 84,1% han sido resueltas por personal sanitario. Un 6,5% fueron derivados al servicio de urgencias. El 88,8% de quienes usaron el servicio no necesitaron ir a su médico de su centro de salud en menos de 24 horas, evitando así desplazamientos innecesarios.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar os determinantes individuais e de área da não-adesão ao tratamento da tuberculose (TB) em municípios de Buenos Aires, Argentina. Foi realizado um estudo transversal com um modelo hierarquizado. A análise dos determinantes foi realizada em dois níveis por meio de análise de regressão logística em dois níveis, com base em dados primários e secundários. Além disso, a falta de abastecimento de água em casa aumentou o risco de não-adesão. Nesses domicílios, cujo chefe de família não tinha a cobertura de saúde, também o risco de não-adesão foi maior, como em pacientes que usaram mais de um meio de transporte para chegar ao centro de saúde. Em áreas com uma maior proporção de domicílios com uma rede de gás natural e com necessidades básicas insatisfeitas para os meios de vida e uma maior proporção de domicílios sem sanitários foi maior o risco de não-adesão. Conclui-se que os fatores sociais e econômicos influenciam a adesão ao tratamento da TB, tanto individualmente como em termos de área.

This study aimed to identify the individual and environmental determinants of nonadherence to tuberculosis (TB) treatment in selected districts in the Buenos Aires Metropolitan Area, in Argentina. We conducted a cross-sectional study using a hierarchical model. Using primary and secondary data, logistic regression was performed to analyze two types of determinants. The likelihood of nonadherence to treatment was greatest among male patients. The following factors led to a greater likelihood of nonadherence to treatment: patients living in a home without running water; head of household without medical insurance; need to use more than one means of transport to reach the health center; place of residence in an area with a high proportion of households connected to the natural gas network; place of residence in an area where a large proportion of families fall below the minimum threshold of subsistence capacity; place of residence in an area where a high proportion of households do not have flushing toilets and basic sanitation. Our results show that social and economic factors – related to both individual and environmental characteristics – influence adherence to TB treatment.

El objetivo fue identificar los determinantes individuales y de área de la no adherencia al tratamiento de la tuberculosis (TB) en municipios de Buenos Aires, Argentina. Se realizó un estudio transversal con un modelo jerarquizado. El análisis se llevó a cabo mediante regresión logística múltiple en dos niveles, en base a datos primarios y secundarios. Los varones tuvieron mayor riesgo de no adherencia al tratamiento. La falta de provisión de agua en el hogar aumentó el riesgo de no adherencia. En aquellos hogares cuyo jefe de familia no tenía cobertura de salud también el riesgo de no adherencia fue mayor, al igual que en los pacientes que utilizaron más de un medio de transporte para llegar al centro de salud. En las áreas con mayor proporción de hogares con red de gas natural, mayor proporción de hogares con necesidades básicas instisfechas por la capacidad de subsistencia y mayor proporción de hogares que no tenían inodoros fue mayor el riesgo de no adherencia. Se concluye que los factores sociales y económicos tienen influencia sobre la adherencia al tratamiento, tanto a nivel individual, como de área.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar os determinantes individuais e de área da não-adesão ao tratamento da tuberculose (TB) em municípios de Buenos Aires, Argentina. Foi realizado um estudo transversal com um modelo hierarquizado. A análise dos determinantes foi realizada em dois níveis por meio de análise de regressão logística em dois níveis, com base em dados primários e secundários. Além disso, a falta de abastecimento de água em casa aumentou o risco de não-adesão. Nesses domicílios, cujo chefe de família não tinha a cobertura de saúde, também o risco de não-adesão foi maior, como em pacientes que usaram mais de um meio de transporte para chegar ao centro de saúde. Em áreas com uma maior proporção de domicílios com uma rede de gás natural e com necessidades básicas insatisfeitas para os meios de vida e uma maior proporção de domicílios sem sanitários foi maior o risco de não-adesão. Conclui-se que os fatores sociais e econômicos influenciam a adesão ao tratamento da TB, tanto individualmente como em termos de área.

This study aimed to identify the individual and environmental determinants of nonadherence to tuberculosis (TB) treatment in selected districts in the Buenos Aires Metropolitan Area, in Argentina. We conducted a cross-sectional study using a hierarchical model. Using primary and secondary data, logistic regression was performed to analyze two types of determinants. The likelihood of nonadherence to treatment was greatest among male patients. The following factors led to a greater likelihood of nonadherence to treatment: patients living in a home without running water; head of household without medical insurance; need to use more than one means of transport to reach the health center; place of residence in an area with a high proportion of households connected to the natural gas network; place of residence in an area where a large proportion of families fall below the minimum threshold of subsistence capacity; place of residence in an area where a high proportion of households do not have flushing toilets and basic sanitation. Our results show that social and economic factors – related to both individual and environmental characteristics – influence adherence to TB treatment.

El objetivo fue identificar los determinantes individuales y de área de la no adherencia al tratamiento de la tuberculosis (TB) en municipios de Buenos Aires, Argentina. Se realizó un estudio transversal con un modelo jerarquizado. El análisis se llevó a cabo mediante regresión logística múltiple en dos niveles, en base a datos primarios y secundarios. Los varones tuvieron mayor riesgo de no adherencia al tratamiento. La falta de provisión de agua en el hogar aumentó el riesgo de no adherencia. En aquellos hogares cuyo jefe de familia no tenía cobertura de salud también el riesgo de no adherencia fue mayor, al igual que en los pacientes que utilizaron más de un medio de transporte para llegar al centro de salud. En las áreas con mayor proporción de hogares con red de gas natural, mayor proporción de hogares con necesidades básicas instisfechas por la capacidad de subsistencia y mayor proporción de hogares que no tenían inodoros fue mayor el riesgo de no adherencia. Se concluye que los factores sociales y económicos tienen influencia sobre la adherencia al tratamiento, tanto a nivel individual, como de área.

OBJETIVO: Identificar a associação entre a não adesão ao tratamento da tuberculose e as características de acesso ao tratamento. MÉTODOS: Um estudo transversal foi realizado na Região Metropolitana de Buenos Aires, Argentina. Cento e vinte e três pacientes notificados em 2007 (38 aderentes e 85 não aderentes) foram entrevistados sobre o processo de cuidados de saúde e características sócio-demográficas. Fatores associados a não adesão foram avaliados através da análise de regressão logística. RESULTADOS: Foi encontrado um aumento do risco de não adesão ao tratamento em pacientes do sexo masculino (OR = 2,8, IC95% 1,2 – 6,7), pacientes que tiveram controles médicos em hospitais (OR = 3,4, IC95% 1,1 – 10,0) e aqueles que tiveram dificuldades com os custos de transporte (OR = 2.5, IC95% 1,1 – 5,9). CONCLUSÃO: O risco de não adesão aumenta como resultado de barreiras econômicas no acesso aos serviços de saúde. A descentralização do tratamento para os centros de atenção primária à saúde e medidas de proteção social para os pacientes devem ser considerados como prioridades para as estratégias de controle da doença, a fim de diminuir o impacto dessas barreiras na adesão ao tratamento.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the association between non-adherence to tuberculosis treatment and access to treatment. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out in the Metropolitan Area of Buenos Aires, Argentina. One hundred twenty three patients notified in 2007 (38 non adherent and 85 adherents) were interviewed regarding the health care process and socio-demographic characteristics. Factors associated to non-adherence were assessed through logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: An increased risk of non-adherence with to treatment was found in male patients (OR = 2.8; 95%CI 1.2 - 6.7), patients who had medical check-ups at hospitals (OR = 3.4; 95%CI 1.1 - 10.0) and those who had difficulties with transportation costs (OR = 2.5; 95%CI 1.1 - 5.9). CONCLUSION: Risk of non-adherence increases as a result of economic barriers in accessing health care facilities. Decentralization of treatment to primary health care centers and social protection measures for patients should be considered as priorities for disease control strategies in order to lessen the impact of those barriers on adherence to treatment.

<sec><title>OBJETIVO:</title><p>Identificar a associação entre a não adesão ao tratamento da tuberculose e as características de acesso ao tratamento.</p></sec><sec><title>MÉTODOS:</title><p>Um estudo transversal foi realizado na Região Metropolitana de Buenos Aires, Argentina. Cento e vinte e três pacientes notificados em 2007 (38 aderentes e 85 não aderentes) foram entrevistados sobre o processo de cuidados de saúde e características sócio-demográficas. Fatores associados a não adesão foram avaliados através da análise de regressão logística.</p></sec><sec><title>RESULTADOS:</title><p>Foi encontrado um aumento do risco de não adesão ao tratamento em pacientes do sexo masculino (OR = 2,8, IC95% 1,2 – 6,7), pacientes que tiveram controles médicos em hospitais (OR = 3,4, IC95% 1,1 – 10,0) e aqueles que tiveram dificuldades com os custos de transporte (OR = 2.5, IC95% 1,1 – 5,9).</p></sec><sec><title>CONCLUSÃO:</title><p>O risco de não adesão aumenta como resultado de barreiras econômicas no acesso aos serviços de saúde. A descentralização do tratamento para os centros de atenção primária à saúde e medidas de proteção social para os pacientes devem ser considerados como prioridades para as estratégias de controle da doença, a fim de diminuir o impacto dessas barreiras na adesão ao tratamento.</p></sec>

<sec><title>OBJECTIVE:</title><p> To identify the association between non-adherence to tuberculosis treatment and access to treatment.</p></sec><sec><title>METHODS:</title><p> A cross-sectional study was carried out in the Metropolitan Area of Buenos Aires, Argentina. One hundred twenty three patients notified in 2007 (38 non adherent and 85 adherents) were interviewed regarding the health care process and socio-demographic characteristics. Factors associated to non-adherence were assessed through logistic regression analysis.</p></sec><sec><title>RESULTS:</title><p> An increased risk of non-adherence with to treatment was found in male patients (OR = 2.8; 95%CI 1.2 - 6.7), patients who had medical check-ups at hospitals (OR = 3.4; 95%CI 1.1 - 10.0) and those who had difficulties with transportation costs (OR = 2.5; 95%CI 1.1 - 5.9).</p></sec><sec><title>CONCLUSION:</title><p> Risk of non-adherence increases as a result of economic barriers in accessing health care facilities. Decentralization of treatment to primary health care centers and social protection measures for patients should be considered as priorities for disease control strategies in order to lessen the impact of those barriers on adherence to treatment.</p></sec>

This aim of this article is to demonstrate the importance of social networks in the obese adolescent's environment. This study emerged in response to the paucity of information encountered in the literature as regards whether adolescents eat better or worse and/or performs more or less physical exercise depending on their friendship networks. We performed a literature search at the University of León library which focused on obesity and an analysis of young people's social networks, exploring databases such as the Web of Knowledge (WOK), SciELO and Scopus, among others. Articles and other documents of interest were identified using journals from the disciplines of Sociology and the Health Sciences. After the most relevant texts had been read in full, the following results were obtained: (1) relationships influence adolescents' habits, (2) the quality and quantity of food they consume can depend on the type of network to which they belong, and (3) the amount of physical exercise that adolescents do can be influenced by their best friends, by the wider group to which they belong and even by friends of friends. The foregoing suggests that the study of adolescents' social networks could be a useful tool for identifying behaviour patterns; it is therefore applicable to health and public health programmes and would contribute to the sustainability of the system.

El presente artículo pretende justificar la relevancia de las relaciones sociales en el entorno del adolescente obeso. La motivación por este enfoque surgió debido al vacío que se ha encontrado en estudios que expliquen si los adolescentes comen mejor o peor y/o realizan más o menos ejercicio físico dependiendo de su red de amigos. Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica centrada en la obesidad y el análisis de las redes sociales de los jóvenes a través de la Biblioteca de la Universidad de León, en diferentes bases de datos tales como Web of Knowledge (WOK), Scielo, Scopus, entre otras. Se obtuvieron artículos y otros documentos de interés utilizando revistas pertenecientes a las disciplinas de la Sociología y de las Ciencias de la Salud. Tras realizar la lectura de los textos más relevantes se pudo obtener los siguientes resultados: (1) las relaciones influyen en los hábitos de los adolescentes, (2) la calidad y la cantidad de comida puede depender del tipo de red que le rodea, y (3) el nivel de ejercicio físico que tiene un individuo se puede ver influenciado por sus mejores amigos, por el grupo en general que le rodea e incluso por los amigos de sus amigos. De todo ello se deriva, que el estudio de la red social del individuo puede ser una herramienta útil a la hora de visualizar los patrones de comportamiento, y por tanto, aplicable a los programas de salud y salud pública contribuyendo, de esta forma, a la sostenibilidad del sistema.

OBJECTIVE Identify spatial distribution patterns of the proportion of nonadherence to tuberculosis treatment and its associated factors.METHODS We conducted an ecological study based on secondary and primary data from municipalities of the metropolitan area of Buenos Aires, Argentina. An exploratory analysis of the characteristics of the area and the distributions of the cases included in the sample (proportion of nonadherence) was also carried out along with a multifactor analysis by linear regression. The variables related to the characteristics of the population, residences and families were analyzed.RESULTS Areas with higher proportion of the population without social security benefits (p = 0.007) and of households with unsatisfied basic needs had a higher risk of nonadherence (p = 0.032). In addition, the proportion of nonadherence was higher in areas with the highest proportion of households with no public transportation within 300 meters (p = 0.070).CONCLUSIONS We found a risk area for the nonadherence to treatment characterized by a population living in poverty, with precarious jobs and difficult access to public transportation.

OBJETIVO Identificar patrones de distribución espacial de la proporción de la no-adherencia al tratamiento de la tuberculosis y sus factores asociados.METODOS Estudio ecológico con datos secundarios y primarios en municipios seleccionados del Área Metropolitana de Buenos Aires. Se realizó un análisis exploratorio de las características del área y de las distribuciones de los casos incluidos en la muestra (proporción de no-adherencia) y un análisis de múltiples factores por regresión lineal. Se analizaron variables referidas a las características de la población, las viviendas y los hogares.RESULTADOS Las áreas con mayor proporción de población que no realizaba aportes jubilatorios (p = 0,007) y con mayor proporción de hogares con necesidades básicas insatisfechas según capacidad de subsistencia presentaron mayor riesgo de no-adherencia (p = 0,032). La proporción de no-adherencia fue más elevada en las áreas con mayor proporción de viviendas sin servicio de transporte público a menos de 300 m (p = 0,070).CONCLUSIONES Existe un área de riesgo para la no-adherencia al tratamiento, caracterizada por tener una población que vive en condiciones de pobreza y precariedad laboral, con dificultades de acceso al servicio de transporte público.

OBJECTIVE Identify spatial distribution patterns of the proportion of nonadherence to tuberculosis treatment and its associated factors.METHODS We conducted an ecological study based on secondary and primary data from municipalities of the metropolitan area of Buenos Aires, Argentina. An exploratory analysis of the characteristics of the area and the distributions of the cases included in the sample (proportion of nonadherence) was also carried out along with a multifactor analysis by linear regression. The variables related to the characteristics of the population, residences and families were analyzed.RESULTS Areas with higher proportion of the population without social security benefits (p = 0.007) and of households with unsatisfied basic needs had a higher risk of nonadherence (p = 0.032). In addition, the proportion of nonadherence was higher in areas with the highest proportion of households with no public transportation within 300 meters (p = 0.070).CONCLUSIONS We found a risk area for the nonadherence to treatment characterized by a population living in poverty, with precarious jobs and difficult access to public transportation.

OBJETIVO Identificar patrones de distribución espacial de la proporción de la no-adherencia al tratamiento de la tuberculosis y sus factores asociados.METODOS Estudio ecológico con datos secundarios y primarios en municipios seleccionados del Área Metropolitana de Buenos Aires. Se realizó un análisis exploratorio de las características del área y de las distribuciones de los casos incluidos en la muestra (proporción de no-adherencia) y un análisis de múltiples factores por regresión lineal. Se analizaron variables referidas a las características de la población, las viviendas y los hogares.RESULTADOS Las áreas con mayor proporción de población que no realizaba aportes jubilatorios (p = 0,007) y con mayor proporción de hogares con necesidades básicas insatisfechas según capacidad de subsistencia presentaron mayor riesgo de no-adherencia (p = 0,032). La proporción de no-adherencia fue más elevada en las áreas con mayor proporción de viviendas sin servicio de transporte público a menos de 300 m (p = 0,070).CONCLUSIONES Existe un área de riesgo para la no-adherencia al tratamiento, caracterizada por tener una población que vive en condiciones de pobreza y precariedad laboral, con dificultades de acceso al servicio de transporte público.

Objective: To estimate the prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and vaccine-induced immunity in the region of Madrid, and to analyze their evolution over time. Methods: An observational, analytical, cross-sectional study was carried out in the population aged 16-80 years between 2008 and 2009. This was the last of four seroprevalence surveys in the region of Madrid. The prevalence of HBV infection and vaccine-induced immunity was estimated using multivariate logistic models and were compared with the prevalences in the 1989, 1993 and 1999 surveys. Results: In the population aged 16-80 years, the prevalence of HBV infection was 11.0% (95% CI: 9.8-12.3) and that of chronic infection was 0.7% (95% CI: 0.5-1.1). The prevalence of vaccine-induced immunity in the population aged 16-20 years was 73.0% (95% CI: 70.0-76.0). Compared with previous surveys, there was a decrease in the prevalence of HBV infection. Conclusions: Based on the prevalence of chronic infection (<1%), Madrid is a region with low HBV endemicity. Preventive strategies against HBV should especially target the immigrant population.

Objetivo: Estimar la prevalencia de infección por hepatitis B(HB) e inmunidad vacunal en la Comunidad de Madrid y analizar su evolución en el tiempo. Métodos: Estudio observacional analítico transversal en población de 16-80 años, en 2008-2009. Ésta es la última de cuatro encuestas de seroprevalencia. La prevalencia de infección por HB e inmunidad vacunal fue estimada usando modelos logísticos multivariantes y se compararon con las encuestas de 1989, 1993 y 1999. Resultados: En población de 16-80 años, la prevalencia de infección por HB fue 11,0% (IC-95%:9,8-12,3) y 0,7% (IC-95%:0,5-1,1) de infección crónica. La prevalencia de inmunidad vacunal en población de 16-20 años fue 73,0% (IC-95%:70,0-76,0). En comparación con anteriores encuestas la prevalencia de infección disminuyó. Conclusiones: Madrid es una región de baja endemicidad de HB, de acuerdo a la prevalencia de infección crónica (<1%). Las estrategias de prevención de la HB deben dirigirse especialmente a la población inmigrante.

Objective: To estimate the prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and vaccine-induced immunity in the region of Madrid, and to analyze their evolution over time. Methods: An observational, analytical, cross-sectional study was carried out in the population aged 16-80 years between 2008 and 2009. This was the last of four seroprevalence surveys in the region of Madrid. The prevalence of HBV infection and vaccine-induced immunity was estimated using multivariate logistic models and were compared with the prevalences in the 1989, 1993 and 1999 surveys. Results: In the population aged 16-80 years, the prevalence of HBV infection was 11.0% (95% CI: 9.8-12.3) and that of chronic infection was 0.7% (95% CI: 0.5-1.1). The prevalence of vaccine-induced immunity in the population aged 16-20 years was 73.0% (95% CI: 70.0-76.0). Compared with previous surveys, there was a decrease in the prevalence of HBV infection. Conclusions: Based on the prevalence of chronic infection (<1%), Madrid is a region with low HBV endemicity. Preventive strategies against HBV should especially target the immigrant population.

Objetivo: Estimar la prevalencia de infección por hepatitis B(HB) e inmunidad vacunal en la Comunidad de Madrid y analizar su evolución en el tiempo. Métodos: Estudio observacional analítico transversal en población de 16-80 años, en 2008-2009. Ésta es la última de cuatro encuestas de seroprevalencia. La prevalencia de infección por HB e inmunidad vacunal fue estimada usando modelos logísticos multivariantes y se compararon con las encuestas de 1989, 1993 y 1999. Resultados: En población de 16-80 años, la prevalencia de infección por HB fue 11,0% (IC-95%:9,8-12,3) y 0,7% (IC-95%:0,5-1,1) de infección crónica. La prevalencia de inmunidad vacunal en población de 16-20 años fue 73,0% (IC-95%:70,0-76,0). En comparación con anteriores encuestas la prevalencia de infección disminuyó. Conclusiones: Madrid es una región de baja endemicidad de HB, de acuerdo a la prevalencia de infección crónica (<1%). Las estrategias de prevención de la HB deben dirigirse especialmente a la población inmigrante.