Abstract Objective To understand the challenges faced in terms of permanent education in health, for achieving quality improvements and patient safety at a public hospital undergoing hospital accreditation. Methods This was a descriptive, cross-sectional study with a qualitative approach. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 22 professionals, lasting an average of 22 minutes. The interviews were subsequently analyzed and interpreted using Bardin’s thematic content analysis. The software Iramuteq was used to analyze the textual corpus, and BioEstat 5.3 was used to analyze the profile of the participants. The data collection took place in June 2022, following approval by the Research Ethics Committees. Results The descending hierarchical classification analysis, generated by Iramuteq, was applied, resulting in three categories: Challenges of Permanent Education through the Continuous Improvement Process, Permanent Education for the Promotion of Quality and Patient Safety in the Context of Hospital Accreditation, and Educational Strategies for Improving Quality and Patient Safety. Conclusion Challenges inherent to the actions of permanent education in health were identified, such as resistance to cultural change, adherence to activities, high turnover of professionals, and difficulty in releasing the nursing team to participate in activities, due to work demand.

Resumen Objetivo Comprender los desafíos enfrentados por la educación permanente para lograr mejorar la calidad y la seguridad del paciente en un hospital público sometido a acreditación hospitalaria. Métodos Estudio descriptivo, transversal y con enfoque cualitativo. Se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas a 22 profesionales, con duración promedio de 22 minutos, que luego se analizaron e interpretaron mediante el análisis de contenido temático de Bardin. Se utilizaron los softwares Iramuteq para el análisis de corpus textual y BioEstat 5.3 para el análisis del perfil de los participantes. La recopilación de datos se llevó a cabo en junio de 2022, después de la aprobación de los Comités de Ética en Investigación. Resultados Se aplicó el análisis de clasificación jerárquica descendente, generado por Iramuteq. Se obtuvieron tres categorías: Desafíos de la educación permanente mediante el proceso de mejora continua, Educación permanente para la promoción de la calidad y de la seguridad del paciente en el contexto de la acreditación hospitalaria, y Estrategias educativas para la mejora de la calidad y la seguridad del paciente. Conclusión Se identificaron desafíos inherentes a las acciones de educación permanente en salud, tales como resistencia a cambios de cultura, adherencia a las actividades, alta rotación de profesionales y dificultad de autorizar al equipo de enfermería para participar en las actividades relacionadas con la demanda de trabajo.

Resumo Objetivo Compreender os desafios enfrentados pela educação permanente para o alcance da melhoria da qualidade e da segurança do paciente em um hospital público submetido à acreditação hospitalar. Métodos Estudo descritivo, transversal e com abordagem qualitativa. Realizaram-se entrevistas semiestruturadas com 22 profissionais, durando, em média, 22 minutos, as quais posteriormente foram analisadas e interpretadas por meio da análise de conteúdo temática de Bardin. Adotaram-se os softwares Iramuteq para a análise de corpus textual, e o BioEstat 5.3, para análise do perfil dos participantes. A coleta de dados ocorreu em junho de 2022, após aprovação nos Comitês de Ética em Pesquisa. Resultados Aplicou-se a análise de classificação hierárquica descendente, gerada pelo Iramuteq. Obtiveram-se três categorias: Desafios da Educação Permanente mediante o Processo de Melhoria Contínua; Educação Permanente para a Promoção da Qualidade e da Segurança do Paciente no Contexto da Acreditação Hospitalar; e Estratégias Educativas para a Melhoria da Qualidade e da Segurança do Paciente. Conclusão Identificaram-se desafios inerentes às ações de educação permanente em saúde, tais como resistência à mudança de cultura, adesão às atividades, alta rotatividade de profissionais e dificuldade para liberação da equipe de enfermagem para participar das atividades relacionadas à demanda de trabalho.

Resumen: En el Ecuador, el acceso a Internet es considerado un servicio básico desde el 2015; sin embargo, apenas el 60% de su población tiene acceso al mismo. El 70% de los ecuatorianos que viven en la zona urbana cuentan con Internet mientras que en la zona rural solo el 38%. En este sentido, el objetivo de este trabajo fue diseñar e implementar un sistema de transmisión de texto e imagen a través de la radio FM tradicional basado en la tecnología data-over-sound para que pueda ser utilizado como una herramienta para reducir la brecha digital de las zonas rurales. Se construyeron un prototipo transmisor y otro receptor, se codificaron los datos aplicando la técnica de modulación BPSK y se enviaron a diferentes tasas de transmisión 4800, 9600, 19200, 76800 y 11500 bits por segundo (bps). Para evaluar el funcionamiento del dispositivo, se midió la tasa de error definida como la relación entre el número de bits trasmitidos y el de recibidos. Como resultado, se obtuvo una tasa de error mínima de 58% a una velocidad de 4800 bps y máxima de 61.25% a 115200 bps, así mismo, el sistema permitió enviar imágenes de hasta 256 píxeles. A diferencia de otros trabajos relacionados, esta propuesta no solo que superará por mucho la distancia de cobertura si no que puede ser implementada sobre una infraestructura de radiodifusión existente para llegar con la información a los sectores más vulnerables

Abstract: In Ecuador, Internet access has been considered an essential service since 2015; however, only 60% of its population has access. 70% of Ecuadorians in urban areas have Internet access, whereas only 38% in rural areas do. In this sense, this work aimed to design and implement a text and image transmission system through traditional FM radio based on data-over-sound technology so that it can be used as a tool to reduce the digital divide in rural areas. A transmitter and a receiver prototype were built, and the data was encoded using the BPSK modulation technique and sent at different transmission rates: 4800, 9600, 19200, 76800, and 11500 bits per second (bps). The error rate was measured to evaluate the operation of the device, defined as the ratio between the number of bits transmitted and the number of bits received. As a result, a minimum error rate of 58% was obtained at a speed of 4800 bps and a maximum of 61.25% at 115200 bps; likewise, the system allowed images of up to 256 pixels to be sent. Unlike other related works, this proposal will not only exceed the coverage distance but can also be implemented on an existing broadcasting infrastructure to reach the most vulnerable.

Abstract This study aimed to verify the association between voice handicaps, physical inactivity, and job dissatisfaction among public school teachers in Minas Gerais, Brazil. An epidemiological, cross-sectional web survey study was performed to do this. The data compilation relevant to this survey was amassed between October 26 and December 31, 2021. A total of 1782 teachers participated in this study. The outcome variable used was the Voice Handicap Index 10 (VHI-10), which makes it possible to quantify the individual’s perception of vocal alteration. The higher the result, the greater the voice handicap perceived by the subject. In addition to sociodemographic and occupational aspects, physical activity was evaluated by the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) in its short form. The level of job satisfaction was expressed through the simple validated question: “Are you satisfied with your job?”. The multivariate statistical analysis was Poisson regression with robust variance. Voice handicap was present in 20.2% of the teachers and was associated with being female (PR = 1.32; CI95%: 1.03-1.70), teaching time (PR = 1.26; CI95%: 1.26-1.04), job dissatisfaction (PR = 1.96; CI95%: 1.59-2.42) and physical inactivity (PR = 1.24; CI95%: 1.00-1.52). The study was carried out at the beginning of the teachers’ return to in-school classes and found that a fifth reported a perception of voice handicap, pointing to the need for greater attention to the work environment and the importance of physical activity for voice health.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a associação entre desvantagem vocal e variáveis inatividade física e insatisfação no trabalho entre professores da rede pública de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Trata-se de estudo epidemiológico, transversal do tipo websurvey. Participaram do estudo 1782 professores. A coleta de dados ocorreu entre 26 de outubro e 31 de dezembro de 2021. A variável desfecho foi o Índice de Desvantagem Vocal 10 (IDV-10) que possibilita quantificar a percepção do indivíduo sobre sua alteração vocal. Quanto maior o resultado, maior a desvantagem vocal percebida pelo sujeito. Além dos aspectos sociodemográficos e ocupacionais, foi avaliada a atividade física pelo Questionário Internacional de Atividade Física (IPAQ), em sua forma curta e a satisfação no trabalho por meio da pergunta já validada: “Você está satisfeito com o seu trabalho?”. A análise estatística multivariada foi a regressão de Poisson com variância robusta. A desvantagem vocal esteve presente em 20.2% dos professores e apresentou associação com o sexo feminino (RP = 1.32; IC95%: 1.03-1.70) o tempo de docência (RP = 1.26; IC95%: 1.26-1.04), a insatisfação no trabalho (RP = 1.96; IC95%: 1.59-2.42) e a inatividade física (RP = 1.24; IC95%: 1.00-1.52). No estudo realizado no início do retorno dos professores às aulas presenciais verificou que um quinto referiu percepção de desvantagem vocal apontando para a necessidade de maior atenção ao ambiente de trabalho e sobre a importância da atividade física para a saúde da voz.

Abstract Objective: To determine the prevalence of HIV in individuals by analyzing the influence of social determinants and sexual risk behaviors, in order to estimate the crude and adjusted risks of being HIV positive in the municipality of Solidaridad, state of Quintana Roo, Mexico. Method and Materials: A cross-sectional study was conducted in the municipality of Solidaridad, Quintana Roo, Mexico. Third and fourth generation HIV rapid tests were performed. Descriptive statistics, measures of association (OR and 95 % CI) and p value were calculated for each stratum. Logistic regression models were performed to determine the risk factors associated with being HIV positive in the tests. Results: The sample consisted of 4,800 people, of whom 3,030 were men (63.12%); the mean age was 32.6 years (SD 14.96). The variables included in the multivariate model for being HIV positive are: men who have sex with men with OR=61.20, age 30-39 years OR=1.72, having anal sex OR=2.21, and as a protective factor having health service OR =0.42. Conclusions: This study confirms already known social determinants such as being male and being in economically active age and sexual practices such as: having anal sex and men with men. Being entitled to health services was shown to be the only protective factor.

Resumen Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia de VIH en personas analizando la influencia de los determinantes sociales y las conductas sexuales de riesgo, para estimar los riesgos crudos y ajustados para ser VIH positivo en el municipio Solidaridad, estado de Quintana Roo, México. Método y Materiales: Se realizó un estudio transversal en el municipio de Solidaridad, Quintana Roo, México. Se realizaron pruebas rápidas de VIH de tercera y cuarta generación. Se calcularon las estadísticas descriptivas, las medidas de asociación (OR e IC del 95 %) y el valor de p para cada estrato. Se realizaron modelos de regresión logística para determinar los factores de riesgo asociados con ser VIH positivo en las pruebas. Resultados: La muestra estuvo compuesta por 4,800 personas de las cuales; 3,030 hombres (63.12%); la edad promedio fue de 32.6 años (D.E. 14.96). Las variables incluidas en el modelo multivariado para ser VIH positivo son: hombres que tienen sexo con hombres con OR=61.20, edad 30-39 años OR=1.72, tener sexo anal OR=2.21, y como factor protector contar con servicio de salud OR =0.42. Conclusiones: Este estudio confirma determinantes sociales ya conocidos como el ser hombre y estar en edad económicamente activa y prácticas sexuales como: el tener sexo anal y hombres con hombres. Contar con derechohabiencia se muestra como único factor protector.

Resumen Introducción La pandemia de COVID-19 provocó el cese de las actividades académicas desde el formato presencial al confinamiento de las clases virtuales, de las que poco se ha estudiado sobre su efecto en la salud mental. Objetivo Determinar los niveles de depresión, ansiedad y estrés en estudiantes de medicina de México y Colombia durante la pandemia de COVID-19; además de comparar depresión, ansiedad y estrés por género, nivel educativo y país. Método Se realizó un estudio transversal con 426 estudiantes de medicina. Los datos se recopilaron mediante una encuesta en línea que contenía el cuestionario DASS-21. Resultados Las puntuaciones generales de depresión, ansiedad y estrés fueron 6.7 ± 1.2, 8.8 ± 1.2 y 5.6 ± 1.2, respectivamente. Las mujeres tuvieron puntajes generales significativamente más altos para depresión (.24-fold increase), ansiedad (.25-fold increase) y estrés (.40-fold increase). El riesgo de ansiedad y estrés por año escolar mostró que los años básicos se asociaron con puntajes más altos que los estudiantes en años los avanzados (.25 y .38-fold increase). Para las mujeres, cursar años básicos mostró un mayor riesgo de depresión en comparación con los estudiantes varones (.38-fold increase). Por último, los estudiantes mexicanos tuvieron un mayor riesgo de depresión y ansiedad (p ≤ .022 y p ≤ .004, respectivamente) pero no de estrés (p ≤ .402) en comparación con los estudiantes Colombianos. Discusión y conclusión Se observó ansiedad y depresión significativas en estudiantes de medicina mexicanos y colombianos. Los factores asociados a un mayor riesgo de depresión y ansiedad fueron; ser estudiante en años básicos además de ser mujer.

Abstract Introduction The COVID-19 pandemic caused the cessation of academic activities from the face-to-face format to confinement and virtual classes, in which little is studied about its effect on mental health. Objective Determine levels of depression, anxiety, and stress in medical students in Mexico and Colombia during the COVID-19 pandemic. Furthermore, depression, anxiety, and stress were compared by gender, education status, and country. Method A cross-sectional study was carried out with 426 medical students. Data was collected using an online survey containing the Depression, Anxiety, Stress Scale (DASS-21) questionnaire. Results Overall scores for depression, anxiety, and stress were 6.7 ± 1.2, 8.8 ± 1.2, and 5.6 ± 1.2, respectively. Females had significantly higher overall scores for depression (.24-fold increase), anxiety (.25-fold increase), and stress (.40-fold increase) than males (p ≤ .01). The risk for anxiety and stress by school year showed that basic years were associated with higher scores than advanced years (.25 and .38-fold increase, respectively). For females, starting medical school did show an increased risk of depression when compared to male students in their basic years (.38-fold increase). Lastly, students from Mexico had an increased risk for depression and anxiety (p ≤ .022 and p ≤ .004, respectively) but not for stress (p ≤ .402), when compared to students from Colombia. Discussion and conclusion Significant anxiety and depression were observed in medical students from Mexico and Colombia. Factors associated with an increased risk of depression and anxiety are students in their basic years as well as being female.

Pasteurella multocida is a gram-negative coccobacillus bacterium found as a commensal in the oropharynx of domestic animals such as cats and dogs and some farm animals. Soft tissue infections and occasionally bacteremia in immunocompromised patients with direct contact with animals are described. We report a 61 year old male with a history of scratches and close contact with domestic cats, with a septic shock originating from a pulmonary focus, requiring mechanical ventilation and vasopressors. Blood cultures disclosed the presence of Pasteurella multocida. He responded successfully to antimicrobials.

Abstract We critically analyzed clinical trials performed with chloroquine (CQ) and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) with or without macrolides during the first wave of COVID-19 and discussed the design and limitations of peer-reviewed studies from January to July 2020. Seventeen studies were eligible for the discussion. CQ and HCQ did not demonstrate clinical advantages that justified their inclusion in therapeutic regimens of free prescription for treatment or prophylactic purposes, as suggested by health authorities, including in Brazil, during the first wave. Around August 2020, robust data had already indicated that pharmacological effects of CQ, HCQ and macrolides as anti-SARS-CoV-2 molecules were limited to in vitro conditions and largely based on retrospective trials with low quality and weak internal validity, which made evidence superficial for decision-making. Up to that point, most randomized and nonrandomized clinical trials did not reveal beneficial effects of CQ or HCQ with or without macrolides to reduce lethality, rate of intubation, days of hospitalization, respiratory support/mechanical ventilation requirements, duration, type and number of symptoms, and death and were unsuccessful in increasing virus elimination and/or days alive in hospitalized or ambulatory patients with COVID-19. In addition, many studies have demonstrated that side effects are more common in CQ-or HCQ-treated patients.

ABSTRACT The present theoretical paper aimed to present pedagogical principles of constructivist-oriented teaching practices in team sports (TS). Specifically, the research sought to situate constructivism as a conceptual perspective to guide the teaching and learning in TS, presenting three general principles and fourteen adjacent principles, their definitions, and possible practical applications. General principles include: (1) facilitating the active construction of knowledge; (2) facilitating meaningful learning (personal relevance); and (3) facilitating social participation (cooperation). The pedagogical principles presented here constitute a matrix to guide empirical research on the teaching of TS in the context of professional training and practice in Physical Education and may aid in the TS's planning and intervention.

RESUMO O objetivo deste ensaio teórico foi apresentar princípios pedagógicos das práticas de ensino orientadas ao construtivismo nos Jogos Esportivos Coletivos (JEC). Especificamente, buscou-se situar o construtivismo enquanto perspectiva conceitual para orientar o processo de ensino e aprendizagem dos JEC, apresentando três princípios gerais e 14 princípios adjacentes, suas definições e possibilidades de aplicação prática. Os princípios gerais incluem: 1) facilitar a construção ativa do conhecimento; 2) facilitar a aprendizagem significativa (relevância pessoal); e 3) facilitar a participação (cooperação) social. Os princípios pedagógicos ora apresentados constituem uma matriz para orientar a investigação empírica sobre o ensino dos JEC no âmbito da formação e atuação profissional em Educação Física, assim como podem auxiliar no planejamento e intervenção nos JEC.

ABSTRACT The diagnosis of congenital toxoplasmosis presents limitations and therefore new options are necessary. The analysis of amniotic fluid by real-time PCR has already proved effective for confirmation of fetal infection. However, its performance in other biological samples is not clear yet. The aim of this study is to better understand the role of real-time PCR in the blood of the mother and newborn as well as in the amniotic fluid and placenta in the diagnosis of congenital toxoplasmosis. This is a descriptive cohort study of pregnant women with toxoplasmosis followed up in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Real-time PCR was performed in samples of maternal blood, amniotic fluid, placenta, and blood of newborns. In addition, histopathological examination of placentas was performed, and data collected from babies were collected. 116 pregnant women were followed up and 298 samples were analyzed. One (0.9%) pregnant woman presented positive PCR in the blood, 3 (3.5%) in the amniotic fluid, 1 (2.3%) in the placenta and no newborn had positive PCR in the blood. Histopathological study was suggestive of toxoplasmosis infection in 24 (49%) placentas. Six (5.2%) newborns were diagnosed with congenital toxoplasmosis, and only cases with positive PCR in the amniotic fluid had correlation of the PCR result with the diagnosis of congenital infection. Both maternal and blood samples of new-borns and placenta did not prove to be promising in the diagnosis of congenital toxoplasmosis. Further studies are needed to evaluate the real role of molecular diagnosis in other biological materials rather than the amniotic fluid.

ABSTRACT Purpose: The primary objective of this study was to compare the WALANT (wide awake, local anesthesia, no tourniquet) technique with local anesthesia associated with sedation in relation to pain intensity for minor hand surgical procedures. The secondary objective was to evaluate the need for analgesic complementation. Methods: A prospective, randomized, comparative, and clinical study was carried out. The sample size in each group was determined after statistical evaluation of the results of a pilot project. The participants were allocated to one of two groups; those in group 1 were submitted to the WALANT technique, and those in group 2, to local anesthesia associated with sedation, for elective surgery. The surgical procedures were carpal tunnel syndrome, De Quervain’s tenosynovitis, synovial cyst, finger cyst, and trigger finger. Pain intensity, need for complementation and evolution to complex regional pain syndrome were evaluated. Results: There was no difference between groups in pain intensity after WALANT and need for intraoperative complementation. There was no significant difference in the amount of opioid applied postoperatively between the groups. There was no difference between groups regarding comfort during surgery. There was no difference in adverse effects and complications between the groups. Hematoma was the most frequent adverse event. No severe adverse events were observed. Conclusions: The WALANT technique promoted an analgesic effect similar to that of local anesthesia associated with sedation, without increasing adverse effects.

ABSTRACT Purpose to describe which abilities of central auditory processing are more frequently related for the group of specialists to the performance of the speaker comparison test (CL), traditionally performed by forensic experts. Methods a prospective, descriptive study with quantitative and qualitative analysis and data were obtained through a consensus of experts. Five speech therapists participated in the meeting, two specialists in audiology (EA), two specialists in voice (VS), and an expert speech therapist (FP). The meeting was held virtually and synchronously, lasting 1 hour and 30 minutes. The tasks performed during the Speaker Comparison (LC) exam were considered from a protocol available in the literature. The AEs received explanations about each of the tasks and were asked to discuss which auditory processing skills (ACP) would be involved in the performance of each of them. Results seven PAC skills were considered in the experts' meeting as essential for the tasks performed in the CL exam. Temporal ordering was the most cited skill, being present in six tasks, and the speech material transcription task is the one that requires more skills from the PAC. Conclusion Seven PAC skills were considered in the experts' meeting as essential for the tasks performed in the CL exam. Temporal ordering was the most cited skill, being present in six tasks, and the speech material transcription task is the one that requires more skills from the PAC.

RESUMO Objetivo descrever quais são as habilidades auditivas do processamento auditivo central mais frequentes, relatadas por um grupo de especialistas para a realização do exame de Comparação de Locutor, tradicionalmente realizado por peritos forenses. Métodos estudo prospectivo, descritivo, com análise quantitativa e qualitativa. Os dados foram obtidos por meio de um consenso de especialistas. Participaram da reunião cinco fonoaudiólogos, sendo dois especialistas em audiologia, dois especialistas em voz e uma fonoaudióloga perita. A reunião foi realizada de forma virtual e síncrona, com duração de uma hora e 30 minutos. As tarefas realizadas durante o exame de Comparação de Locutor foram consideradas a partir de um protocolo disponível na literatura. As especialistas em fonoaudiologia receberam explicações a respeito de cada uma das tarefas e foram solicitadas a discutir sobre quais as habilidades do processamento auditivo central estariam envolvidas na execução de cada uma delas. Resultados sete habilidades foram consideradas na reunião dos especialistas como imprescindíveis para as tarefas realizadas no exame de Comparação de Locutor. A ordenação temporal foi a habilidade mais citada, podendo estar presente em seis tarefas, e a tarefa de transcrição do material de fala foi mencionada como sendo a que necessita de mais habilidades do processamento auditivo central. Conclusão Sete habilidades foram consideradas na reunião dos especialistas como imprescindíveis para as tarefas realizadas no exame de Comparação de Locutor. A ordenação temporal foi a habilidade mais citada, podendo estar presente em seis tarefas e a tarefa de transcrição do material de fala foi mencionada como sendo a que necessita de mais habilidades do processamento auditivo central

RESUMEN Introducción : La diabetes mellitus, debe abordarse desde un enfoque holístico, donde se considere el funcionamiento afectivo motivacional de los pacientes que la padecen. Objetivo: Determinar las particularidades afectivo motivacionales en pacientes diabéticos crónicos. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio exploratorio descriptivo con un paradigma de investigación mixto, donde se integraron los análisis cuantitativo y cualitativo. La muestra quedó conformada por 10 sujetos diabéticos crónicos, no se pretendió que los hallazgos derivados de su estudio fuesen generalizados a la población, pero sí, por su carácter inductivo, reflejaran la perspectiva de aquel que vivencia el fenómeno objeto de estudio. Para la pesquisa se aplicó el análisis psicológico de la historia clínica, el RAMDI (S), la Escala Dembo -Rubinstein, el test de completamiento de frases, la técnica de la composición, así como la entrevista semiestructurada. Resultados: Se constató conciencia de la enfermedad, se manifestó una adecuada valoración de la misma, acompañado de un compromiso afectivo y una elaboración personal en sus reflexiones, donde se conjugan sus vivencias y experiencias de vida, que da una orientación afectivo-motivacional a su comportamiento. Conclusiones: La categoría salud aparece como un motivo central y jerárquico en estos sujetos, pero a pesar de esto no todos logran regular su comportamiento de una manera efectiva y saludable.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Diabetes mellitus should be approached from a holistic approach, where the motivational affective functioning of patients suffering from it is considered. Objective: To determine the motivational affective characteristics in chronic diabetic patients. Methods: A descriptive exploratory study was carried out with a mixed research paradigm, where quantitative and qualitative analyzes were integrated. Responding to this approach, the sample was made up of 10 chronic diabetic subjects, not intending that the findings derived from their study were generalized to the population, but yes, due to their inductive nature, they reflected the perspective of the person experiencing the phenomenon under study. For the research, the psychological analysis of the clinical history, the RAMDI (S), the Dembo-Rubinstein Scale, the Phrase Completion Test, the Composition Technique, as well as the semi-structured interview were applied. Results: Awareness of the disease was found, showing an adequate assessment of it, accompanied by an emotional commitment and personal elaboration in their reflections, where their experiences and life experiences are combined, and giving an emotional-motivational orientation to their behavior. Conclusions: The health category appears as a central and hierarchical motive in these subjects, but despite this, not everyone manages to regulate their behavior in an effective and healthy way.

Abstract: The purpose of this article is to explain what prohairesis is in the philosophy of Epictetus, for which we will collect its main features, namely, (I) that the achievement of happiness (or the achievement of virtue) depends entirely on the use we give to our prohairesis, and (II) that prohairesis is the highest thing among all which belong to human being. So three complex questions need to be addressed: (1) How does prohairesis relate to the rational faculty (δύναμις λογική)?, (2) How does prohairesis relate to the faculty that uses representations (ἡ χρηστικὴ δύναμις ταῖς φαντασίαις)? And, last but not least, (3) How does prohairesis relate to the ruling part of the soul (τὸ ἡγεμονικόν)? According a comparative reading of several key passages, in this article we show that only the first two questions are answered by an identity relationship. About the third question, we argue that prohairesis is a faculty belonging to hēgemonikón, a conclusion that turns away from common postures in specialized literature.

Resumen: El propósito del presente escrito es explicar qué es la proaíresis en la filosofía de Epicteto, para lo cual recogeremos e intentaremos articular las que parecen ser sus principales características, a saber, (I) aquello de cuya utilización (si correcta o incorrecta) depende, enteramente, el alcanzamiento de la felicidad o, lo que es lo mismo, de la virtud y (II) aquello superior entre todo lo del ser humano. A la hora de realizar dicha labor, surge la necesidad de encarar tres preguntas complejas: (1) ¿Qué relación hay entre proaíresis y la facultad racional (δύναμις λογική)?, (2) ¿Qué relación hay entre proaíresis y la facultad que usa las representaciones (ἡ χρηστικὴ δύναμις ταῖς φαντασίαις)? Y, por último, pero no menos importante, (3) ¿Qué relación hay entre proaíresis y la parte regente del alma (τὸ ἡγεμονικόν)? A lo largo de nuestro artículo y de la lectura comparada de varios pasajes clave veremos que las primeras dos preguntas se responden por medio de una relación de identidad, pero no así la tercera de las respuestas enunciadas, sino que la proaíresis será una facultad perteneciente a lo hēgemonikón, una conclusión que toma cierta distancia con respecto de las posturas existentes entre la bibliografía especializada.

Resumo Sob o paradigma da educação inclusiva, o ensino de Matemática para estudantes surdos e ouvintes tem sido um desafio para professores que, frequentemente, se deparam com a escassez ou inexistência de materiais didáticos bilíngues em Língua Brasileira de Sinais (Libras) e Língua Portuguesa. Nesse sentido, esta pesquisa aplicada de abordagem qualitativa teve o objetivo de produzir quatro videoaulas de Matemática bilíngues Libras/Língua Portuguesa para a Educação Básica. As videoaulas produzidas foram testadas junto a alunos surdos e ouvintes com registro em áudio e vídeo e aplicação de questionário com roteiro semiestruturado, posteriormente transcritos e analisados a partir de excertos representativos. Os resultados revelaram que, embora se reconheça a importância do uso de recursos visuais na Educação Matemática e no ensino de surdos, os participantes da pesquisa relataram nunca terem tido contato com tal material em classe. Ademais, foi ressaltado o aspecto positivo da ampliação e inversão do espaço destinado ao tradutor e intérprete de Libras/Língua Portuguesa na tela, habitualmente reservado a uma janela no canto inferior direito por outros vídeos. Com isso, demonstrou-se que a elaboração de videoaulas pode constituir uma importante estratégia para o campo dos materiais didáticos de ensino de Matemática para surdos.

Abstract Under the inclusive education paradigm, teaching mathematics to deaf and hearing students has been a challenge for teachers who often face the scarcity or non-existence of bilingual teaching materials in Brazilian Sign Language (Libras) and Portuguese. In this sense, this applied research with a qualitative approach aimed to produce four bilingual math video classes in Libras/Portuguese for basic education. The produced video classes were tested with deaf and hearing students with audio and video recording and application of a questionnaire with a semi-structured script, later transcribed and analyzed from representative excerpts. The results revealed that although recognizing the importance of using visual aids in mathematics education and deaf education, the research participants reported that they have never had contact with such material in class. Furthermore, the positive aspect of the expansion and inversion of the space destined for the Libras/Portuguese translator and interpreter on the screen was highlighted, it was usually reserved to a window in the lower right corner for other videos. Thus, it has been demonstrated that the development of video classes can be an important strategy for the field of math teaching materials for deaf students.