A method to estimate liquefaction is the one proposed by Seed et al. (1985). This method depends on the cyclic resistance ratio CRR and the cyclic shear stress ratio CSR to calculate the safety margin. Frequently, this measure of safety is assumed deterministic and it is not contemplated the uncertainty of the seismic loads and soils resistance properties. When the probabilistic approach is implemented, often, probability density distribution functions for CRR, CSR and coefficients of variation of the soils properties are assumed by some authors. This paper presents a procedure applied to the city of Piura in Peru that includes the uncertainty of all random variables for liquefaction calculations. The information obtained from the area of study provides sufficient data to develop a complete analysis of uncertainty. In order to perform the probabilistic analysis, it was used the FORM and Monte Carlo methods. The maximum liquefaction probability is 9.5% and the random variables with more influence in the result for high uncertainty and functional form in the safety margin are N of the SPT and ground water level.

El método de Seed et al. (1985) es uno de los métodos utilizados para el cálculo de licuación y depende de la relación de esfuerzos cíclicos resistentes CRR y actuantes CSR para obtener el margen de seguridad. Con mucha frecuencia, esta medida de seguridad se supone como determinística y no considera la incertidumbre de las solicitaciones y de las propiedades resistentes del suelo. Los trabajos que se han desarrollado desde una perspectiva probabilística suponen funciones de densidad de probabilidad para CRR y CSR, y coeficientes de variación para las propiedades del suelo reportados en la literatura de zonas diferentes a las del caso de aplicación. Este trabajo presenta un procedimiento aplicado a la ciudad de Piura en Perú que incluye la incertidumbre de todas las variables aleatorias involucradas en el cálculo de licuación obtenidos de datos de la zona de estudio, ofreciendo un análisis de incertidumbre completo. El análisis probabilístico utiliza los métodos de FORM y simulaciones de Montecarlo. La probabilidad de licuación máxima es de 9.5% y se obtiene que el valor de N del SPT y nivel freático son las variables que más influyen en la probabilidad de licuación por su alta incertidumbre y la forma funcional en el margen de seguridad.

Schistosomes utilize proteinases to accomplish several activities such as tissue penetration, tissue digestion and evasion of host immune responses. Cathepsin L is a cysteine proteinase of the papain superfamily detected in their gut lumen which indicates that this enzyme contributes to the proteolysis of ingested hemoglobin. Due to the roles played in the schistosome biology, proteolytic enzymes are considered potential targets for developing and guiding antischistosomal therapies. In the present work, the cathepsin L1 cDNA coding of Schistosoma mansoni was cloned into the pAE vector that provides high-level expression of heterologous proteins in Escherichia coli. The recombinant protein was expressed as inclusion bodies, purified under denaturing conditions through nickel-charged chromatography and used for experimental animal vaccination. ELISA was performed with the pooled sera. Although this protein was shown to be immunogenic, mice immunized with three doses of recombinant protein plus aluminum hydroxide as adjuvant were not protected against S. mansoni infection.