ABSTRACT: Whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) biotype B is the major pest of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in Brazil and other countries. Host plant resistance is one of the cornerstones of Integrated Pest Management (IPM), and assessment of cultivars for insect resistance is fundamental to provide farmers options for pest control. This study evaluated common bean resistance to whitefly in the winter and rainy seasons in Jaboticabal, Brazil, and correlated the infestation with climatic factors. The plant part and development period of common bean that are more susceptible to whitefly infestation were also examined for potential use in IPM. Field experiments were carried out using 18 and 19 commercial cultivars in the winter and rainy seasons, respectively. Whitefly eggs, nymphs, and adults in the upper part and lower part of plants were sampled from 25 to 60 days after emergence (DAE). Cultivars IAC-Una and IAC-Eldorado had less oviposition and the former also showed lower adult infestation in the winter season. In the rainy season, cultivars IAPAR-81 and Guará had a smaller number of eggs, whereas IAC-Centauro was less infested by nymphs. The number of nymphs and adults was similar among cultivars in the winter and rainy seasons, respectively. The upper part of plants had a greater number of eggs and adults, while, the lower part harbored larger numbers of nymphs. Common bean was more susceptible to whitefly at 25-32 DAE in both seasons. These results add useful information to IPM of whitefly in common bean.

Tuta absoluta é praga chave do tomateiro, causando danos consideráveis à produção. O controle tem sido feito principalmente com inseticidas sintéticos, porém óleos de origem botânica têm-se destacado no controle de artrópodes. Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar os efeitos do óleo de Melia azedarach sobre T. absoluta, também conhecido por óleo de cinamomo. O óleo extraído de M. azedarach foi diluído em 50,0 mL de água destilada nas concentrações de 1,87; 3,75; 7,50; 15,00; 30,00 e 60,00 mg mL-1, constituindo-se os respetivos tratamentos, além do inseticida Deltametrina 25 EC (2,5% de deltametrina na formulação emulsionável) com concentração de 30 ml para 100 L de água (0,3%) e testemunha (água). Foram realizados testes de preferência alimentar com e sem chance de escolha, onde foi avaliada a atratividade para lagartas em diferentes dias após aplicação dos tratamentos (D.A.A.) e a área foliar consumida. Também se conduziu outro ensaio onde se avaliaram os seguintes parâmetros: número de lagartas mortas a 2, 5, 7 e 10 D.A.A. e duração do período e mortalidade larval e pupal. O óleo de M. azedarach não causou efeito de repelência e deterrência alimentar em T. absoluta, porém foi efetivo na mortalidade de lagartas de T. absoluta.

Tuta absoluta is a key pest of tomato, causing considerable damage. Control has been conducted mainly using synthetic insecticides. However, oils of botanical origin are promising for the control of arthropods. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects on T. absoluta of the Melia azedarach oil, also known as cinnamon oil. The oil extracted from M. azedarach was diluted in 50,0 mL of distilled water at the concentrations 1,87; 3,75; 7,50; 15,00; 30,00 and 60,00 mg mL-1 in addition to the insecticide deltametrin 25 EC (2,5% deltamethrin in the emulsifiable concentrate) with a concentration of 30 mL per 100 L of water (0,3%) and control (water). Food preference tests were carried out with and without a choice, where the attractiveness to caterpillars was evaluated on different days after application of the treatments (D.A.A.), along with the leaf area consumed. Another trial was conducted to evaluate the following parameters: number of dead caterpillars at 2, 5, 7 and 10 D.A.A. and duration of the period and larval and pupal mortality. M. azedarach oil did not cause repellency or food deterrence in T. absoluta, but was effective on mortality of T. absoluta caterpillars.

RESUMO A produção de biocombustível a partir de palmeiras nativas da Amazônia, pertencentes à família das Arecaceae, como a Attalea maripa (Aubl) Mart. (inajá), são objetos de estudos de fontes energéticas alternativas para a produção de biocombustíveis. Dessa forma, o objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar a dinâmica espacial das variáveis morfoagronômicas de produção da cultura do inajazeiro associado às características dos locais de amostragem, em uma área de crescimento espontâneo, na região do Baixo Tocantins. Foram selecionadas 100 palmeiras de A. maripa, de crescimento espontâneo e em fase de produção, em uma área de 10 ha, no município de Cametá-PA, nas quais foram realizados os levantamentos das variáveis morfoagronômicas (NIM, NIF, NCA, NF, DAP, PMCA e PMF), no período de janeiro de 2014 a junho de 2014. Foram elaborados os semivariogramas para cada variável estudada, que apresentaram um alcance de dependência espacial de 75 metros para NIM, NIF, PMCA e PMF; 80 metros para NF e DAP, e 98 metros para NCA. Já a área de alcance encontrada foi de 17.671,5 m² para as variáveis NIM, NIF, PMCA e PMF; 20.106,2 m² para NF e DAP, e 30.171,9 m² para NCA. Os dados das variáveis se ajustaram-se ao modelo esférico, apresentando coeficiente de determinação (R²) que variou de 0,57 a 0,99. O índice de dependência espacial (IDE) para as variáveis NIM e NIF foi de 0,49 e 0,31, respectivamente, que indica dependência espacial moderada. Para as variáveis NCA, NF, DAP e PMCA, variaram de 0,17 a 0,22, resultando em dependência espacial fraca. Já a variável PMF apresentou IDE com valor 0,77. Para análise visual da distribuição espacial das variáveis estudas, foram elaborados mapas de krigagem.

ABSTRACT The production of biofuels from native Amazonian palm trees, belonging to the family of Arecaceae, like Attalea maripa (Aubl) Mart. (Maripa palm), are objects of studies of alternative energy sources for the biofuels production. Thus, the aim of this research was to evaluate the spatial dynamics of agronomic variables of Maripa palm crop production associated with the characteristics of the sampling sites in a spontaneous growth area in the Low Tocantins region. 100 palms of A. maripa were selected, of spontaneous growth and in production phase, on a 10 ha area in the municipality of Cametá / PA, in which the morpho-agronomical variables were collected (MIN, FIN, ABN, LN, DBH, AWAB and AFW), from January 2014 to June 2014. The semivariograms were produced for each variable, which presented a spatial dependence range of 75 meters to MIN, FIN, AWAB and AFW, 80 meters to LN and DBH and 98 meters to ABN. The area of reach found was 17,671.5 m² for MIN, FIN, AWAB and AFW variables, 20,106.2 m² for LN and DBH and 30,171.9 m² for ABN. The data of the variables were adjusted to the spherical model presenting determination coefficient (R²) that ranged from 0.57 to 0.99. The spatial dependence index (SDI) for MIN and FIN variables was 0.49 and 0.31, respectively, indicating moderate spatial dependence. For ABN, LN, DBH and AWAB variables ranged from 0.17 to 0.22, resulting in poor spatial dependence. The AFW variable presented SDI of 0.77. For the visual analysis of the spatial distribution of the studied variables, kriging maps were created.

RESUMO: O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a resistência em cultivares de feijão-caupi ao ataque de Bruchidius atrolineatus (Pic). O experimento foi conduzido na Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias da Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (UNESP), campus de Jaboticabal/SP. Seis cultivares foram utilizados: BR17 Gurgueia, BR3 Tracuateua, BRS Novaera, Sempre Verde, BRS Milênio e BRS Urubuquara. No teste de não preferência sem chance de escolha, foram feitas as avaliações do número de ovos viáveis, inviáveis e totais colocados pelos insetos nos grãos, após 25 dias de confinamento. Nas amostras foram observadas também, diariamente, a massa seca consumida e a massa seca consumida por inseto; a massa de machos e fêmeas; o período de ovo adulto de fêmeas, machos e total; a longevidade de machos e fêmeas; a razão sexual; e a porcentagem de insetos emergidos. No teste com chance de escolha foram realizadas as contagens de ovos viáveis, inviáveis e totais e avaliada a atratividade dos adultos após 24 horas e sete dias da liberação. O cultivar Sempre Verde foi o menos preferido para oviposição, em teste sem chance de escolha, e apresentou menor número e porcentagem de insetos emergidos. Já BRS Milênio teve a menor massa seca consumida total e por inseto.

ABSTRACT: This study aimed to assess the resistance in cowpea cultivars to Bruchidius atrolineatus (Pic) attack. The experiment was conducted at the Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias of Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho" (UNESP), Jaboticabal (SP). The following cultivars were used: BR17 Gurgueia, BR3 Tracuateua, BRS Novaera, Sempre Verde, BRS Milênio, and BRS Urubuquara. The non-preference test without choice evaluated the number of viable eggs, unviable and total posed by insects in grains, after 25 days of confinement. In addition, it was observed, in a daily basis, the total dry matter consumed and dry matter consumed per insect; male and female mass; male, female and total egg-adult cycle length; male and female longevity; sex ratio; number of emerged insects and percentage of emerged insects. The non-preference test with free choice evaluated the number of viable, unviable and total eggs and adult attractiveness after 24 hours and seven days of release. Sempre Verde cultivar was the least preferred for oviposition in the test without choice and showed lower number and percentage of emerged insects. BRS Milênio had the lowest total dry mass consumed and dry mass consumed per insect.

The southern armyworm Spodoptera eridania is a polyphagous species that can feed on cowpea plants. Although there is some knowledge about the resistance of cowpea cultivars, little is known on the effects of neem oil to control pest insects of cowpea in Brazil. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of cowpea cultivars combined with neem oil on attractiveness, feeding, and development of Spodoptera eridania (Cramer). The experiment was carried out under environmentally controlled conditions, and set up in a 6 x 3 factorial arrangement using six cowpea cultivars and two doses of neem oil plus the control (deionized water). Free-choice and no-choice feeding preference assays were performed to assess treatment attractiveness to the larvae and leaf consumption. Duration and survival of larvae, pre-pupae, and pupae, weights of larvae and pupae, longevity of adults, sex ratio, duration of larva-to-adult period, and larval mortality after 3, 6, 12, and 24 days were recorded. Cultivars BRS Urubuquara and BR17 Gurgueia were the least consumed in the free-choice test. Neem oil at 0.35 and 0.7% reduced leaf consumption. Cultivars BRS Novaera and BR17 Gurgueia showed to be the least suitable for S. eridania development. Neem oil at both doses affected S. eridania development. Cultivars BR7 Gurgueia and BRS Novaera were moderately resistant; BR3 Tracuateua, susceptible; and Sempre Verde, Milênio, and BRS Urubuquara were highly susceptible to S. eridania.

Spodoptera eridania es una especie polífaga, cuya oruga puede alimentarse de plantas de caupí. Aunque hay algunos conocimientos sobre la resistencia de cultivares de caupí, se conoce poco sobre los efectos de aceite de nim para controlar insectos plaga de caupí, en Brasil. Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo evaluar los efectos de cultivares de caupí asociados con aceite de nim sobre la atracción, alimentación, y desarrollo de Spodoptera eridania (Cramer). El experimento se llevó a cabo bajo condiciones ambientales controladas, en un diseño factorial 6x3, evaluando seis cultivares de caupí y dos dosis de aceite de nim, además del tratamiento testigo (agua desionizada). Se realizaron pruebas de no preferencia para alimentación con y sin opción de escoger para evaluar la atracción de los tratamientos a las larvas y el consumo de las hojas. Se registró la duración y supervivencia de larvas, prepupas y pupas, pesos de larvas y pupas, longevidad de los adultos, proporción sexual, duración del período de larva a adulto, y mortalidad larval después de 3, 6, 12, y 24 días. Los cultivares BRS Urubuquara y BR17 Gurgueia fueron los menos consumidos en la prueba de libre elección. El consumo de hojas fue reducido cuando utilizó aceite de nim a 0,35 y 0,7%. Los cultivares BRS Novaera y BR17 Gurgueia mostraron ser los menos adecuados para el desarrollo de S. eridania. Aceite de nim en ambas dosis afectó el desarrollo de S. eridania. Los cultivares BR7 Gurgueia y BRS Novaera fueron moderadamente resistentes; BR3 Tracuateua, susceptible; y Sempre Verde, Milênio, y BRS Urubuquara fueron altamente susceptibles a S. eridania.

O feijão-vagem (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) pode sofrer ataque de carunchos, como os da espécie Zabrotes subfasciatus (Bohemann, 1833) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), afetando, diretamente, a qualidade das vagens e sementes e deixando-as inviáveis para o consumo e comercialização. A fim de buscar uma alternativa para o controle deste inseto, foram determinados os tipos e graus de resistência, envolvidos em genótipos de feijão-vagem, ao ataque de Z. subfasciatus, em testes com e sem chance de escolha. Os genótipos utilizados foram UEGD7, UEG05, UEG06, UEG11, UEG13, UEG15, UEG18, UEG19 e UEG26, com quatro repetições. No teste com chance de escolha, os parâmetros avaliados foram o número de ovos viáveis, inviáveis e total e a atratividade dos adultos pelos genótipos. No teste sem chance de escolha, foram avaliados o número de ovos viáveis, inviáveis e total, massa seca consumida e massa seca consumida por inseto, massa e longevidade dos adultos, período de ovo a adulto, razão sexual e número e percentagem de insetos emergidos. Concluiu-se que o genótipo UEG05 foi o menos preferido por Z. subfasciatus, para oviposição, em teste com chance de escolha. O UEG13 foi altamente resistente e UEG05, UEG15 e UEG19 foram moderadamente resistentes. O UEG18 foi susceptível e os demais genótipos foram altamente susceptíveis a Z. subfasciatus.

The string bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) can be attacked by worms of species such as the Zabrotes subfasciatus (Bohemann, 1833) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), which directly affects the pods and seeds quality, making them unsuitable for consumption and commercialization. In order to find out an alternative way of controlling this insect, string bean genotypes and resistance levels to the Z. subfasciatus attack were evaluated, by using free and no-choice tests. The genotypes used were the UEGD7, UEG05, UEG06, UEG11, UEG13, UEG15, UEG18, UEG19 and UEG26, with four replications. In the free-choice test, the number of total, viable and unviable eggs and the attractiveness of adults by genotypes were evaluated. In the no-choice test, the number of total, viable and unviable eggs, dry weight consumption and dry weight consumption per insect, adult insect weight and longevity, period from egg to adult, sex ratio and number and percentage of insect emergence were evaluated. It was observed that the UEG05 genotype was the less preferred for oviposition by Z. subfasciatus, in the free-choice test. The UEG13 genotype showed to be highly resistant and the UEG05, UEG15 and UEG19 were moderately resistant. The UEG18 genotype was considered susceptible and the other ones highly susceptible to Z. subfasciatus.

Este trabajo tuvo como objetivo encontrar genotipos de soya con baja preferencia para alimentación por larvas de Spodoptera eridania en 23 genotipos evaluados en tres experimentos, de los cuales IAC 100 se estableció como el genotipo resistente y BR 16 como el susceptible. De los resultados obtenidos en estas pruebas, se realizó un experimento final con los 10 genotipos más destacados: IAC 100, PI 227682, PI 227687, DM 339, P 98Y51 RR, BRSGO 8360, IGRA RA 518 RR, IGRA RA 516 RR, IGRA RA 626 RR y BR 16. En todos los experimentos, se realizaron pruebas con y sin opción de elección. En el primer caso, se pusieron los discos foliares relacionados a los genotipos en placas de Petri y se liberó una larva de tercer estadio por genotipo. En el segundo, se utilizó un disco de cada genotipo por placa donde se liberó una larva de tercer estadio. La atracción de las larvas de tercer estadio además del área foliar consumida por las mismas se evaluaron a 1, 3, 5, 10, 15, 30, 60, 120, 360, 720 y 1080 minutos después de su liberación. En ambas pruebas el genotipo IAC 100 fue el menos atractivo y consumido por las larvas, mientras que el BRSGO 8360 y P 98Y51 RR fueron los más consumidos en las pruebas con y sin elección, respectivamente. El genotipo IAC 100 fue altamente resistente a S. eridania en experimentos de preferencia alimenticia y por lo tanto puede ser cultivado o incorporado en programas de mejoramiento con el fin de obtener plantas de soya con características de resistencia a esta plaga.

This work aimed to find soybean genotypes with low feeding preference by Spodoptera eridania larvae on 23 genotypes evaluated in three experiments, of which IAC 100 was established as the resistant genotype and BR 16 as the susceptible genotype. From the results obtained in these tests, a final experiment was carried out with the 10 most outstanding genotypes: IAC 100, PI 227682, PI 227687, DM 339, P 98Y51 RR, BRSGO 8360, IGRA RA 518 RR, IGRA RA 516 RR, IGRA RA 626 RR and BR 16. In all experiments, free choice and no choice tests were performed. In the former, leaf discs corresponding to the genotypes were placed in Petri dishes and then one third-instar larva per genotype was released. In the latter we used one leaf disc of each genotype per plate where one third-instar larva was released. The attractiveness of the third-instar larvae was evaluated at 1, 3, 5, 10, 15, 30, 60, 120, 360, 720 and 1080 minutes after their release, as well as the leaf area consumed. In both tests the genotype IAC 100 was the least attractive and consumed by the larvae, whereas BRSGO 8360 and P 98Y51 RR were the most consumed in free choice and no choice tests, respectively. Genotype IAC 100 was highly resistant to S. eridania in feeding preference experiments and thus can be cultivated or incorporated into breeding programs in order to obtain soybean plants with resistance characteristics to this pest.