This article provides a comprehensive review of relevant studies in the fields of plasma physics, electromagnetism, and space physics. The aim is to demonstrate how the study of the scientific literature can be used to enhance problem-solving abilities and develop innovative solutions in physics. In this paper, we focus on the study of solutions of the specific Grad-Shafranov equation. Two of the new solutions proposed by Yoon and Lui (2005) are used as a basis for the development of a new solution. The new solution presented has singular points similar to the Yoon-Lui-2 solution, but with an inverted configuration, and also presents less rounded double islands compared to the Yoon-Lui-2 solution. Additionally, the new solution does not exhibit the formation of a current ring, a characteristic of the Yoon-Lui-1 solution, and varying its parameters may lead to higher plasma confinement efficiency. In summary, we illustrate how a thorough analysis of literature can serve as a powerful means for generating innovative approaches to resolving theoretical issues in physics.

In part 1 of our physics education series, we introduced a novel solution based on Yoon-Lui’s solutions 1 and 2. Building upon that, this follow-up presents a new solution obtained by combining the generating functions of Yoon-Lui-1 and Yoon-Lui-3, resulting in a new and simplified general solution. We also calculate the singular points and determine their coordinates for various parameter values. A graphical representation of the solution is presented, showing the magnetic field lines and current density distribution. The behavior of the magnetic field and the effect of varying the parameter are discussed. The observed magnetic islands and singular points are relevant in the fields of Plasma Physics and Space Physics, providing insights into magnetic structures in plasmas and their impact on confinement and stability. Furthermore, this study encourages innovation and equips researchers and students with the necessary tools to make meaningful contributions to the field, emphasizing the integration of scientific literature into physics education to promote a comprehensive understanding of physical concepts and their practical applications.

Citrus sudden death (CSD) is a disease that has affected millions of orange trees in Brazil, leading to economic losses in the order of billions of US dollars. This article examines the effects of CSD on the fatty acid composition of triacylglycerides (TAG) extracted from rootstock and scion bark. The fatty acid profile determined by gas chromatography showed a reduction in oleic and linolenic acids, and an increase in the saturated fatty acids and linoleic acid content, which was in line with the severity of CSD. The reduction in linolenic acid content was related to its role in the biosynthesis of jasmonic acid, which is involved in responses to abiotic and biotic stresses, as well as senescence. These alterations in the fatty acid profile were also used to classify plants both with and without CSD symptoms by using chemometric means. This method represents an alternative to support the diagnosis of CSD disease.

RESUMO Parasitas gastrointestinais são importantes, pois podem causar uma diminuição no desempenho dos suínos. A ocorrência de parasitas em granjas de suínos pode gerar perdas econômicas, como redução no valor das carcaças e aumento de gastos com medicamentos e assistência veterinária. Este estudo teve como objetivo investigar a ocorrência de parasitas intestinais nas diferentes fases de produção de suínos criados em sistemas intensivos, na região oeste do estado de Santa Catarina. Foram analisadas 403 amostras fecais, das quais 51,86% foram positivas para um ou mais parasitas nas diferentes fases de produção. Os suínos de terminação apresentaram a maior prevalência de parasitas (60,19%), seguidos por suínos de creche (55,44%), suínos em gestação (50,49%) e leitões em lactação (40,81%). Parasitas da ordem Strongylida tiveram maior ocorrência (28,78%) e também foram os mais frequentes nos estágios de terminação, reprodução e creche. Coccídios foram mais ocorrentes em leitões lactentes. Este estudo destaca a necessidade de implementar medidas de controle antiparasitário adequadas em todas as fases da produção suína, associadas a um sistema de vigilância para o diagnóstico de infecção por endoparasitas em suínos. Os resultados demonstram que os endoparasitas são altamente ocorrentes em suínos, mesmo em animais de criação intensiva em granjas tecnificadas.

ABSTRACT Gastrointestinal parasites are important, since they can cause a decrese in the performance of swine. The occurrence of parasites in pig farms can create economic losses such as reduction in the value of carcasses and increasing expenses with medicines and veterinary assistance. This study aimed at investigating the occurrence of intestinal parasites in different phases of production reared pigs in intensive prodution systems in the western region of the State of Santa Catarina. A total of 403 fecal samples were analyzed, of which 51.86% were positive for one or more parasites in different phases of production. Finishing pigs had the highest prevalence of parasites (60.19%) followed by nursery pigs (55.44%), pigs in breading sows (50.49%), and suckling piglets (40.81%). Strongylida parasites had higher occurrence (28.78%), and were also the most frequent in the finishing, breading sows, and nursery phases. Coccidia were more occurrent in suckling piglets. This study highlights the need of implementing suitable antiparasitic control measures in all phases of swine production associated with a surveillance system for the diagnosis of endoparasite infection in pigs. Our results demonstrate that endoparasites are highly occurring in pigs, even in intensive system animals on technified farms.

Esse trabalho tem por objetivo apresentar uma formulação teórica na área de física de plasma para obter uma forma simplificada da equação de Grad-Shafranov, em outras palavras, obter a lei de Ampère-Maxwell em função do potencial vetor magnético e da densidade de corrente. Buscamos entender melhor alguns fenômenos que ocorrem no plasma interplanetário. Outro objetivo é apresentar essa pesquisa de forma didática com a maior clareza e concisão possíveis. Para tanto, um desenvolvimento matemático se da como introdução ao trabalho, mostrando as equações que queremos deduzir, a cada seção vamos construindo uma base teórica em física de plasma, usando conceitos da termodinâmica e as leis universais da física, além de matemática, culminando na equação simplificada de Grad-Shafranov. Por fim, apresentamos uma das soluções mais conhecidas para equação de Grad-Shafranov, além de referências para quem quiser se aprofundar na pesquisa.

This article aims to present a theoretical formulation in the area of plasma physics to obtain a specific form of the Grad-Shafranov equation, in other words, to obtain the Ampère-Maxwell law as a function of the magnetic vector potential and current density. We seek to better understand some phenomena that occur in interplanetary plasma. Another objective is to present this theme in a didactic way as clearly and concisely as possible. In particular, a mathematical development takes place as an introduction to the work, showing the equations we want to deduce, with each section we build a theoretical basis in plasma physics, using concepts of thermodynamics and the universal laws of physics, as well as mathematics, culminating in the Grad-Shafranov specific equation. Finally, we present one of the best known solutions for the Grad-Shafranov equation, as well as references for those who want to delve into the subject.

RESUMO O objetivo desse estudo foi obter dados de ocorrência B. bigemina. e A. marginale em bovinos com sinais clínicos característicos da doença em diferentes propriedades da região oeste de Santa Catarina. Para isso, foram coletadas 149 amostras de sangue, para posterior confecção de esfregaço em lâminas e a realização da coloração com o corante tipo Romanowsky. Das 149 amostras pesquisadas, 78 (52,35%) foram positivas para A. marginale, 04 (2,68%) para B. bigemina e 03 (2,01%) amostras apresentaram co-infecção. Todos os casos descritos ocorreram em animais adultos, a partir de dois anos de idade, com maior ocorrência em fêmeas da raça holandesa 119/149 (79,86%). Quanto à presença de ectoparasitas, foram observadas moscas hematófagas em todas as propriedades e carrapatos em 58/149 (38,92%) animais. Os resultados demonstram uma maior ocorrência de A. marginale evidenciando a necessidade dos profissionais buscarem estratégias de controle e prevenção, principalmente nas épocas de maior ocorrência dos vetores. A confirmação a partir do suporte laboratorial, por esfregaço de sangue corado, além de prático e barato, é um método que ajuda os profissionais a identificar a etiologia dos casos suspeitos. Além disso, com base nessas informações, podemos promover a elaboração de estratégias de prevenção e tratamento com base em técnicas simples e rápidas de diagnóstico, focadas em agentes específicos da doença.

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to obtain data on the occurrence of Babesia bigemina e Anaplasma marginale in cattle with characteristic clinical signs of the disease, in different properties in western Santa Catarina. For this, 149 blood sample were collected and slides smears were done and the staining with the Romanowsky kind dye subsequently. Of the 149 samples surveyed, 78 (52.35%) were positive for A. marginale, 04 (2.68%) for B. bigemina, and 03 (2.01%) samples showed co-infection. All described cases occurred in adult animals, from two years old, with Holstein females the highest occurrence represented 119/149 (79.86%). Regarding the presence of ectoparasites, hematophagous flies were observed in all properties and ticks in 58/149 (38.92%) animals. The results showed a higher occurrence of A. marginale, evidencing the need to seek strategies of control and prevention by the veterinary professionals, especially in moments of greater occurrence of the vectors. The confirmation as from laboratory support by stained blood smears beyond being cheaper practical is a method that helping professionals identify the suspected cases etiology. Moreover, based on this information, we can promote the elaboration of prevention and treatment strategies based on simple and fast diagnostic techniques, focused on especific disease agents.

Abstract The aim of the present study was to investigate the infracommunities of ectoparasitic crustaceans in Phractocephalus hemioliopterus Bloch and Schneider, 1801, a catfish from the lower Amazon River, in the state of Pará, eastern Amazon region, Brazil. From 12 hosts examined, a total of 45 specimens of crustacean ectoparasites from 5 species were found in the tegument, oral cavity or dorsal fins. The species were: Argulus multicolor, Argulus violaceus, Dolops nana, Dolops discoidalis, and Braga patagonica. Dolops discoidalis was the dominant ectoparasite, while D. nana had the highest mean intensity in the tegument, which was the most infested host site. This is the first record of A. multicolor, A. violaceus, D. nana and B. patagonica parasiting P. hemioliopterus.

Resumen El objetivo del presente estudio fue investigar las infracomunidades de crustáceos ectoparásitos en Phractocephalus hemioliopterus Bloch y Schneider, 1801, un bagre de la parte baja del río Amazonas, en el estado de Pará, en la Amazonía oriental, Brasil. A partir de 12 hospederos examinados, se encontraron un total de 45 ejemplares de crustáceos ectoparásitos de 5 especies en el tegumento, cavidad o aletas dorsales orales. Las especies fueron: Argulus multicolor, Argulus violaceus, Dolops nana, Dolops discoidalis y Braga patagonica. Dolops discoidalis fue el ectoparásito dominante, mientras que D. nana tuvo la intensidad media más alta en el tegumento, que fue el sitio más infestado. Este es el primer registro de A. multicolor, A. violaceus, D. nana y B. patagonica parasitando P. hemioliopterus.

RESUMO Neste trabalho é apresentada uma lista de espécies de Calliphoridae registradas no estado do Mato Grosso do Sul. Calliphoridae é representada por 13 espécies distribuídas em sete gêneros: Chloroprocta Wulp (1), Chrysomya Robineau-Desvoidy (3), Cochliomyia Townsend (2), Hemilucilia Brauer (2), Paralucilia Brauer & Bergenstamm (1), Lucilia Robineau-Desvoidy (2) e Mesembrinella Giglio-Tos (2).

ABSTRACT In this paper it is provided a checklist of the Calliphoridae species registered in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul. Calliphoridae is represented by 13 species distributed in seven genera: Chloroprocta Wulp (1), Chrysomya Robineau-Desvoidy (3), Cochliomyia Townsend (2), Hemilucilia Brauer (2), Paralucilia Brauer & Bergenstamm (1), Lucilia Robineau-Desvoidy (2), and Mesembrinella Giglio-Tos (2).

RESUMO Neste trabalho é apresentada uma lista de espécies de Ropalomeridae, Sphaeroceridae e Ulidiidae registradas no estado do Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil. Ropalomeridae é representada por oito espécies distribuídas em quatro gêneros: Dactylissa Fischer (1), Kroeberia Lindner (1), Ropalomera Wiedemann (5) e Willistoniella Mik (1). Apenas uma espécie de Sphaeroceridae possui registro para o estado: Neosphaerocera flavicoxa (Malloch, 1925), assim como de Ulidiidae: Notogramma cimiciforme Loew, 1868.

ABSTRACT In this paper it is provided a checklist of the Ropalomeridae, Sphaeroceridae and Ulidiidae species registered in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. The Ropalomeridae is represented by eight species distributed in four genera: Dactylissa Fischer (1), Kroeberia Lindner (1), Ropalomera Wiedemann (5) and Willistoniella Mik (1). A single species of Sphaeroceridae is recorded for the state: Neosphaerocera flavicoxa (Malloch, 1925), as well as of Ulidiidae: Notogramma cimiciforme Loew, 1868.

RESUMO Amostras do lenho de Araucaria angustifolia foram coletadas em Fazenda Rio Grande/PR (25°39 'S 49° 18 'O) em janeiro de 2011. As 32 amostras provenientes de 8 árvores foram submetidas a tratamentos seguindo as técnicas de dendrocronologia. Os núcleos foram medidos e contados usando-se metodologia óptica e computacional, sendo então padronizados para se obter a série temporal de anéis de crescimento do período 1907-2009, que representa o local de estudo. Índices de anéis de crescimento foram analisados e correlacionados com variáveis climatológicas (temperatura eprecipitação, ambas de 1961-2009). Este procedimento teve o objetivo de estudar e compreender a influência do clima local no crescimento das plantas e se esta influência pode ser quantificada. As árvores de A. angustifolia possuem anéis de crescimento visíveis com lenho inicial e lenho tardio bem definidos. As análises deste estudo mostram que A. angustifolia é sensível ao clima e que as baixas temperaturas no inverno interrompem sua taxa de crescimento. A correlação dos anéis de crescimento com a série mensal de precipitação mostrou tendência de crescimento comum entre elas, o que tornou possível estimar o comportamento sazonal da precipitação durante o período 1907-2009 por meio da reconstrução.

ABSTRACT Samples of Araucaria angustifolia were collected at Fazenda Rio Grande, Paraná, Brazil (25°39'S 49 18'O) in January 2011. The 32 samples from 8 trees were subjected to treatments following dendrochronological techniques. The cores were measured and dated using optical and computational methodology, and then standardized to obtain a growth-ring time series, which considers the 1907-2009 time range and represents Fazenda Rio Grande. Tree-ring indices were analyzed and correlated to temperature and precipitation averages from the 1961-2009 range. This procedure aimed to study and understand the influence of the local climate on the plant growth and if this influence can be quantified. A. angustifolia trees produce visible annual growth rings, and their earlywood and latewood are clearly defined. The present study shows that A. angustifolia is sensitive to climate variables (e.g., low temperatures in wintertime tend to stop the growth rate). The correlation between tree rings and monthly precipitation series showed a common trend, making it possible to estimate the seasonal rainfall behavior for the entire 1907-2009 range.

In this study the immobilization of lipase in matrices produced with gelatin with different Bloom values and with the addition of plastifiers was investigated to evaluate the influence of the Bloom value, as well as the capacity of the plastifiers to maintain the enzyme immobilized and the immobilization yield. The results indicated the need for crosslinking of the matrices with glutaraldehyde due to the high solubility in water, explained by the amino acid profile, which confirms the solubility of gelatin. Mannitol showed greater efficiency in the lipase immobilization, since it led to more porous structures and more uniform pores. These structures were also influenced by the gelatin concentration; greater concentrations associated with intermediate concentrations of plastifier led to matrices with a greater immobilization yield (87.92%). The X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that the structure of the immobilization matrices was partially crystalline.

The determination of veterinary drug residues in foods of animal origin is an important issue because of the risk these compounds pose to human health in addition to their persistence and tendency to bioaccumulate. In recent years, significant progress has been made in the area and this review presents the state of the art in sample preparation procedures associated with chromatographic techniques coupled to mass spectrometry for multiresidue determination of veterinary drugs in food of animal origin at concentration levels suitable for the control of residues and contaminants in food.

The aim of the study was to synthesize the urea (13CO(NH2)2), with 99% 13C atoms, and to perform a quality analysis for the diagnosis (breath test) of Helicobacter pylori. Furthermore, the process was submitted to economic analysis. The reaction was performed in a stainless steel reactor, lined with polytetrafluoroethylene, under low pressure and temperature. The synthesis method was shown to be appropriate (2.35 g; 81.9% yield), evidenced by physico-chemical and microbiological results, according to Brazilian legislation. The production and diagnosis costs were competitive compared with national and international market values, rendering this a valuable tool in clinical medicine.

A associação da celulose bacteriana com outros polímeros pode ser um método efetivo para aumentar suas características e estrutura, proporcionando novas aplicações industriais. O objetivo do trabalho foi verificar a influência da celulose bacteriana nas propriedades físicas, químicas e de barreira em filmes a partir de blendas de celulose bacteriana e fécula de batata. Os filmes foram produzidos segundo planejamento de mistura ternária, tendo como variáveis independentes a celulose bacteriana, fécula de batata e glicerol. Blendas com maiores concentrações de celulose bacteriana apresentaram aumento na espessura, gramatura, taxa de permeabilidade ao vapor de água e permeabilidade ao vapor de água e, redução da densidade, solubilidade, opacidade, índice de intumescimento em pH 1,8 e 8,0 (1, 10, 30 e 60 minuto). A microscopia eletrônica de varredura mostrou filmes com matriz coesa, porém irregular com presença de partículas insolúveis de celulose bacteriana. O filme de celulose bacteriana pura apresentou aumento na gramatura, opacidade, taxa de permeabilidade ao vapor de água e no intumescimento em pH 1,8 1 minuto e pH 8,0 1, 10, 30 e 60 minutos. A celulose bacteriana promoveu elevada capacidade de retenção, absorção e baixa dessorção a água, proporcionando biofilmes com características de barreira à luz e manutenção da umidade.

The association of bacterial cellulose with other polymers can be an effective method for increasing its characteristics and structure, providing new industrial applications. The purpose of this paper was to verify the influence from bacterial cellulose in the physical, chemical and barrier properties in films of bacterial cellulose blends and potato starch. The films were made according to a ternary mix planning, with bacterial cellulose, potato starch and glycerol as independent variables. Blends with higher concentrations of bacterial cellulose exhibited increase in thickness, weight, permeability rate of water steam and permeability to water steam and reduction of density, solubility, opacity, swelling index at pH 1.8 and 8.0 (1, 10, 30 and 60 minutes). The scanning electron microscopy showed films with cohesive matrix, but with irregular morphology, containing insoluble particles of bacterial cellulose. The pure bacterial cellulose film showed increased weight, opacity, permeability rate of water steam and at swelling at pH 1.8 at 1 minute and pH 8.0 at 1, 10, 30 and 60 minutes. The bacterial cellulose contributed to high capacity of retention, absorption and low water desorption, providing biofilms that acted as barrier for light and kept the humidity constant.

CO(15NH2)2 enriched with the stable isotope 15N was synthesized based on a reaction involving CO, 15NH3, and S in the presence of CH3OH. The method differs from the industrial method; a stainless steel reactor internally lined with polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) was used in a discontinuous process under low pressure and temperature. The yield of the synthesis was evaluated as a function of the parameters: the amount of reagents, reaction time, addition of H2S, liquid solution and reaction temperature. The results showed that under optimum conditions (1.36, 4.01, and 4.48 g of 15NH3, CO, and S, respectively, 40 ml CH3OH, 40 mg H2S, 100 ºC and 120 min of reaction) 1.82 g (yield 76.5%) of the compound was obtained per batch. The synthesized CO(15NH2)2 contained 46.2% N, 0.55% biuret, melting point of 132.55 ºC and did not exhibit isotopic fractionation. The production cost of CO(15NH2)2 with 90.0 at. % 15N was US$ 238.60 per gram.