RESUMO: O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar e correlacionar os rendimentos de extração, atividade antioxidante, compostos fenólicos totais e flavonoides de subprodutos agroindustriais de uva, manga e amendoim. A autoxidação do sistema β-caroteno/ácido linoleico e a capacidade de sequestro dos radicais DPPH e ABTS foram os ensaios antioxidantes utilizados. Os resultados foram expressos com base na amostra liofilizada ou no extrato seco. O bagaço de manga apresentou o maior rendimento de extração (37,07%) seguido da película de amendoim (15,17%) e bagaço de uva (7,92%). Em termos de amostra liofilizada, o teor de fenólicos totais não variou significativamente entre os resíduos avaliados (média de 60,33mg EAG g-1), entretanto, quando foi expresso com base no extrato seco, o bagaço de uva exibiu o maior teor de fenólicos totais (768,56±116,35mg EAG g-1), seguido da película de amendoim (404,40±13,22mg EAG g-1) e bagaço de manga (160,25±4,52 mg EAG g-1). Apelícula de amendoim apresentou o maior conteúdo de flavonoides totais (2,44mg EQ g-1), enquanto os bagaços de uva (1,76mg EQ g-1) e de manga (1,70mg EQ g-1) não mostraram diferenças significativas. O rendimento de extração mostrou fortes correlações lineares negativas como teor de fenólicos totais e flavonoides totais. Este estudo mostrou que a películade amendoim foi o material que apresentou a maior atividade antioxidante e isso foi fortemente influenciado por flavonoides totais. Os extratos avaliados mostraram atividade antioxidante comparável à do α-tocoferol, com potencial para substituir antioxidantes sintéticos, tais como o BHT.

ABSTRACT: The objective of this study was to determine and correlate the extraction yields, antioxidant activity, total phenolics and total flavonoids from grape, mango and peanut agro-industrial by-products. The β-carotene/linoleic acid autoxidation system and scavenging capacity for DPPH and ABTS free radicals assays were used. The results were expressed in terms of lyophilized sample or dry extract. Mango bagasse exhibited the highest extraction yield (37.07%) followed by peanut skin (15.17%) and grape marc (7.92%). In terms of lyophilized sample, total phenolics did not vary significantly among the residues evaluated (average of 60.33mg EAG g-1); however, when they were expressed as dry extract grape marc exhibited the highest total phenolic (768.56±116.35mg GAE g-1), followed by peanut skin (404.40±13.22mg GAE g-1) and mango bagasse (160.25±4.52mg GAE g-1), Peanut skin exhibited the highest content of total flavonoids (2.44mg QE g-1), while grape marc (1.76mg QE g-1) and mango bagasse (1.70 mg QE g-1) showed no significant differences. The extraction yield showed strong negative linear correlation with total phenolic and total flavonoid. This study showed that peanut skin was the sample with the highest antioxidant activity and it was strongly influenced by total flavonoids. All extracts of byproducts showed antioxidant activity comparable to α-tocopherol, and they can be a source of natural compounds with potential to replace synthetic antioxidants such as BHT.

O perfil de compostos voláteis do suco de maracujá-amarelo foi analisado pelas técnicas de extração microextração em fase sólida (SPME-HS) e headspace estático (S-HS). Os parâmetros de equilíbrio do headspace tempo, temperatura, concentração de NaCl e volume da amostra foram ajustados para a técnica S-HS. Em ambas as técnicas de extração, a fase gasosa no headspace das amostras foi recolhida e injetada em cromatógrafo gasoso acoplado a espectrômetro de massas. Na técnica SPME-HS, foram identificados 44 compostosvoláteis no suco do maracujá-amarelo e, em S-HS, foram identificados 30 compostos. Ésteres voláteis foram majoritários em ambas as técnicas, sendo identificados butanoato de etila, hexanoato de etila, (3z)-3-hexenil acetato, hexil acetato, hexil butanoatoe hexil hexanoato. Aldeídos e cetonas não foram identificados com a técnica S-HS. Os terpenos β-pineno, p-cimeno, limoneno, (Z)-β-ocimeno, (E)-β-ocimeno, γ-terpineno, α-terpinoleno e (E)-4,8-dimetil-1,3,7-nonatrieno foram identificados em ambas as tιcnicas.. Este estudo mostrou que a técnica de extração otimizada S-HS foi eficaz para a recuperação de altas concentrações dos principais compostos voláteis característicos do maracujá, como o butanoato de etila e o hexanoate deetila, o que é vantajoso, devido à simplicidade do método.

The profile of volatile compounds of yellow passion fruit juice was analyzed by solid phase microextraction headspace (HS-SPME) and optimized static headspace (S-HS) extraction techniques. Time, temperature, NaCl concentration and sample volume headspace equilibrium parameters was adjusted to the S-HS technique. The gaseous phase in the headspace of samples was collected and injected into a gas chromatograph coupled to a mass spectrometer. In the HS-SPME technique was identified 44 volatile compounds from the yellow passion fruit juice, but with S-HS only 30 compounds were identified. Volatile esters were majority in both techniques, being identified ethyl butanoate, ethyl hexanoate, (3z)-3-hexenyl acetate, hexyl acetate, hexyl butanoate and hexyl hexanoate. Aldehydes and ketones were not identified in S-HS, but were in HS-SPME. β-Pinene, p-cymene, limonene, (Z)-β-ocimene, (E)-β-ocimene, γ-terpinene, α-terpinolene and (E) -4,8-dimethyl-1, 3,7 - nonatriene terpenes were identified in both techniques. This study showed that the S-HS optimized extraction technique was effective to recovery high concentrations of the major volatile characteristics compounds in the passion fruit, such as ethyl butanoate and ethyl hexanoate, which can be advantageous due to the simplicity of the method.

Atualmente, são produzidas milhões de toneladas de resíduos provenientes do processamento agroindustrial. Muitos deles são ricos em compostos bioativos sendo potenciais fontes naturais dessas substâncias. Assim, este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o teor de compostos fenólicos totais, a atividade antioxidante e a composição fenólica de três resíduos gerados por agroindústrias brasileiras: bagaço de uva Isabel (BI) (Vitis labrusca), bagaço de uva Verdejo (BV) (Vitis vinifera) e bagaço de goiaba (BG) (Psidium guajava). Os resultados do teor de compostos fenólicos totais (mg GAE g-1) encontrados nos extratos etanólicos e aquosos dos resíduos foram, respectivamente: BV (20,94±0,46; 8,03±0,43)> BI (16,57±0,19; 4,41±0,01)> BG (3,41±0,09; 1,88±0,06). Alta atividade antioxidante, principalmente em BV e BI, foi verificada nos ensaios realizados (ABTS ●, DPPH ● e auto-oxidação do sistema beta-caroteno/ácido linoléico). Uma forte correlação positiva entre atividade antioxidante e o teor de compostos fenólicos totais foi encontrada. Os compostos fenólicos encontrados, por cromatografia gasosa com espectrometria de massas (CG-EM), foram: ácido gálico, epicatequina, quercetina (BV, BI e BG); ácido isovanílico (BI, BG); ácido p-cumárico (BI); ácido caféico e resveratrol (BV, BI). Esses resultados mostram que os resíduos agroindustriais analisados, particularmente os vinícolas, são ricos em substâncias bioativas e podem ser explorados pela indústria de alimentos e farmacêutica.

Nowadays, the agro-industrial processing produces millions of tons of wastes. Many of them are rich in bioactive compounds, being a potential natural source of these substances. This study aimed to evaluate the content of total phenolics, antioxidant activity and phenolic composition of residues generated by three Brazilian agribusiness: Isabel grape pomace (PI) (Vitis labrusca), Verdejo grape pomace (PV) (Vitis vinifera) and guava pomace (PG) (Psidium guajava). The results of total phenolics content (mg GAE g-1) found in the ethanol and aqueous extracts of residues were: PV (20.94±0.46; 8.03±0.43)>PI (16.57±0.19; 4.41±0.01)>PG (3.41±0.09; 1.88±0.06). High antioxidant activity of these extracts, particularly PV and PI, was found by the methods DPPH ●, ABTS ● and beta-carotene bleaching method. A strong positive correlation between antioxidant activity and content of total phenolic compounds was found. The following phenolic compounds were found by gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC-MS): gallic acid, epicatechin, quercetin (PV, PI and PG); isovanilic acid (PI, PG), p-coumaric acid (PI), caffeic acid and resveratrol (PV, PI). The results show that these residues, particularly the wineries, are rich in bioactive substances and should be exploited by the food industry and pharmaceuticals.

Propolis is a resinous hive product collected by honeybees from various plant sources. It has a complex chemical composition, constituted by various phenolic compounds. Extracts of increasing polarity (n-hexane, chloroform, and ethanol) were obtained from a sample of red propolis from the state of Alagoas. Assays were carried out for determination of contents of phenolics, along with antibacterial and antioxidant activities. The EEP, fractions and sub-fractions showed strong biological activities and were related with phenolic the content compounds contents. The sub-fractions were more bioactive than the EEP and fractions, demonstrating that the antioxidant and antibacterial activities are not a result of synergistic effect between the various chemical compounds in propolis.

The contents of total phenolics, flavonoids, and antioxidant activity of bee pollen ethanolic extract were determined and compared to those of commercial antioxidants. Bee pollen extract from the state of Rio Grande do Sul presented antioxidant activity statistically equal to that of α -tocopherol and higher than those of BHT and BHA. A statistically significant correlation was observed between the antioxidant activity and the total phenolics and total flavonoids contents of bee pollen extracts. HPLC technique made the identification of high contents of rutin and myricetin possible, which may partially explain the high antioxidant activity of Brazilian bee pollen.