RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a influência do autoconceito físico em relação à motivação e atitudes de realização de estudantes do ensino médio na disciplina de Educação Física e Saúde. Além disso, procuramos explorar as disparidades de percepções entre homens e mulheres, bem como entre aqueles que participam de atividades físico-esportivas. Para a realização da pesquisa foi utilizada uma abordagem quantitativa com escopo descritivo-correlacional, por meio de um questionário aplicado a uma amostra de 279 estudantes da região Biobío, Chile. Este instrumento avaliou diversas dimensões do autoconceito físico, motivação para realização e atitudes em relação ao sujeito. Os principais resultados indicam que a atividade física constante está ligada a uma melhor avaliação nestas dimensões. Os homens demonstram uma percepção corporal mais positiva e maior disposição para participar ativamente, enquanto as mulheres apresentam altos níveis de ansiedade e dificuldade percebida. A atividade física constante está associada a percepções mais favoráveis em diversas dimensões. Estes resultados destacam a importância de considerar o género e o nível de atividade física na concepção de estratégias educativas em Educação Física e Saúde no ensino secundário.

RESUMEN El propósito de este estudio fue analizar la influencia del autoconcepto físico en relación con la motivación de logro y las actitudes de estudiantes de enseñanza media en la asignatura de Educación Física y Salud. Además, se buscó explorar las disparidades en las percepciones entre hombres y mujeres, así como entre aquellos que participan en actividades físico-deportivas. Para llevar a cabo la investigación, se empleó un enfoque cuantitativo con un alcance descriptivo-correlacional, utilizando un cuestionario aplicado a una muestra de 279 estudiantes de la región del Biobío, Chile. Este instrumento evaluó diversas dimensiones del autoconcepto físico, la motivación de logro y las actitudes hacia la asignatura. Los principales resultados indican que la actividad física constante se vincula con una mejor evaluación en estas dimensiones. Los hombres muestran una percepción corporal más positiva y mayor disposición para la participación activa, mientras que las mujeres experimentan niveles elevados de ansiedad y percepción de dificultad. La actividad física constante se asocia con percepciones más favorables en diversas dimensiones. Estos resultados resaltan la importancia de considerar género y nivel de actividad física al diseñar estrategias educativas en Educación Física y Salud en la enseñanza media.

ABSTRACT The purpose of this study was to analyze the influence of physical self-concept in relation to achievement motivation and attitudes of high school students in the subject of Physical Education and Health. In addition, we sought to explore the disparities in perceptions between men and women, as well as between those who participate in physical-sports activities. To carry out the research, a quantitative approach with a descriptive-correlational scope was used, using a questionnaire applied to a sample of 279 students from the Biobío region, Chile. This instrument evaluated various dimensions of physical self-concept, achievement motivation, and attitudes toward the subject. The main results indicate that constant physical activity is linked to a better evaluation in these dimensions. Men show a more positive body perception and greater willingness to actively participate, while women experience high levels of anxiety and perceived difficulty. Constant physical activity is associated with more favorable perceptions in various dimensions. These results highlight the importance of considering gender and level of physical activity when designing educational strategies in Physical Education and Health in secondary education.

Abstract This study sought to describe and classify the final graduation projects developed between 2009 and 2019 in the Physical Education Pedagogy program at a public non- state university in southern Chile. A quantitative approach was employed, using descriptive statistics for data analysis. A total of 212 theses were analyzed; for classification, a proposal was devised establishing three thematic areas. Results indicate that the largest number of graduation works are in the pedagogical area, followed by the disciplinary area and finally the integral area. In conclusion, descriptive studies on the analysis of theses within a given period allow for understanding and redirecting the processes of initial teacher training in Physical Education around the demands for quality training in relation to the curriculum and established institutional norms.

Resumo O objetivo do estudo foi descrever e classificar os projetos de graduação desenvolvidos entre 2009 e 2019 no curso de Pedagogia da Educação Física em uma universidade pública não estatal no sul do Chile. Utilizou-se uma abordagem quantitativa, com uso de estatística descritiva para análise dos dados. Foram analisadas 212 teses e para a classificação foi desenvolvida uma proposta que estabeleceu 3 áreas temáticas, cujos resultados mostram que o maior número de teses de graduação está na área pedagógica, seguida da área disciplinar e, finalmente, da área integral. Conclui-se que estudos descritivos sobre a análise das teses num determinado período permitem conhecer e reorientar os processos de formação inicial de professores em Educação Física em torno das exigências de uma formação de qualidade em relação ao currículo e aos padrões institucionais estabelecidos.

Resumen El estudio tuvo por objetivo describir y clasificar los trabajos de titulación desarrollados entre los años 2009 al 2019 de la carrera de Pedagogía en Educación Física de una universidad pública no estatal del sur de Chile. Se utilizó un enfoque cuantitativo, utilizando estadística descriptiva para el análisis de datos. Se analizó un total de 212 tesis, para la clasificación se elaboró una propuesta que estableció 3 áreas temáticas, cuyos resultados exponen que la mayor cantidad de trabajos de titulación se encuentran en el área pedagógica, seguida por el área disciplinar y finalmente el área integral. Se concluye que estudios descriptivos en torno al análisis de tesis en un periodo de tiempo determinado permiten conocer y reorientar los procesos de formación inicial docente en Educación Física en torno a las demandas para una formación de calidad en relación con la malla curricular y normas institucionales establecidas.

RESUMEN En el diverso y desafiante contexto académico del siglo actual, las emociones recurrentes en la cotidianidad del estudiantado son uno de los factores relevantes a considerar en el proceso educativo, por su influencia en la conducta y en los logros de desempeño académico y social. Comprendiendo el aprendizaje como un proceso situado y recursivo, es mediante el aporte de las neurociencias que es posible fundamentar el por qué la disposición y actitud que se favorezca en el aprendiz, propiciando el éxito ante la experiencia educativa y didáctica a la que invite el docente. Por ello se llevó a cabo una revisión sistemática de las investigaciones que abordan la relación entre aprendizaje y emoción. Para el análisis cualitativo se consideraron 17 artículos publicados entre el 2017 y el 2022, permitiendo finalmente conformar la presente revisión, según las indicaciones del modelo PRISMA. Del estudio realizado, es posible concluir lo fundamental que resulta implementar estrategias de aprendizaje que consideren el manejo y desarrollo de emociones gratas por parte de profesores y estudiantes. La capacidad de gestión emocional con la que cuente el docente, y el dominio del funcionamiento cerebral basado en principios neurocientíficos, junto con el perfeccionamiento constante, favorecerán la disposición a experiencias que consideren los intereses propios del alumnado, promoviendo el aprendizaje a largo plazo, mediante diversos espacios de actividad física, social, cognitiva y emocional. Gran parte de los estudios revisados reconocen que el docente es una pieza clave del proceso de enseñanza aprendizaje, planteando la necesidad de ahondar en estrategias neuro educativas que impulsen profundos aprendizajes en el estudiantado.

ABSTRACT In the diverse and challenging academic context of the current century, recurrent emotions in the daily lives of students are one of the relevant factors to be considered in the educational process, due to their influence on behavior and academic and social performance achievements. Consider rewriting: Considering learning as a situated and recursive process, the neurosciences have contributed primarily to understanding the disposition and attitude that is conducive to student success in an educational and didactic experience that a teacher facilitates. For this reason, a systematic review of research addressing the relationship between learning and emotion was carried out. For the qualitative analysis, 17 articles published between 2017 and 2022 were considered, finally conforming to the present review according to the indications of the PRISMA model. From this study, it is possible to conclude how fundamental it is to implement learning strategies that consider the management and development of pleasant emotions by teachers and students. The emotional management ability of the teacher and the mastery of brain functioning based on neuroscientific principles, together with constant improvement, will favor the disposition to experiences that consider the students' own interests, promoting long-term learning through a variety of physical, social, cognitive, and emotional activities. Most of the studies reviewed recognize that the teacher is a key player in the teaching-learning process, suggesting the need to delve deeper into neuro-educational strategies that promote deep learning in their students.

RESUMEN Introducción: La actividad física y el fitness cardiorrespiratorio (FCR) son factores protectores en el desarrollo de cáncer. Sin embargo, se desconoce el FCR en población chilena diagnosticada con cáncer. Objetivo: Evaluar la asociación que tuvo el FCR entre las personas con y sin diagnóstico de cáncer, y secundariamente comparar la tendencia del FCR según años de diagnóstico de cáncer en población chilena. Método: Se analizaron datos de 5.483 personas de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud 2016-2017 entre 15 y 98 años. El diagnóstico de cáncer (todos los disponibles) se determinó con preguntas estandarizadas, y el FCR se calculó con método abreviado (demografía, antropometría, estilos de vida). Se realizó análisis de regresión lineal ajustado por variables de confusión con el módulo de análisis de muestras complejas del programa STATA v.16 (95% IC, p < 0,05). Resultados: Las personas con algún tipo de diagnóstico de cáncer, versus aquellas sin cáncer, presentaron un menor nivel de FCR (fi: -1,23 [95% IC: -1,52; -0,94]). Al comparar los niveles de FCR según tipo de cáncer, se observaron resultados similares para cáncer colorrectal, de mama y útero (p < 0,001), pero no para cáncer de tiroides (p = 0,253). Hubo menor FCR desde el primer año de diagnóstico de todo tipo de cáncer hasta sobre diez años, aunque no significativo (p = 0,109). Conclusión: Los diagnosticados con cáncer presentaron menor FCR comparado a los no diagnosticados. Además, en las personas con cáncer el FCR disminuye al incrementar los años desde el primer diagnóstico. Sería importante evaluar e incrementar el FCR en pacientes oncológicos.

Introduction: Physical activity and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) are protective factors in cancer development. However, the CRF in the Chilean population diagnosed with cancer is unknown. This study aimed to evaluate the association that the CRF had between people with and without a cancer diagnosis and, secondarily, to compare the trend of the CRF according to years of cancer diagnosis in the Chilean population. Methods: Data from 5,483 people from the 2016-2017 National Health Survey between 15 and 98 years old were analyzed. Cancer diagnosis (all available) was determined with standardized questions, and CRF was calculated with an abbreviated method (demographics, anthropometry, lifestyles). Linear regression analysis adjusted for confounding variables was performed with the complex sample analysis module of the STATA v.16 program (95% CI, p < 0.05). Results: People with some cancer diagnosis versus those without cancer had a lower FCR level (ft: -1.23 [95% CI: -1.52; -0.94]). When comparing CRF levels according to cancer type, similar results were observed for colorectal, breast, and uterine cancer (p < 0.001) but not for thyroid cancer (p = 0.253). There was lower CRF from the first year of diagnosis of all types of cancer to over ten years, although not significant (p = 0.109). Conclusions: Those diagnosed with cancer presented lower CRF compared to those not diagnosed. In addition, in people with cancer, the CRF decreased with increasing years since the first diagnosis. It would be essential to evaluate and increase CRF in cancer patients.

ABSTRACT The young and adult population of Chile presents high levels of physical inactivity and sedentary lifestyle, which coincides with the age ranges of university students. In this sense, there is little scientific evidence that has studied the quality of sports services provided by higher education institutions, both at the Latin American and Chilean levels. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the quality of the service of the Sports and Recreation Unit of the Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción de Chile, through the perception expressed by students who attend sports and physical activity workshops. The SERVPERF questionnaire was applied, which measures five dimensions: tangible elements, reliability, response capacity, security and empathy, according to the degree of user satisfaction. The research had a quantitative and descriptive approach. The sample consisted of 70 participants (55 women and 15 men). In general, the results showed a good perception and evaluation of all the dimensions of the questionnaire. The security dimension was the best valued and the tangible elements dimension was the one that showed the lowest evaluation.

RESUMO A população jovem e adulta do Chile apresenta altos níveis de inatividade física e estilos de vida sedentários, o que coincide com as faixas etárias dos estudantes universitários. Nesse sentido, há poucas evidências científicas que tenham estudado a qualidade dos serviços esportivos prestados pelas instituições de ensino superior, tanto na América Latina quanto no Chile. Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a qualidade do serviço prestado pela Unidade de Esportes e Recreação da Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción, no Chile, por meio da percepção dos alunos que participam das oficinas de esportes e atividades físicas. Foi aplicado o questionário SERVPERF, que mede cinco dimensões: elementos tangíveis, confiabilidade, capacidade de resposta, segurança e empatia, de acordo com o grau de satisfação do usuário. A pesquisa teve uma abordagem quantitativa e descritiva. A amostra foi composta por 70 participantes (55 mulheres e 15 homens). Em geral, os resultados mostraram uma boa percepção e avaliação de todas as dimensões do questionário. A dimensão Segurança foi a mais bem avaliada e a dimensão Elementos tangíveis apresentou a avaliação mais baixa.

RESUMEN La población joven y adulta de Chile presenta altos niveles de inactividad física y sedentarismo, lo que coincide con los rangos etarios de los estudiantes universitarios. En este sentido, es escasa la evidencia científica que ha estudiado la calidad de los servicios deportivos que entregan las instituciones de educación superior, tanto a nivel latinoamericano, como chileno. Por lo tanto, este estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar la calidad del servicio de la Unidad de Deportes y Recreación de la Universidad Católica de la Santísima Concepción de Chile, mediante la percepción que manifiestan los estudiantes que asisten a los talleres deportivos y de actividad física. Se aplicó el cuestionario SERVPERF que mide cinco dimensiones: elementos tangibles, fiabilidad, capacidad de respuesta, seguridad y empatía, según el grado de satisfacción de los usuarios. La investigación tuvo un enfoque cuantitativo y de tipo descriptivo. La muestra fue de 70 participantes (55 mujeres y 15 hombres). En general, los resultados mostraron una buena percepción y evaluación de todas las dimensiones del cuestionario. La dimensión seguridad fue la mejor valorada y la dimensión Elementos tangibles fue la que mostró una más baja evaluación.

RESUMO Este artigo procura analisar as evidências fornecidas pelo treinamento de força, verificando sua influência no Diabetes Mellitus tipo II utilizando a literatura existente sobre este objeto de estudo. Foi realizada uma revisão sistemática seguindo as diretrizes PRISMA onde o principal contexto foi o treinamento de força em pacientes com Mellitus II, sendo pesquisada nas bases de dados Pubmed, Embase e Scopus onde foram selecionados 7 artigos. Os achados indicam consistentemente que o treinamento de força bem programado afeta gradualmente alguns marcadores que identificam o diabetes Mellitus II ao realizar intervenções com sistemas de treinamento de força de forma positiva. Os autores recomendam estudos do tipo controle com amostras maiores, se possível, para verificar a incidência de treinamento nas variáveis mencionadas neste estudo.

RESUMEN El presente artículo busca analizar las evidencias aportadas del entrenamiento de la fuerza comprobando su influencia en la Diabetes Mellitus tipo II utilizando la literatura existente sobre este objeto de estudio. Se realizo una revisión sistemática siguiendo las directrices PRISMA donde el principal contexto fue el entrenamiento de la fuerza en pacientes con Mellitus II, siendo buscados en bases de datos Pubmed, Embase y Scopus donde fueron seleccionados 7 artículos. Los hallazgos señalan consistentemente que el entrenamiento de la fuerza bien programado incide gradualmente en algunos marcadores que identifican la diabetes Mellitus II al realizar intervenciones con sistemas de entrenamiento de la fuerza de forma positiva. Los autores recomiendan estudios con muestras mayores en lo posible de tipo control para verificar la incidencia del entrenamiento en las variables mencionadas en este estudio.

ABSTRACT This Article Seeks analyzes the evidence provided by strength training, verifying its influence on Type II Diabetes Mellitus by using the existing literature on this subject of study. A systematic review was carried out following the PRISMA guidelines, where the main context was strength training in patients with Mellitus II. The search was carried out in Pubmed, Embase, and Scopus databases where 7 articles were selected. The findings consistently indicated that a well-structured strength training program gradually affected some markers that identify diabetes Mellitus II when performing interventions with strength training systems in a positive way. The authors recommend control-type studies with larger samples, if possible, to verify the incidence of training in the variables mentioned in this study.

RESUMEN Introducción: La etapa universitaria es un período de modificación en los estilos de vida. Los estudiantes de carreras de pedagogía y de la salud, adicionalmente, asumirán un rol de guías y modelos respecto a conductas saludables hacia sus estudiantes y pacientes respectivamente. Objetivo: Evaluar la relación entre las características antropométricas, la autopercepción del índice de masa corporal (IMC), la condición física y los hábitos alimentarios en estudiantes universitarios de carreras de pedagogía y de la salud. Materiales y método: Estudio descriptivo y correlacional. La muestra fue conformada por 158 estudiantes universitarios (edad, 22,5±2,5 años). Se evaluó las características antropométricas, autopercepción del IMC, condición física y hábitos alimentarios. Resultados: El IMC se correlacionó positivamente con el IMC percibido (r= 0.46, p= 0.012). El perímetro de cintura se correlacionó positivamente con el IMC percibido y la fuerza de prensión manual. El porcentaje de grasa corporal se correlacionó positivamente con el IMC percibido y negativamente con la condición física (potencia, prensión manual y flexibilidad). El área muscular del brazo se correlacionó con el IMC percibido, puntaje de IMC percibido y condición física. Los hábitos alimentarios presentaron una correlación negativa con el IMC percibido, pero no así con las características antropométricas. Conclusión: Los estudiantes universitarios de las carreras de salud y educación con mejor características antropométricas (menor IMC, perímetro de cintura y porcentaje de grasa y mayor área muscular del brazo), presentan una autopercepción mayor del IMC y un mejor rendimiento en las pruebas de condición física.

ABSTRACT Introduction: The university stage is a period of modification in lifestyles. Pedagogy and health career students, additionally, will assume the role of guides and models regarding healthy behaviours towards their students and patients, respectively. Objective: To evaluate the relationship between anthropometric characteristics, self-perception of body mass index (BMI), physical condition and eating habits among pedagogy and health career university students. Materials and method: Descriptive and correlational study. The sample consisted of 158 university students (age 22.5 ± 2.5 years). Anthropometric characteristics, self-perception of BMI, physical condition and eating habits were evaluated. Results: BMI was positively correlated with perceived BMI (r= 0.46, p= 0.012). Waist circumference was positively correlated with perceived BMI and handgrip strength. The percentage of body fat was positively correlated with the perceived BMI and negatively with the physical condition (power, handgrip and flexibility). Arm muscle area was correlated with perceived BMI, perceived BMI score, and physical condition. Eating habits were negatively correlated with perceived BMI but not with anthropometric characteristics. Conclusion: University students from health and education careers with better anthropometric characteristics (lower BMI, waist circumference and fat percentage, and greater muscle area of the arm), have a higher self-perception of BMI and better performance in fitness tests physical.

Abstract Background: fragility is characterized by loss of biological reserves and vulnerability to adverse outcomes. An intervention with beneficial effects on the prevention and management of frailty is the regular practice of physical activity (PA). Objective: to determine the association between levels of PA, sedentary time and frailty in older Chileans by sex. Methodology: 232 people over 60 years of age from the metropolitan region participating in the National Health Survey 2016-2017 were included. Frailty was assessed based on the Fried Phenotype Scale criteria and PA level and sedentary time with the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ v2). The association between levels of PA with the different states of frailty was investigated with linear regression analysis. Results and conclusion: elderly people with frailty have less total PA (β = -292.6 min/day [95 % CI: 399.5; -185.7], p = 0.001), occupational PA (β = -5821.8 min/day [95 % CI: 8680.8, -2962.8], p = 0.001), transportation (β = -68.0 min/day [95 % CI: -105.4, -30.62], p = 0.001). A lower amount of moderate AF was also found (β = -137.7 min/day [95 % CI: -202.0, -73.5], p = 0.001); vigorous (β = -43.4 min/day [95 % CI: -81.6; -5.20], p = 0.026) and longer time seated (β = 3.55 hours/day [95 % CI: - 1.97, 5.14], p = 0.001). Frail older people have lower PA levels compared to their peers without frailty. Considering that the Chilean population will experience an increase in the number of older people, it is essential to implement preventive measures to delay the onset of frailty, such as promoting the practice of PA at all levels

Resumen Antecedentes: la fragilidad se caracteriza por la pérdida de reservas biológicas y la vulnerabilidad a resultados adversos. Una intervención con efectos beneficiosos sobre la prevención y el manejo de la fragilidad es la práctica regular de actividad física (AF). Objetivo: caracterizar los niveles de AF y tiempo sedente en personas mayores con fragilidad. Metodología: se incluyó a 232 personas mayores de 60 años de la región metropolitana, participantes en la Encuesta Nacional de Salud 2016-2017. La fragilidad se evaluó en base a los criterios de la escala de fenotipos de Fried y el nivel de AF y tiempo sedentario con el cuestionario Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ v2). Los niveles de AF según el fenotipo de fragilidad se determinaron con análisis de regresión lineal. Resultados y conclusiones: las personas mayores con fragilidad realizan menos AF total (β = -292,6 min/día [IC 95 %: 399,5; -185,7], p = 0,001), laboral (β = -5821,8 min/día [IC 95 %: 8680,8; -2962,8], p = 0,001), de transporte (β = -68,0 min/día [IC 95 %: -105,4; -30,62], p = 0,001). También se observó menor cantidad de AF moderada (β = -137,7 min/día [IC 95 %: -202,0; -73,5], p = 0,001); vigorosa (β = -43,4 min/día [IC 95 %: -81,6; -5,20], p = 0,026) y mayor tiempo sedente (β = 3,55 hora/día [IC 95 %: -1,97; 5,14 ], p = 0,001). Las personas mayores frágiles presentan niveles más bajos de AF en comparación con sus pares sin fragilidad. Considerando que la población chilena experimentará un aumento en el número de personas mayores, es imprescindible implementar medidas preventivas que permitan retrasar la aparición de la fragilidad, como fomentar la práctica de AF en todos sus niveles.

Background: The Chilean population reports high levels of physical inactivity. The relationship between income level, physical activity (PA) and sedentary behaviors is not well known. Aim: To describe the levels of PA and sedentary time, according to income levels in the Chilean population. Material and Methods: Analysis of data from the Chilean National Health Survey 2016-2017, which included 5,130 participants (52.9% women). The levels of PA and sedentary time were measured by the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire. Income levels were established according to the self-reported income per capita of the households and presented as quintiles. PA levels according to income levels were estimated by linear regression analyses. Results: Transport-related PA was higher in the lowest income quintiles (p = 0.039). There were no trends for income levels and PA domains including moderate, vigorous, total, occupational and leisure PA. The prevalence of leisure and occupational physical inactivities were higher in the lowest quintiles of income. Sitting time was higher in the higher income levels (p < 0.01). Conclusions: People in the lowest quintile for income spent more time in transport-related PA and less time sitting. However, physical inactivity prevalence during leisure and work time were higher in people with lower income.

Resumen Pese al aumento de la preocupación pública por la inclusión de personas de sexualidades disidentes en los entornos escolares, en Chile se mantienen las prácticas de bullying y de violencia en las escuelas, tanto entre pares como desde profesores/as y directivos/as. El mundo educativo se enmarca en una matriz binaria, heteronormativa y patriarcal que tiene una eficacia simbólica y directa en el tratamiento que se da a niños/as LGTB en su cotidianidad, y que afecta, especialmente en los últimos años, a la niñez trans. A partir de un estudio cualitativo se visualizan las vivencias de rechazo, acoso y violencia que experimentan niños/as trans en las escuelas, como también las consecuencias negativas en las trayectorias de vida de éstos/as y en sus procesos de subjetivación e identificación. Asimismo, se exponen diferentes formas de control, disciplinamiento y normalización de los cuerpos trans dentro de las escuelas.

Abstract Despite the recent increase in public concern for the inclusion of sexually dissident people at the school level, in Chilean schools these students are still victims of bullying and violence. Moreover, these practices are not only perpetrated by their peers but also by the professors and administrative staff. The educational environment still develops within a binary, heteronormative and patriarchal frame, which has both direct and symbolic effects in the way LGBTQ+ children are treated in their daily life. In recent years, this has become especially noticeable in transgender children. Through a qualitative research, this paper reveals the rejection, harassment and violence experienced by trans children at school as well as the negative consequences of these experiences in their life trajectory and in their self-identification and subjectivation processes. It was also observed that trans children are subject to different forms of control, discipline and normalization at school than those of cisgender children.

Background: Cardiorespiratory fitness is a strong predictor of mortality and chronic diseases. However, its estimation is costly and time consuming which may limit it broad use in population-based studies. Aim: To estimate the cardiorespiratory fitness of the Chilean population by using equations and to characterize fitness levels of the Chilean population by sociodemographic factors. Material and Methods: This cross-sectional study included 5,958 adults from the Chilean Health Survey conducted between 2016 and 2017. Cardiorespiratory fitness was estimated from sex-specific equations for men and women and expressed as METs (Energy Metabolic Equivalent). Fitness levels were characterized by sociodemographics factors (age, sex, education, income and area of residency). Results: Fitness levels were higher in men (9.01 METs) than in women (6.76 METs) and in average decrease by 0.59 and 0.34 METs per each year increment in age for men and women, respectively. Fitness levels were 12.7 METs and 7.8 METs for 20-year-old men and women, respectively. However, fitness levels decreased to 7.8 METs and 4.3 METs in 90-year-old men and women, respectively. Fitness levels were also higher in individuals living in urban setting, those with higher education or income levels and lean individuals. Conclusions: This study reports fitness levels in a nationally representative sample of Chile. Fitness levels were higher in men than women however, its decline with age was more pronounce in men than women.

Background Walking speed is a strong predictor of non-communicable diseases and mortality. Aim To investigate the association of self-reported walking pace with adiposity, metabolic and cardiovascular markers in the Chilean population. Material and Methods Analysis of data from 5,077 participants of the 2009-2010 National Health Survey (ENS 2009-2010). Walking speed was self-reported as average or slow pace. Body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), blood pressure, blood glucose, glycosylated hemoglobin and lipid profile were the outcome. Results In Chile, 11% (95% confidence intervals [CI]: 10.0; 12.7) of the population reported a slow walking pace. Compared with average walking people, those reporting a slow pace had a higher body weight (difference (∆) 5.65 kg [95% CI: 3.22; 8.09], p < 0.01), BMI (D 2.48 kg/m 2 [95% CI: 1.53; 3.44], p < 0.01), WC (D 6.23 cm [95% CI: 4.12; 8.34], p < 0.01), serum triglycerides (D 30,9 mg/dl [95% CI: 5,31; 57,5], p = 0.018), and lower HDL cholesterol (D -2.32 mg/dl [95% CI: -4,24; -0,34], p = 0.022). Those reporting a slow pace had also a higher odd of being obese (odds ratio (OR): 2.46 [95% CI: 1.82; 3.33], p < 0.01), being diabetic (OR: 1.54 [95% CI: 1.02; 2.40], p = 0.018) and having metabolic syndrome (OR: 2.03 [95% CI: 1.30; 3.18], p = 0.002). Conclusions In Chilean adults, slow walking pace is associated with and unfavorable adiposity and lipid profile, including a higher probability of being obese, diabetic and having metabolic syndrome.

Background: A higher educational level is associated with healthier lifestyles. Aim: To assess the association between the level of compliance with physical activity recommendations and years of formal education in Chilean adults. Material and Methods: Analysis include 6,174 participants from the National Health Survey 2016-2017. Physical activity levels were assessed through the Global Physical Questionnaire (GPAQ v2). Physical inactivity was defined as < 600 MET/minute/week. Results: Among subjects without education, 44% and 27% of women and men respectively, were physically inactive. Among women and men with the highest number of years of education (> 16) the figures for physical inactivity were 27% and 15% respectively. The odds for not meeting the physical activity recommendations was 2.3 [95% confidence intervals (CI): 1.57; 3.38] and 3.9 [95% CI: 2.27; 6.95] in women and men without any formal education respectively, as compared with those who reported 12 years of education. Women and men who reported a high level of education ≥ (16 years) did not show significant differences compared to the reference group. Conclusions: People with low levels of education are were likely to be physically inactive.

Background Sleep duration may be a risk factor for cognitive impairment. Aim To investigate the association between sleep duration and cognitive function in Chilean older adults. Material and Methods We analyzed information from 1,384 participants aged > 60 years participating in the National Health Survey 2009-2010 who were assessed with the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) and self-reported their average daily sleep hours. Logistic regression analysis was performed to investigate the association between MMSE and sleep duration. Results Compared to those participants who reported sleeping 7 hours per day, those that reported sleeping < 5 hours had a higher odd for cognitive impairment (Odds ratio (OR): 3.66 [95% confidence intervals (CI: 1.69; 7.95], p < 0.01). Similarly, those who reported sleeping > 8 hours per day also showed a higher odd for cognitive impairment (OR: 2.56 [95% CI: 1.32; 4.95], p < 0.01). This association was even stronger for people who reported more than 10 hours of sleep per day (OR: 4.46 [95% CI: 1.32; 4.95], p < 0.01). Conclusions Long and short sleep duration is associated with cognitive impairment in older adults in Chile independent of major confounding factors.

Background: Lifestyle factors could promote healthy ageing. Aim: To investigate the association between physical activity (PA), sedentary behavior and cognitive impairment in Chilean older adults. Material and Methods: We included 1,390 participants from the National Health Survey (2009-2010). The Mini-Mental State Examination was used to diagnose cognitive impairment. Physical activity and sedentary behavior were assessed with the Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ). Logistic regression was performed to investigate the associations. Results: Compared with older adults with lower levels of PA (< 48 min/day), those with middle (48-248 min/day) and higher (>248 min/day) levels of PA had lower odds for cognitive impairment (Odds ratio (OR): 0.57 [95% confidence intervals (CI): 0.33; 0.82], p < 0.01 and 0.58 [95% CI: 0.32; 0.83], p < 0.01, respectively). Participants who reported spending more than 8 hours/day sitting had a high odds for cognitive impairment compared to those who spent < 4 hours/day (OR: 3.70 [95% CI: 1.37; 6.03], p = 0.01). Conclusions: Both PA and sedentary behavior were independently associated with cognitive decline independent of major confounding factors in Chilean older adults.