Abstract Purpose: To analyze aspects of the biomodulating effect of light in biological tissues, bone cells from surgical explants of the femur of rats were irradiated with low intensity laser. Methods: Bone cells were cultured and irradiated with LASER light (GaAlAs). Growth, cell viability, mineralized matrix formation, total protein dosage, immunostimulatory properties, cytochemical analysis, gene expression of bone proteins were examined using live cell imaging and cell counting by colorimetric assay. The gene expression of: alkaline phosphatase (ALP), type 1 collagen, osteocalcin and osteopontin through the real-time polymerase chain reaction. Results: At 8 days, the viability of the irradiated culture was 82.3% and 72.4% in non-irradiated cells. At 18 days, the cellular viability (with laser) was 77.42% and 47.62% without laser. At 8 days, the total protein concentration was 21.622 mg / mol in the irradiated group and 16, 604 mg / mol in the non-irradiated group and at 18 days the concentration was 37.25 mg / mol in the irradiated group and 24, 95 mg / mol in the non-irradiated group. Conclusion: The laser interfered in the histochemical reaction, cell viability, matrix mineralization, and maintained the cellular expression of proteins

Abstract Purpose: To evaluate osteocalcin gene and protein expression in vitro and in an in vivo model of ostectomy. Methods: Twenty Wistar rats were assigned into two groups A (n=10, laser) and B (n=10, control). Ostectomy was performed in the femur diaphysis; the twenty fragments removed, composed in vitro groups named as in vivo (A and B) and cultivated in CO2 atmosphere for thirteen days. Low-level laser irradiation was performed in groups A (in vivo and in vitro) by an GaAlAs device (λ=808 nm, dose of 2J/cm2, power of 200mW, power density of 0.2W/cm2, total energy of 1.25J, spot diameter of 0.02mm) for 5 seconds, at one point, daily. It was performed immunocytochemistry assays in vivo and in vitro groups. In vitro groups were also submitted to RNA extraction, cDNA synthesis and gene expression by quantitative PCR. Statistical analysis was realized with p<0.05. Results: Immunocytochemistry scores showed no significant differences between control and laser groups either in vivo and in vitro. Gene expression also showed no statistical differences. Conclusion: Low-level laser irradiation did not alter osteocalcin protein and gene expression in vivo and in vitro in the studied period but it may have been expressed them in an earlier period.

Resumo Contexto Não há consenso na literatura médica sobre qual técnica é a ideal para aplicação do endolaser. Objetivos Avaliar a segurança e a eficácia do endolaser ecoguiado em tempo real para termoablação da veia safena magna (VSM) insuficiente, sem intumescência perivenosa. Métodos Trinta e quatro membros de pacientes em estágio clínico CEAP 2 a 6, com incompetência bilateral da junção safeno-femoral e da VSM, confirmada por eco-Doppler, foram submetidos à terapia por endolaser e acompanhados por um período de um ano. A aplicação foi feita por meio de fibra condutora de 600 µ, introduzida por via endovenosa, ao nível da região perimaleolar por toda VSM, sentido anterógrado, utilizando laser diodo com 15 w de potência e 980 nm de comprimento de onda, no modo contínuo, guiado por eco-Doppler, e forma padronizada para monitoração em tempo real da termoablação de toda a veia-alvo. Foram anotados os efeitos adversos e as complicações. Resultados Dos 34 membros tratados, 2,9% apresentaram hiperestesia, celulite e cordão fibroso, todos transitórios; em 8,8%, constatou-se hipoestesia perimaleolar, transitória e sem repercussão clínica; não houve relato de trombose venosa profunda. Das 34 safenas fotocoaguladas, houve 100% de oclusão imediata, uma recanalização sem refluxo no controle de um mês e 100% de oclusão após seis meses e um ano, mostrado pelo eco-Doppler. Conclusões Ablação utilizando endolaser 980 nm, ecoguiado em tempo real, sem intumescência perivenosa, promoveu fotocoagulação suficientemente controlada, com oclusão imediata e em médio prazo da VSM, de forma segura e eficaz, e configura-se como método terapêutico recomendável para o tratamento da doença venosa crônica.

Abstract Background There is no consensus in the medical literature on the ideal procedure for endovenous laser application. Objective To assess the safety and efficacy of real time echo-guided endovenous laser for thermal ablation of great saphenous vein (GSV) incompetence, without perivenous tumescence. Methods Thirty-four limbs of patients with CEAP clinical scores of 2 to 6 and bilateral incompetence of the saphenofemoral junction (SFJ) and GSV, confirmed by Echo-Doppler, underwent endovenous laser therapy and were followed for 1 year. Laser ablation was performed using a 600 µ bare optical fiber introduced endovenously close to the malleolus along the full extent of the GSV in an anterograde direction, using a standardized echo-Doppler-guided AND? 15 watt continuous mode 980 nm diode laser with real-time monitoring of thermal ablation of the whole target vein. Adverse effects and complications were recorded. Results Hyperesthesia, cellulitis, and fibrous cord, all transitory, developed in 2.9% of the 34 limbs treated; 8.8% developed hypoesthesia in the perimalleolar region, which was transitory and had no clinical consequences; there were no cases of deep venous thrombosis. Immediate occlusion was achieved in 100% of the 34 saphenous veins that underwent photocoagulation, although one exhibited recanalization without reflux at 1-month follow-up. After 6 months and 1 year, occlusion was 100% according to echo-Doppler findings. Conclusions Real-time echo-guided 980 nm endovenous laser ablation without perivenous tumescence provided controlled thermal ablation with safe, effective, immediate and medium-term GSV occlusion and can therefore be recommended as a method for the treatment of chronic venous disease.

PURPOSE: To investigate the induction of neoplastic lesions under the action of ultraviolet B radiation (UVR-B) and dimethyl benzanthracene (DMBA).METHODS:Forty Wistar rats were assigned to four groups (ten animals each), according to the procedure: group A received UVR-B irradiation, group B received topic DMBA, group C, UVR-B+DMBA and group D as control, observed for ten weeks. In the tenth week they went through a skin biopsy and histopathological study. The average thickness of the epidermis was calculated and evaluated statistically.RESULTS:Macroscopic lesions in group B were more of inflammatory kind compared to group A. Group C presented more injuries with neoplastic features than the others (p<0.01). Histologically there was a significant increase in thickness of the epidermis of all groups compared to control, however the greatest thickness measures occurred in Group C (p<0.01).CONCLUSIONS: The population exposed to ultraviolet B radiation is subject to suffer skin lesions that can develop into cancer. The association with hydrocarbons as the dimethyl benzanthracene increases the possibility of malignancy. May not be clinically evident determine when a solar keratosis ends and when a CEC begins. For this reason, histological study associated with health education prompting the early and irreversible injury prevention is necessary.

PURPOSE: To study the possible potentiation of the carcinogenic effects of ultraviolet radiation associated with an organophosphate pesticide.METHODS: Forty Wistar rats were assigned into four groups (n=10 each) randomized according to the procedures: group A received only UVR-B radiation; group B, UVR-B for eight weeks followed by a seven week period of pesticide exposure; group C, UVR-B + pesticide concomitantly: group D, only pesticide application. At the end of the fifth, tenth and fifteenth weeks the animals were photographed. Skin biopsy and histopathological study with Hematoxylin-Eosin were done on the fifteenth week. Statistical analysis with Fisher's and Sign (unilateral) tests, 5% value for significance.RESULTS: Macroscopic lesions in the group A evolved from the erythema to erythema + desquamation. The groups B and C, with the association of two carcinogens, and group D presented evolution to keratosis, with higher incidence in group D. The histology showed a significant increase in the severity of injuries when the UVR-B and the pesticide were applied simultaneously, leading to cellular atypia.CONCLUSIONS: Concurrent association of UVR-B to organophosphate pesticide produced more severe lesions microscopically, although this has not been so apparent macroscopically. In daily practice the clinical evaluation should be complemented with laboratory evaluation.

FUNDAMENTOS: Fundamentos: A terapia a laser é um procedimento de baixo custo, não invasiva e com bom desempenho na cicatrização. As dúvidas existentes quanto a sua ação sobre microrganismos justifica a realização de pesquisas visando investigar os possíveis efeitos em feridas infectadas por bactérias. OBJETIVO: Avaliar o efeito do laser de baixa intensidade sobre a taxa de contaminação bacteriana em feridas infectadas na pele de ratos.MÉTODOS:Estudo experimental, utilizando 56 ratos machos Wistar. Os animais foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em oito grupos de sete animais. Nos animais dos grupos lesionados foi realizada uma incisão na região dorsal.Os animais dos grupos infectados foram infectados por Staphylococcus aureus MRSA. os animais dos grupos tratados foram tratados com laser de Diodo vermelho (AlGaInP) 658nm, 5J/cm2 em varredura, durante 3 dias consecutivos. Foi colhida uma amostra antes de inocular as bactérias e outra após o tratamento com laser. Para a análise estatística foram utilizados os testes não paramétricos de Wilcoxon (dados pareados). Considerando como significante p<0,05.RESULTADOS: Através da análise estatística das medianas, observou-se que os grupos submetidos ao laser apresentavam uma proliferação bacteriana menor. CONCLUSÃO:O laser (AlGaInP), com uma dose de 5J/cm2, tanto em feridas quanto em pele íntegra de ratos infectados por Staphilococcus aureus MRSA, se mostrou capaz de reduzir a proliferação bacteriana.

BACKGROUND: Laser therapy is a low cost, non-invasive procedure with good healing results. Doubts exist as to whether laser therapy action on microorganisms can justify research aimed at investigating its possible effects on bacteria-infected wounds. OBJECTIVE: To assess the effect of low intensity laser on the rate of bacterial contamination in infected wounds in the skin of rats. METHODS: An experimental study using 56 male Wistar rats. The animals were randomly divided into eight groups of seven each. Those in the "infected" groups were infected by Staphylococcus aureus MRSA in the dorsal region. Red laser diode (AlGaInP) 658nm, 5J/cm2 was used to treat the animals in the "treated" groups in scan for 3 consecutive days. Samples were drawn before inoculating bacteria and following laser treatment. For statistical analysis we used the nonparametric Wilcoxon (paired data) method with a significance level of p <0.05. RESULTS: The statistical analysis of median values showed that the groups submitted to laser treatment had low bacterial proliferation. CONCLUSION: The laser (AlGaInP), with a dose of 5J/cm2 in both intact skin and in wounds of rats infected with Staphylococcus aureus MRSA, is shown to reduce bacterial proliferation.

CONTEXTUALIZAÇÃO: A laserterapia de baixa intensidade (LBI) vem sendo cada vez mais utilizada, porém ainda não há consenso na literatura quanto ao tempo em que os equipamentos devem ser submetidos à aferição ou calibragem. OBJETIVO: Analisar a potência média real (PmR) dos equipamentos de LBI na região da Grande São Paulo. MÉTODOS: Para análise dos equipamentos, utilizou-se um potenciômetro (Lasercheck), próprio para aferição de equipamentos contínuos, o qual foi programado com dados referentes ao comprimento de onda do laser a ser avaliado, obtendo-se assim a PmR emitida. Os equipamentos foram analisados de duas formas: uma, com o LBI desaquecido, e outra, após 10 minutos de uso (aquecido), sendo que três análises foram feitas para cada condição. A caneta emissora foi acoplada ao potenciômetro, o qual fornecia a PmR emitida pelo LBI. Todos os dados e informações referentes à aplicação do laser foram coletados por um questionário respondido pelos responsáveis. RESULTADOS: Os 60 equipamentos avaliados mostraram déficit na PmR com os equipamentos desaquecidos e aquecidos. A análise estatística (ANOVA) mostrou diminuição significativa (P<0,05) da PmR aferida em relação à potência média do fabricante (PmF). Em média, a dose mais empregada nas clínicas foi de 4 J/cm², tendo os efeitos de cicatrização e anti-inflamatório como os mais desejados. Segundo a World Association for Laser Therapy (WALT), para atingir esse efeito, necessita-se de 1 a 4 J de energia final, sendo que apenas um dos 60 aparelhos conseguiria atingir a janela terapêutica preconizada. CONCLUSÃO: Os equipamentos de LBI apresentam um déficit acentuado na PmR, o que mostra uma desordem na utilização desse recurso. Neste estudo, observou-se a necessidade de aferição periódica dos aparelhos de LBI bem como melhor conhecimento técnico dos profissionais envolvidos.

BACKGROUND: Despite the increase in the use of low-level laser therapy (LLLT), there is still a lack of consensus in the literature regarding how often the equipment must be calibrated. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the real average power of LLLT devices in the Greater São Paulo area. METHODS: For the evaluation, a LaserCheck power meter designed to calibrate continuous equipment was used. The power meter was programmed with data related to the laser's wavelength to gauge the real average power being emitted. The LLLT devices were evaluated in two ways: first with the device cooled down and then with the device warmed up for 10 minutes. For each condition, three tests were performed. The laser probe was aligned with the power meter, which provided the real average power being emitted by the LLLT device. All of the data and information related to the laser application were collected with the use of a questionnaire filled in by the supervising therapists. RESULTS: The 60 devices evaluated showed deficit in real average power in the cooled-down and warmed-up condition. The statistical analysis (ANOVA) showed a significant decrease (p<0.05) in the real average power measured in relation to the manufacturer's average power. On average, the most common dose in the clinics was 4 J/cm², and the most desired effects were healing and anti-inflammatory effects. According to the World Association for Laser Therapy (WALT), 1 to 4 J of final energy are necessary to achieve these effects, however only one device was able to reach the recommended therapeutic window. CONCLUSION: The LLLT devices showed a deficit in real average power that emphasized a lack of order in the application of this tool. The present study also showed the need for periodical calibration of LLLT equipment and a better technical knowledge of the therapists involved.

OBJETIVO: Hemorróidas são objeto de preocupação devido à evolução dolorosa no pós-operatório. Descrevemos aqui um modelo experimental simples e confiável de indução de hemorróidas em macacos. MÉTODOS: 14 macacos-prego (Cebus apella) foram empregados. Após anestesia geral induziu-se a formação de hemorróidas pela ligadura da veia hemorroidária inferior, que é muito parecida com a de humanos. A veia foi localizada através de uma incisão perianal, dissecada e ligada com fio de vicryl 3-0. A pele foi suturada com fio de categute 4-0. Os animais foram mantidos em jaulas apropriadas e avaliados diariamente. RESULTADOS: Nove dias após o procedimento havia mamilos hemorroidários em cinqüenta por cento (50%) dos animais. Não houve intercorrências no pós-operatório. Não houve sangramento ou sinais de dor ou de sofrimento. CONCLUSÃO: Este é um modelo viável e confiável para induzir hemorróidas para estudos experimentais.

PURPOSE: Hemorrhoids are a matter of concern due to a painful outcome. We describe a simple, easy and reliable experimental model to produce hemorrhoids in monkeys. METHODS: 14 monkeys (Cebus apella) were used. After general anesthesia, hemorrhoids were induced by ligation of the inferior hemorrhoidal vein, which is very alike to humans. The vein was located through a perianal incision, dissected and ligated with a 3-0 vicryl. The skin was sutured with a 4-0 catgut thread. Animals were kept in appropriate cages and evaluated daily. RESULTS: Nine days later there were hemorrhoidal piles in the anus in fifty percent (50%) of the animals. Outcome was unremarkable. There was no bleeding and all animals showed no signs of pain or suffering. CONCLUSION: This is an affordable and reliable experimental model to induce hemorrhoids for experimental studies.

The Nd:YAG laser is used as the palliative treatment of obstructive and/or hemorrhagic intestinal lesions with an effective but temporary symptomatic relief, with symptoms and signs recurrence after six to eight weeks. This report describes the treatment of a patient bearing a low rectal adenocarcinoma through diode laser ablation and the result after 17 months.

As diversas técnicas para o tratamento cirúrgico da Síndrome do Intestino Curto apresentam, ainda hoje, problemas de difícil resolução. De todas, as mais promissoras são o transplante de intestino delgado e o transplante de colo. Uma técnica intermediária que mostrou resultados controversos tanto clínicos como experimentais, é a interposição de segmentos de colo no trajeto do intestino delgado após extensas ressecções. Sua aplicação serve, todavia, como um meio de se estudar a adaptação do colo, inclusive visando os transplantes. Neste trabalho foi estudada a indução de tumores pela 1,2-dimetilhidrazina, sua localização e grau de atipia nos diferentes segmentos intestinais após ressecção de 80% do jejuno-íleo. Foram encontradas 24 lesões ao exame macroscópico após a décima sexta semana de pós-operatório. O número de lesões por animal variou de 0 a 9. Das 24 lesões encontradas, 20 estavam no colo (83,33%), sendo que 11 estavam localizadas no cólon proximal, 3 no cólon distal e 6 anorretais. No estudo histológico, a maioria das lesões era de grau III. Este trabalho mostrou que o método de indução de tumores pela 1,2-dimetilhidrazina é apropriado para o estudo de tumores intestinais em ratos.

The techniques for surgical treatment of Short Bowel Syndrome are feasible, yet they have not solved the problems related to them. Small bowel transplantation and, more recently, colon transplantation, have being studied these days. An intermediate solution, with controversial results, is colon interposition between small bowel segments after extensive intestinal resection. Yet controversial, it is suitable as a method for adaptational studies. We studied colon tumors induced by 1,2-dimethylhydrazine in rats, after 80% jejunum-ileum resection. Twenty four tumors were found macroscopically 16 weeks after operation. Tumors per animal ranged from 0 to 9. Twenty out of twenty four lesions were located in the colon (83,33%), 11 of them at the proximal colon, 3 at the distal colon and 6 at the anorectal region. Histologically, most of the lesions were of grade III. This method is feasible for studying intestinal tumors in rats.

The main purpose of this investigation was to stdy some aspects of leucocytes (granulocytes and limphocytes) and the phagocitic activity of peritoneal macrophages. In this experimen, which took place at Escola Paulista de Medicina - Universidade Federal de São Paulo - Brazil, it was used twenty female C57BLACK mice. Half of them were submitted to radiation to obtain immunossupressed animals (Group A - irradiated mice). The other ten mice were not iiradiated (Group B - control). The animals were sorted in four subgroups A-2 and B-2, were infected with Candida albicans (ATCC 90029). The resultant data showed significant differences in the number of leucocytes (granulocytes and limphocytes), and in the medium size of limphocytes between irradiated and non irradiated mice. Related to peritoneal macrophages, it was observed that the number of macrophages was lower in irradiated mice and the phagocitic was decreased in the irradiated and infected animals.