Resumo Introdução A associação entre os carcinomas de colo uterino e anogenitais e o papilomavírus humano (HPV) está bem estabelecida; entretanto, o envolvimento desse vírus no desenvolvimento de carcinomas espinocelulares orais permanece controverso. Objetivos Avaliar a relação entre a infecção pelo HPV e os carcinomas espinocelulares orais e estimar a proporção dessa infecção nesses pacientes. Método Quatro bases de dados eletrônicas foram pesquisadas para encontrar estudos que atendessem aos seguintes critérios de inclusão: i) feitos em humanos; ii) estudos do tipo coorte, caso-controle ou transversal; iii) avaliaram a atividade oncogênica do HPV pelo mRNA E6 e E7; iv) incluíram CECOs primários, cujo diagnóstico foi confirmado por biópsia; v) o diagnóstico foi confirmado por biópsia. Informações sobre o país; período do estudos; obtenção da amostra; locais dos carcinomas espinocelulares orais; número, sexo e faixa etária da população; prevalência de infecção por HPV e subtipos detectados; informações sobre o uso de tabaco ou álcool e a prática de sexo oral foram obtidas. A qualidade metodológica dos artigos incluídos foi avaliada através de 14 critérios. Resultados A estratégia de busca recuperou 2.129 artigos. A avaliação de texto completo foi feita em 626 artigos, mas apenas cinco foram incluídos. O total de participantes incluídos foi de 383, a maioria do sexo masculino e com média de idade entre 51,0 e 63,5 anos. Dezessete pacientes eram HPV/mRNA-positivos, os subtipos 16 e 18 foram detectados com maior frequência. Nove dos carcinomas espinocelulares orais HPV/mRNA-positivos ocorreram na língua. A média do escore de qualidade dos artigos incluídos foi de cinco pontos. Conclusões Entre os 383 pacientes incluídos com carcinomas espinocelulares orais, 17 (4,4%) eram HPV/mRNA-positivos; entretanto, não foi possível avaliar se a infecção por HPV estava associada com carcinomas espinocelulares orais porque nenhum dos estudos incluídos era longitudinal e as investigações transversais não têm grupo controle.

Abstract Introduction The association between uterine cervix and anogenital carcinomas and human papillomavirus, HPV, is well established, however the involvement of this virus in the development of oral squamous cell carcinomas remains controversial. Objectives To evaluate the relationship between HPV infection and oral squamous cell carcinomas, and to estimate the incidence of this infection in these patients. Methods Four electronic databases were searched to find studies that met the following inclusion criteria: i) performed in humans; ii) were cohort, case-control or cross-sectional; iii) assessed the HPV oncogenic activity by the E6 and E7 mRNA; iv) included primary oral squamous cell carcinomas which; v) diagnosis had been confirmed by biopsy. Information about the country; study period; sample obtainment; sites of oral squamous cell carcinomas; number, gender and age range of the population; the prevalence of HPV infection and subtypes detected; use of tobacco or alcohol and oral sex practice were extracted. The methodological quality of included articles was assessed using 14 criteria. Results The search strategy retrieved 2129 articles. Assessment of the full text was done for 626 articles, but five were included. The total of participants included was 383, most of them male with mean age between 51.0 and 63.5 years old. Seventeen patients were HPV/mRNA-positive, being the subtypes 16 and 18 detected more frequently. Nine of the HPV/mRNA-positive oral squamous cell carcinomas occurred on the tongue. The quality score average of included articles was five points. Conclusions Among the 383 oral squamous cell carcinoma patients included, 17 (4.4%) were HPV/mRNA-positive, nevertheless it was not possible to assess if HPV infection was associated with oral squamous cell carcinomas because none of the studies included was longitudinal and cross-sectional investigations do not have control group.

Resumo Objetivo A Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) é uma doença causada por um coronavírus recém descoberto, o severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARSCoV-2), que geralmente leva a sintomas respiratórios não específicos. Embora mulheres grávidas sejam consideradas em risco de infecções respiratórias por outros vírus, como SARS e Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), pouco se sabe sobre sua vulnerabilidade ao SARS-CoV-2. Portanto, este estudo tem como objetivo identificar e apresentar os principais estudos sobre o tema incluindo o período pós-parto. Métodos Nesta revisão narrativa, foram pesquisados artigos em diversas bases de dados, organizações e entidades de saúde, utilizando palavras-chave compatíveis com o MeSH, tais como: COVID-19, gravidez, transmissão vertical, coronavírus 2019, e SARSCoV-2. Resultados A revisão da literatura científica sobre o assunto revelou que as gestantes com COVID-19 não apresentaram manifestações clínicas significativamente diferentes das não gestantes, porém existem terapias contraindicadas. Em relação aos fetos, foramidentificados estudos que relataram que a infecção por SARS-CoV-2 em mulheres grávidas pode causar sofrimento fetal, dificuldades respiratórias e parto prematuro, mas não há evidências substanciais de transmissão vertical. Conclusão Devido à falta de informações adequadas e às limitações dos estudos analisados, é necessário fornecer dados clínicos detalhados sobre as gestantes infectadas pelo SARS-CoV-2 e sobre as repercussões materno-fetais causadas por esta infecção. Assim, esta revisão pode contribuir para ampliar o conhecimento dos profissionais que atuam na área, bem como para orientar estudos mais avançados sobre o risco relacionado à gestante e seu recém-nascido. Enquanto isso, o monitoramento de gestantes confirmadas ou suspeitas com COVID-19 é essencial, incluindo o pós-parto.

Abstract Objective Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a disease caused by a newly discovered coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARSCoV-2), which usually leads to non-specific respiratory symptoms. Although pregnant women are considered at risk for respiratory infections by other viruses, such as SARS and Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), little is known about their vulnerability to SARS-CoV-2. Therefore, this study aims to identify and present the main studies on the topic, including the postpartum period. Methods In this narrative review, articles were searched in various databases, organizations, and health entities using keywords compatible with medical subject headings (MeSH), such as: COVID-19, pregnancy, vertical transmission, coronavirus 2019, and SARS-CoV-2. Results The review of the scientific literature on the subject revealed that pregnant women with COVID-19 did not present clinical manifestations significantly different from those of non-pregnant women; however, there are contraindicated therapies. Regarding fetuses, studies were identified that reported that infection by SARS-CoV-2 in pregnant women can cause fetal distress, breathing difficulties and premature birth, but there is no substantial evidence of vertical transmission. Conclusion Due to the lack of adequate information and the limitations of the analyzed studies, it is necessary to provide detailed clinical data on pregnant women infected with SARS-CoV-2 and on the maternal-fetal repercussions caused by this infection. Thus, this review may contribute to expand the knowledge of professionals working in the area as well as to guide more advanced studies on the risk related to pregnant women and their newborns. Meanwhile, monitoring of confirmed or suspected pregnant women with COVID-19 is essential, including in the postpartum period.

Resumo Objetivos: avaliar o perfil de morbimortalidade e fatores associados ao óbito pela Síndrome Respiratória Aguda Grave (SRAG) por COVID-19 em gestantes e puérperas. Métodos: tratase de urna pesquisa quantitativa e retrospectiva que analisou o Banco de Dados SIVEP-gripe (Sistema de Informação de Vigilância Epidemiológica da Gripe), no período de 01/01/2020 a 04/01/2021. Foram incluídas todas as gestantes e puérperas com diagnóstico de SRAG causada por COVID-19 no Estado de Minas Gerais. Após a análise descritiva do perfil das internações, avaliou-se a associação entre diferentes variáveis de exposição e a ocurrência de óbito. Resultados: dos 227 registros obtidos, 94,3% necessitaram de hospitalização. Dentre as internações em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva, 29,8%fizeram uso de suporte ventilatório invasivo. Quinze óbitos foram registrados. As manifestações clínicas mais frequentes foram: tosse e febre; já as comorbidades predominantes foram doença cardiovascular e diabetes mellitus. As variáveis “internação em UTI”, “uso de suporte ventilatório” e “cardiopatia” apresentaram associação com ao corrência de óbitos. Conclusão: a hospitalização foi necessária para a maioria das gestantes com SRAG e a presença de cardiopatia prévia aumentou o risco de óbito. Conhecer o perfil de morbimortalidade por SRAG é importante na definição de estratégias de saúde pública que visem à redução dos impactos da COVID-19 na gestação e puerpério.

Abstract Objectives: to evaluate the morbidity and mortality profile and factors associated with death due to severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) by COVID-19 in pregnant and postpartum women. Methods: this is a quantitative and retrospective research that analyzed the SIVEP-gripe Database (Influenza Epidemiological Surveillance Information System), from 01/01/2020 to 04/01/2021. All pregnant women and postpartum women diagnosed with SARS caused by COVID-19 in the State of Minas Gerais were included. After the descriptive analysis of the hospitalizations profile, the association between different exposure variables and the occurrence of death was evaluated. Results: of the 227 records obtained, 94.3% required hospitalization. Among hospitalizations in the Intensive Care Unit, 29.8% used invasive ventilatory support. Fifteen deaths were recorded. The most frequent clinical manifestations were: cough and fever; the predominant comorbidities were cardiovascular disease and diabetes mellitus. The variables “ICU stay”, “use of ventilatory support” and “heart disease” were associated with the occurrence of deaths. Conclusions: hospitalization was necessary for most pregnant women with SARS and the presence of previous heart disease increased the risk of death. Knowing the SARS morbidity and mortality profile is important in the definition of public health strategies aimed at reducing the impacts of COVID-19 during pregnancy and the puerperium.

RESUMO A COVID-19, causada pelo Sars-CoV-2, pode apresentar complicações respiratórias que, muitas vezes, levam o paciente a depender da ventilação mecânica por vários dias. Sabe-se que a Pneumonia Associada à Ventilação Mecânica (PAVM) é frequente nos pacientes que utilizam esse equipamento por um longo período de tempo e que sua ocorrência, consequente à COVID-19, pode cursar com um pior prognóstico para o paciente. Por esse motivo, e somado à insuficiência de aparelhos para atendimento da demanda atual, faz-se necessária a adoção de medidas que visem à prevenção de complicações que possam agravar o quadro clínico do paciente e, consequentemente, aumentar o tempo médio de internação e os respectivos custos da assistência. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi discorrer de forma concisa e prática, com base na literatura disponível, sobre a importância da adoção de protocolos adequados de higiene oral nos pacientes em ventilação mecânica. Com base nos dados obtidos, identificou-se que a adoção de medidas efetivas de higiene oral, principalmente sob a supervisão do profissional dentista, pode contribuir para a redução da morbimortalidade associada à PAVM, resultando em maior disponibilidade de equipamentos de ventilação mecânica. Desde que tais equipamentos estão sendo muito demandados durante a pandemia da COVID-19, o conhecimento e a implantação de medidas efetivas de higiene oral, indubitavelmente, repercutirão na melhoria da qualidade da assistência oferecida aos pacientes, portanto, beneficiando todos aqueles em situação crítica de saúde e assistidos em UTIs.

SUMMARY COVID-19, caused by SARS-CoV-2, can present respiratory complications that often lead patients to depend on mechanical ventilation (MV) for several days. It is known that Pneumonia Associated with Mechanical Ventilation (PAMV) is frequent in patients who use this equipment for a long time. As a consequence of COVID-19, its prolonged use can lead to a worse prognosis for the patients. For this reason, in addition to the insufficiency of devices for mechanical ventilation to meet the current demand, it is necessary to adopt measures aimed at preventing complications that may aggravate the patient’s clinical condition and, consequently, increase the average hospital stay and the respective hospital care costs. Therefore, the objective of this study was to discuss, in a concise and practical way, and based on the available literature, the importance of adopting adequate oral hygiene protocols for patients on mechanical ventilation. Based on the data obtained, it was identified that the adoption of effective oral hygiene measures, especially under the supervision of dental professionals, can contribute to the reduction of morbidity and mortality associated with MV, resulting in greater availability of mechanical ventilation equipment. Since such equipment is in great demand during the COVID-19 pandemic, the knowledge and implementation of effective oral hygiene measures will undoubtedly have an impact on improving the quality of care offered to patients, therefore benefiting all those in critical health conditions and assisted in ICUs.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Hemophilia is a coagulopathy caused by a deficiency in coagulation factors VIII (hemophilia A) or IX (hemophilia B). It is a chronic disease and, hence, impairs the quality of life (Qol) of the patients. This study aimed to evaluate the Qol of patients with hemophilia using the WHOQOL-bref and the Haemo-A-Qol instruments, its relation to the clinical condition and its sociodemographic variables. Methods: This is a cross-sectional, epidemiological study, comprising 17 patients with hemophilia, registered at the hemocenter, who met the eligibility criteria. Data were collected using three questionnaires: a semi-structured clinical evaluation form, the WHOQOL-bref and the Haem-A-Qol. Results: The average age was 30 years old, and most participants declared themselves to be single (58.82%), without children (64.70%) and employed (58.82%). Hemophilia A was observed in 14 patients and the most severe form of the disease was more prevalent (64.70%). The average score of Qol, estimated by the WHOQOL-bref questionnaire was 74.3; being "social relations" the domain with the highest average. The Haem-A-Qol measured an average of 36.2 and the domain with the highest result was "Family Planning". Conclusion: Hemophilia had a higher negative impact upon the physical, sports and leisure features in the sample subjects. The analysis of the questionnaires did not reveal statistical agreement between them. Based on this, the Haem-A-Qol is considered the most recommended to evaluate the Qol, as it addresses factors more specifically related to the disease. No statistical significance was observed between the scores of Qol, as for the presence of comorbidities, gravity of the hemophilia and positive serology for infections.

Abstract Objective: This study aimed to describe and analyze clinical and laboratory characteristics of patients with sickle cell anemia treated at the Hemominas Foundation, in Divinópolis, Brazil. Furthermore, this study aimed to compare the clinical and laboratory outcomes of the group of patients treated with hydroxyurea with those patients that were not treated with hydroxyurea. Methods: Clinical and laboratorial data were obtained by analyzing medical records of patients with sickle cell anemia. Results: Data from the medical records of 50 patients were analyzed. Most of the patients were female (56%), aged between 20 and 29 years old. Infections, transfusions, cholecystectomy, splenectomy and systemic arterial hypertension were the most common clinical adverse events of the patients. The most frequent cause of hospitalization was painful crisis. The majority of patients had reduced values of hemoglobin and hematocrit (8.55 ± 1.33 g/dL and 25.7 ± 4.4%, respectively) and increased fetal hemoglobin levels (12 ± 7%). None of the clinical variables was statistically significant on comparing the two groups of patients. Among hematological variables only hemoglobin and hematocrit levels were statistically different between patients treated with hydroxyurea and untreated patients (p-value = 0.005 and p-value = 0.001, respectively). Conclusion: Sickle cell anemia requires treatment and follow-up by a multiprofessional team. A current therapeutic option is hydroxyurea. This drug reduces complications and improves laboratorial parameters of patients. In this study, the use of the drug increased the hemoglobin and hematocrit levels of patients.

For decades thimerosal has been used as a preservative in the candidate vaccine for cutaneous leishmaniasis, which was developed by Mayrink et al. The use of thimerosal in humans has been banned due to its mercury content. This study addresses the standardization of phenol as a new candidate vaccine preservative. We have found that the proteolytic activity was abolished when the test was conducted using the candidate vaccine added to merthiolate (MtVac) as well as to phenol (PhVac). The Montenegro's skin test conversion rates induced by MtVac and by PhVac was 68.06% and 85.9%, respectively, and these values were statistically significant (p < 0.05). The proliferative response of peripheral mononuclear blood cells shows that the stimulation index of mice immunized with both candidate vaccines was higher than the one in control animals (p < 0.05). The ability of the candidate vaccines to induce protection in C57BL/10 mice against a challenge with infective Leishmania amazonensis promastigotes was tested and the mice immunized with PhVac developed smaller lesions than the mice immunized with MtVac. Electrophoresis of phenol-preserved antigen revealed a number of proteins, which were better preserved in PhVac. These results do in fact encourage the use of phenol for preserving the immunogenic and biochemical properties of the candidate vaccine for cutaneous leishmaniasis.