ABSTRACT Embrapa Vegetables´ Capsicum breeding program has contributed significantly with several nonpungent and pungent pepper cultivars and hybrids released to the Brazilian market, focusing mainly on disease resistance and superior industrial and nutritional quality of fruits. The habanero chile pepper cultivars BRS Araçari and BRS Biguatinga were developed by Embrapa´s breeding program to meet both the market for fresh fruit and processing agroindustry of mashes and sauces. ‘BRS Araçari’ pods are rectangle-shaped, turn from dark green to bright yellow when mature, and are 4.3 cm long by 4.2 cm wide and have 1.8 mm in wall thickness. Fruits have a pungency of circa 5,000 SHU (Scoville Heat Unit) and high vitamin C content (177.4 mg/100 g). ‘BRS Biguatinga’ pods are campanulate-shaped, the standard shape of habaneros, turn from light green to red when ripe, 6.6 cm long by 3.4 cm wide and 1.9 mm in wall thickness. Fruit pungency is circa 150,000 SHU and fruits have 149 mg/100 g fruit of vitamin C and 221 µg/g fruit of carotenoids. Both cultivars are resistant to important chile pepper diseases, present high yield, uniformity and fruit quality, and have been successfully cultivated in conventional and organic production systems in Brazil. ‘BRS Araçari’ and ‘BRS Biguatinga’ were registered and protected by the Brazilian Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock, and seeds of cultivar BRS Araçari are being marketed by Isla Sementes. ‘BRS Biguatinga’ basic seeds are being offered to the production sector through Public Call for Tenders for interest parties in becoming Embrapa’s partners for the production and sale of commercial seeds. Vegetables Embrapas s sauces rectangleshaped, rectangleshaped rectangle shaped, shaped rectangle-shaped mature 43 4 3 4. 42 2 18 1 8 1. thickness 5000 5 000 5,00 Scoville Unit 177.4 1774 177 (177. mg100 mg 100 mg/10 g. . g) campanulateshaped, campanulateshaped campanulate campanulate-shaped habaneros ripe 66 6 6. 34 3. 19 9 150000 150 150,00 14 22 µgg µg carotenoids diseases yield Brazil Livestock Sementes 500 00 5,0 177. 17 (177 mg10 10 mg/1 15000 15 150,0 50 0 5, (17 mg1 mg/ 1500 150, (1 (

RESUMO O programa de melhoramento de Capsicum da Embrapa Hortaliças tem contribuído significativamente no desenvolvimento e disponibilização de cultivares de pimentas com diferentes níveis de pungência no mercado brasileiro, tendo como foco principal a resistência a doenças e frutos com qualidades industrial e nutricional superiores. As cultivares de pimenta habanero BRS Araçari e BRS Biguatinga foram desenvolvidas pela Embrapa Hortaliças visando tanto o mercado de frutos frescos como a indústria processadora de pastas e molhos. ‘BRS Araçari’ apresenta frutos de formato retangular, de coloração verde quanto imaturo e amarela quando maduro, com 4,3 cm de comprimento por 4,2 cm de largura e 1,8 mm de espessura de parede. Os frutos têm pungência média de 5.000 SHU (unidade de calor Scoville) e elevado conteúdo de vitamina C (177,4 mg/100 g). Os frutos de ‘BRS Biguatinga’ são de formato campanulado, forma típica das pimentas do grupo habanero, de coloração verde clara quando imaturos e vermelha quando maduros, com 6,6 cm de comprimento por 3,4 cm de largura e 1,9 mm de espessura de parede. A pungência média dos frutos é de cerca de 150.000 SHU, com 149 mg/100 g de vitamina C e 221 µg/g fruto de carotenoides. As duas cultivares são resistentes a doenças importantes que afetam a cultura da pimenteira e apresentam elevadas produtividade, uniformidade e qualidade de frutos, ademais, ambas as cultivares têm sido cultivadas com sucesso em sistemas de produção convencional e orgânico no Brasil. ‘BRS Araçari’ e ‘BRS Biguatinga’ foram registradas e protegidas pelo Ministério da Agricultura e Pecuária, e sementes comerciais da cultivar BRS Araçari estão sendo produzidas e comercializadas pela empresa Isla Sementes. Sementes básicas de ‘BRS Biguatinga’ estão sendo ofertadas ao setor produtivo por meio de Edital Público para interessados na produção e comercialização de sementes comerciais da referida cultivar. brasileiro superiores molhos retangular maduro 43 4 3 4, 42 2 18 1 8 1, parede 5000 5 000 5.00 unidade Scoville 177,4 1774 177 (177, mg100 mg 100 mg/10 g. . g) campanulado maduros 66 6 6, 34 3, 19 9 150000 150 150.00 14 22 µgg µg carotenoides produtividade ademais Brasil Pecuária 500 00 5.0 177, 17 (177 mg10 10 mg/1 15000 15 150.0 50 0 5. (17 mg1 mg/ 1500 150. (1 (

ABSTRACT Amazonian soils have been suffering severe changes resulting from human activities in the region, causing significant changes in soil attributes that can contribute to greater susceptibility to erosion processes. Therefore, the present work aimed to estimate the erodibility in natural and anthropic environments in the southern region of the Amazon. Eight areas in the region were selected, including areas of native forest, savannah, cerradão, pasture and reforestation, delimiting 32 sampling points per area, with collections at a depth of 0.00-0.20 m, totaling 256 samples. Next, texture analysis and quantification of soil organic carbon were performed, and then erodibility was estimated by indirect prediction methods, Tukey’s test, Pearson’s correlation and factorial analysis of principal components. According to the results obtained, it was observed that the evaluated areas of native forest 1 and 2, cerradão and pasture present high susceptibility to erosion in relation to the cerrado, reforestation with genipap, teak and mixed areas. Therefore, it was noted that the high level of erodibility is associated with a greater predominance of sand fraction, K factor, Ki Kr and low clay content, as well as with the management employed in the areas. processes Therefore Amazon selected savannah 3 area 0.000.20 000020 0.00 0.20 0 00 20 0.00-0.2 m 25 samples Next performed methods Tukeys Tukey s test Pearsons Pearson components obtained 2 cerrado genipap fraction factor content 000 0.000.2 00002 0.0 020 0.2 0.00-0. 0.000. 0000 0. 02 0.00-0 0.000 0.00-

Abstract Background Some studies have suggested the HLA-B27 gene may protect against some infections, as well as it could play a benefit role on the viral clearance, including hepatitis C and HIV. However, there is lack of SARS-CoV-2 pandemic data in spondyloarthritis (SpA) patients. Aim To evaluate the impact of HLA-B27 gene positivity on the susceptibility and severity of COVID-19 and disease activity in axial SpA patients. Methods The ReumaCoV-Brasil is a multicenter, observational, prospective cohort designed to monitor immunemediated rheumatic diseases patients during SARS-CoV-2 pandemic in Brazil. Axial SpA patients, according to the ASAS classification criteria (2009), and only those with known HLA-B27 status, were included in this ReumaCov-Brasil's subanalysis. After pairing them to sex and age, they were divided in two groups: with (cases) and without (control group) COVID-19 diagnosis. Other immunodeficiency diseases, past organ or bone marrow transplantation, neoplasms and current chemotherapy were excluded. Demographic data, managing of COVID-19 (diagnosis, treatment, and outcomes, including hospitalization, mechanical ventilation, and death), comorbidities, clinical details (disease activity and concomitant medication) were collected using the Research Electronic Data Capture (REDCap) database. Data are presented as descriptive analysis and multiple regression models, using SPSS program, version 20. P level was set as 5%. Results From May 24th, 2020 to Jan 24th, 2021, a total of 153 axial SpA patients were included, of whom 85 (55.5%) with COVID-19 and 68 (44.4%) without COVID-19. Most of them were men (N = 92; 60.1%) with mean age of 44.0 ± 11.1 years and long-term disease (11.7 ± 9.9 years). Regarding the HLA-B27 status, 112 (73.2%) patients tested positive. There were no significant statistical differences concerning social distancing, smoking, BMI (body mass index), waist circumference and comorbidities. Regarding biological DMARDs, 110 (71.8%) were on TNF inhibitors and 14 (9.15%) on IL-17 antagonists. Comparing those patients with and without COVID-19, the HLA-B27 positivity was not different between groups (n = 64, 75.3% vs. n = 48, 48%, respectively; p = 0.514). In addition, disease activity was similar before and after the infection. Interestingly, no new episodes of arthritis, enthesitis or extra-musculoskeletal manifestations were reported after the COVID-19. The mean time from the first symptoms to hospitalization was 7.1 ± 3.4 days, and although the number of hospitalization days was numerically higher in the B27 positive group, no statistically significant difference was observed (5.7 ± 4.11 for B27 negative patients and 13.5 ± 14.8 for B27 positive patients; p = 0.594). Only one HLA-B27 negative patient died. No significant difference was found regarding concomitant medications, including conventional or biologic DMARDs between the groups. Conclusions No significant difference of COVID-19 frequency rate was observed in patients with axial SpA regarding the HLA-B27 positivity, suggesting a lack of protective effect with SARS-CoV-2 infection. In addition, the disease activity was similar before and after the infection. Trial registration This study was approved by the Brazilian Committee of Ethics in Human Research (CONEP), CAAE 30186820.2.1001.8807, and was registered at the Brazilian Registry of Clinical Trials – REBEC, RBR-33YTQC. All patients read and signed the informed consent form before inclusion. HLAB27 HLAB HLA B HLA-B2 infections clearance HIV However SARSCoV2 SARSCoV SARS CoV 2 SARS-CoV- (SpA COVID19 COVID 19 COVID-1 ReumaCoVBrasil ReumaCoV Brasil multicenter observational Brazil 2009, 2009 , (2009) status ReumaCovBrasils ReumaCov s subanalysis cases (cases control group diagnosis transplantation excluded diagnosis, (diagnosis treatment outcomes ventilation death, death death) comorbidities medication REDCap (REDCap database models program 20 5 5% 24th th 202 2021 15 8 55.5% 555 55 (55.5% 6 44.4% 444 44 4 (44.4% COVID19. 19. N 92 60.1% 601 60 1 440 0 44. 111 11 11. longterm long term 11.7 117 7 (11. 99 9 9. years. . years) 73.2% 732 73 (73.2% distancing smoking body index, index index) 71.8% 718 71 (71.8% 9.15% 915 (9.15% IL17 IL 17 IL-1 antagonists COVID19, 19, 64 753 75 3 75.3 vs 48 48% respectively 0.514. 0514 0.514 514 0.514) addition infection Interestingly arthritis extramusculoskeletal extra musculoskeletal 7. 34 3. B2 5.7 57 (5. 411 4.1 135 13 13. 148 14. 0.594. 0594 0.594 594 0.594) died medications CONEP, CONEP (CONEP) 30186820210018807 30186820 1001 8807 30186820.2.1001.8807 REBEC RBR33YTQC. RBR33YTQC RBRYTQC RBR 33YTQC. 33YTQC YTQC RBR-33YTQC inclusion HLAB2 HLA-B SARS-CoV COVID1 COVID- 200 (2009 55.5 (55.5 44.4 (44.4 60.1 (11 73.2 (73.2 71.8 (71.8 9.15 91 (9.15 IL1 IL- 75. 051 0.51 51 5. (5 41 4. 059 0.59 59 (CONEP 3018682021001880 3018682 100 880 30186820.2.1001.880 (200 55. (55. (44. 60. (1 73. (73. 71. (71. 9.1 (9.1 05 0.5 ( 301868202100188 301868 10 88 30186820.2.1001.88 (20 (55 (44 (73 (71 (9. 0. 30186820210018 30186 30186820.2.1001.8 (2 (4 (7 (9 3018682021001 3018 30186820.2.1001. 301868202100 301 30186820.2.1001 30186820210 30 30186820.2.100 3018682021 30186820.2.10 301868202 30186820.2.1 30186820.2. 30186820.2 30186820.

Resumo A variação fitofisionômica do Cerrado brasileiro é intensa e estudos fitossociológicos podem fornecer subsídios sobre quais fatores são responsáveis por essa heterogeneidade ambiental. Nesse sentido, esse estudo teve o objetivo de avaliar a estrutura da vegetação lenhosa de três áreas de cerrado sentido restrito, no município de Jataí - GO, buscando discutir os achados com o histórico de perturbação de cada área e aspectos físicos dos solos. Foram alocadas dez parcelas contíguas de 20x50 m em cada área, totalizando três hectares de levantamento no total. Incluíram-se na amostragem todos os troncos com diâmetro ≥ 5 cm, medidos a 30 cm do solo. As áreas apresentaram diferenças quanto à estrutura da vegetação lenhosa com formações mais abertas e outras mais densas (densidade de 991 a 1859 ind.ha-1 e área basal de 10,85 a 17,68 m2.ha-1). A riqueza florística variou de 70 a 82 espécies. Apesar de haver uma mistura de elementos florísticos savânicos e florestais entre as áreas, detectou-se maior domínio de espécies savânicas. Os padrões florístico e estrutural indicaram heterogeneidade nas comunidades em função de diferenças texturais do solo e incêndios. Isso reforça a importância da preservação de formações savânicas no sudoeste do estado para entender variações estruturais e florísticas e, consequentemente, fornecer informações para outros estudos sobre os aspectos ecológicos relacionados a eles.

Abstract The physiognomy variation of Brazilian Cerrado is intense and phytosociological studies can provide subsidies on which factors are responsible for this environmental heterogeneity. Thus, the objective of this study was to evaluate the structure of the woody vegetation of three sites of Cerrado sensu stricto, in the municipality of Jataí, state of Goiás, Brazil, aiming to discuss the findings with the history of disturbance of each site and physical aspects of the soils. Ten 20 x 50 m contiguous plots of were allocated in each area, totaling three hectares of survey in total. We included in the sample all trunks with diameter ≥ 5 cm, measured at 30 cm of the ground. The sites showed differences in wood structure, ranging from more open to more dense areas (density ranging 991-1859 ind.ha-1 and basal area ranging from 10.85 to 17.68 m2.ha-1). The richness in the areas ranged from 70 to 82 as well as the species composition. Although, there is a mix of savanna and forest floristic elements, we detected higher domain of typical savanna species for the three areas. The floristic and structural patterns indicated heterogeneity in the communities, even geographically close, possibly due to soil texture differences. This reinforces the importance of the preservation of savanna formations in the southwest of Goiás state to understand the structural and floristic variations and, consequently, to provide information for other studies on the ecological aspects related to them.

As Terras Pretas Arqueológicas (TPA) são solos que podem concentrar até seis vezes mais carbono orgânico que solos adjacentes sem horizonte A antrópico, presumindo-se, dessa forma, maior efluxo de CO2 nesses solos. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a distribuição espacial do efluxo de CO2, temperatura e umidade do solo em área de Terra Preta Arqueológica sob cultivo de cacau e café no município de Apuí, AM, Brasil. Foram construídas malhas amostrais nas dimensões 42 x 80 m, com espaço entre os pontos de 8 x 10 m e 6 x 10 m para as áreas de cacau e café, respectivamente. Após a etapa de coleta dos dados do efluxo de CO2, temperatura e umidade do solo, procedeu-se a análise estatística descritiva e geoestatística. Os resultados mostraram que os parâmetros avaliados apresentam dependência espacial, com alcance variando de 25 a 40 m para o efluxo de CO2 da área TPA com cacau. O efluxo de CO2 na área de cacau foi superior, com valor médio de 5,49 µmol m-2 s-1, comparado ao 3,99 µmol m-2 s-1 de CO2 da área com café.

The Archaeological Dark Earth (ADE) are soils that can hold up to six times more organic carbon than surrounding soils without anthropic horizons, thus assuming higher CO2 emissions from these soils. The objective of this study was to investigate the spatial distribution of CO2 efflux, temperature and soil moisture in an Archaeological Dark Earth area under cocoa and coffee cultivation in the municipality of Apuí, AM, Brazil. Sample grids of 42 x 80 m were set up, with space between points of 8 x 6 x 10 m and 10 m, respectively, for the cocoa and coffee areas. After data of CO2 efflux, temperature and humidity of the soil were collected, descriptive statistics and geostatistics analyses were done. The results showed that the evaluated parameters exhibited spatial dependence reaching a range of 25 to 40 m for CO2 stream ADE area with cocoa. The CO2 efflux in the cocoa area was higher, with an average value of 5.49 µmol m-2 s-1, compared to 3.99 µmol m-2 s-1 in the area of coffee CO2.

RESUMO: Atualmente compreender os fatores que influenciam as emissões de CO2 em ambientes amazônicos vem sendo discutidos com mais intensidade, devido o acelerado aumento nas variações climáticas (temperatura e precipitação) as quais influenciam nas trocas entre os ecossistemas terrestres e a atmosfera. Diante do exposto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a distribuição espacial da emissão de CO2 e atributos do solo sob campo nativo na região de Humaitá, Amazonas. Foi delimitada uma malha amostral de 70 m x 70 m com 64 pontos regularmente espaçados a uma distância de 10 m e georreferenciados. Amostras de solos foram coletadas em cada ponto da malha nas camadas de 0,00-0,05 m e 0,05-0,10 m, para determinação dos atributos físicos do solo e do carbono orgânico, totalizando 128 amostras de solo. Nos pontos de cruzamento da manha foram avaliadas a emissão de CO2, a temperatura e a umidade do solo, utilizando o sistema LI-6400. As emissões de CO2 na área de campo nativo nas condições do presente estudo são fenômenos de natureza complexa, não sendo possível identificar um único atributo do solo ou do ambiente que explique sua variação no espaço, indicando assim que uma dificuldade ao estabelecer relações entre os atributos do solo e emissão de CO2 ocorre devido à complexidade do fenômeno.

ABSTRACT: Currently understand the factors that influence the emissions of CO2 in the Amazonian environment has been discussed more intensively, because the rapid increase in climatic variations (temperature and precipitation) which influence the exchanges between terrestrial ecosystems and the atmosphere. Given the above, the objective of this study was to evaluate the spatial distribution of CO2 emissions and soil properties under native pasture in Humaitá region, Amazonas. A sampling grid of 70 m x 70 m with 64 points regularly spaced at a distance of 10 m and georeferenced was delimited. Soil samples were collected at each grid point in layers of 0.00 to 0.05 m and 0.05-0.10 m for determination of soil physical properties and organic carbon, 128 soil samples. At the crossing points in the morning they were evaluated CO2, temperature and soil moisture, using the LI-6400 system. CO2 emissions in native pasture area in the present study conditions are complex nature of phenomena, it is not possible to identify a single soil attribute or the environment to explain the variation in space, thus indicating that a difficulty in establishing relationships between attributes soil and CO2 emission is due to the complexity of the phenomenon.

Resumo Os sistemas de uso e manejo dos solos são fatores que podem influenciar nos estoques de carbono e na estabilidade de agregados. Neste trabalho os estoques de carbono e estabilidade de agregados de um Cambissolo Háplico Alítico plíntico sob diferentes usos e manejos foram avaliados. O estudo foi realizado em cinco propriedades, localizadas na região sul do Estado do Amazonas, foram selecionadas cinco áreas com diferentes sistemas de usos tradicionais nesta região da Amazônia (agroflorestal, mandioca, cana-de-açúcar, pastagem e floresta nativa). Nestes locais foram feitas malhas de 50 m x 50 m, com espaçamentos regulares de 10 em 10 metros, perfazendo um total de 36 pontos amostrais em cada malha na profundidade de 0-0,10 m. Foram determinadas a densidade do solo, estabilidade de agregado, carbono orgânico total e estoque de carbono. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância (teste F) e as médias foram comparadas pelo teste de Tukey, a 5% de probabilidade. Nota-se que os maiores valores de estoque de carbono foram observados nas áreas sob cana-de-açúcar e pastagem, seguidos pelas áreas sob mandioca, agrofloresta e floresta nativa. Os estoques de carbono e estabilidade de agregados foram alterados significativamente pelos sistemas de manejo.

Abstract Land use and management systems are factors that can influence carbon stock and its aggregate stability. This study assessed the carbon stock and aggregate stability of Inceptisols under different land use and management systems. The study was conducted on five properties located in the southern region of Amazonas state. Five areas were selected with different traditional land use systems (agroforestry, cassava, sugarcane, pasture and native forest). On each site, grids of 50 m x 50 m, with regular spacing of 10 by 10 meters were outlined for a sampling of 36 points in each mesh at a depth 0.00-0.10 m. We determined the bulk density, aggregate stability, total organic carbon and carbon stock. Data were subjected to analysis of variance (F test) and means were compared by Tukey test at 5% probability. We found that the highest values of carbon stocks were found in areas under sugar cane and pasture, followed by the areas under cassava, agroforestry and native forest. Carbon stocks and aggregate stability were significantly altered by land use management systems.

ABSTRACT Soils with an A horizon formed by human activity, an anthropogenic A horizon, are found in the Amazon Region. Few studies have examined the spatial distribution of the properties of these soils. We mapped the spatial variability of some soil properties in an area of Archaeological Dark Earth (ADE) in the Brazilian Amazon. A sampling grid was defined over an area of 42 × 88 m under cacao cultivation in which sampling points were established at a spacing of 6 × 8 m, for a total of 88 points. Samples were collected from the 0.00-0.05, 0.05-0.10, 0.10-0.20, and 0.20-0.30 m depth layers. Soil texture, aggregate stability, and organic carbon (OC) analyses were performed on disturbed soil samples. Undisturbed samples were used to determine soil macroporosity (Macro), microporosity (Micro), total porosity (TP), and soil resistance to penetration (RP). The results were analyzed by descriptive statistic, Pearson correlation (p<0.01), and geostatistics. Soil bulk density, total pore volume, and geometric mean diameter are dependent on the total amount of OC in the ADE area. Increased soil bulk density and RP are proportional to a decrease in OC content and lower Micro and TP. Moreover, soil resistance to penetration is influenced by soil water and clay content with depth.

Resumo A artrite idiopática juvenil (AIJ) é a doença reumática mais frequente na infância. Sem terapia efetiva, os pacientes podem evoluir rapidamente para incapacidade funcional. Recentemente, a depleção dos linfócitos B surgiu como nova abordagem para o tratamento de doenças autoimunes, incluindo a AIJ. Descrevemos seis casos de pacientes com AIJ, acompanhados em um centro de referência em Reumatologia e Reumatologia Pediátrica, submetidos ao tratamento com rituximabe (RTX) após refratariedade a três anti-TNF. Os pacientes receberam ciclos de RTX com duas infusões a cada seis meses. A resposta ao tratamento foi avaliada pelo DAS28, HAQ/CHAQ, avaliação global do médico e do paciente. Dos seis pacientes, quatro eram meninas (média de idade de início da doença: 6,1 anos; média de tempo de evolução de doença: 15,1 anos; média de idade ao receber RTX: 21,6 anos). Quatro pacientes pertenciam ao subtipo poliarticular (um fator reumatoide (FR) negativo, três FR positivo), um com AIJ subtipo sistêmico com evolução poliarticular e um com artrite relacionada à entesite. Dos seis pacientes, cinco responderam ao tratamento e durante a evolução de 12 meses a resposta clínica foi mantida, embora não sustentada. No entanto, a descontinuação por reações infusionais motivou a suspensão do RTX em dois pacientes. O uso do RTX em AIJ é restrito aos casos refratários a outros biológicos e, mesmo tendo sido feito em um número pequeno de pacientes e de forma tardia, mostrou ser uma opção terapêutica eficaz.

Abstract Juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) is the most common rheumatic disease in childhood. Without an effective therapy, patients may progress quickly to functional disability. Recently, depletion of B cells emerged as a new approach for the treatment of autoimmune diseases, including JIA. We describe six cases of JIA patients followed at a referral center for Rheumatology and Pediatric Rheumatology, submitted to treatment with rituximab (RTX) after refractoriness to three anti-TNF agents. Patients received RTX cycles with two infusions every six months. Response to treatment was assessed by DAS28, HAQ/CHAQ, and an overall assessment by the doctor and the patient. Of our six patients, four were girls (mean age at onset of disease: 6.1 years; mean disease evolution time: 15.1 years; mean age upon receiving RTX: 21.6 years). Four patients belonged to polyarticular subtype (1 rheumatoid factor [RF]-negative, 3 FR-positive), a patient with systemic JIA subtype with a polyarticular course and arthritis related to enthesitis. Of our six patients, five responded to treatment; and during the course of 12 months, the clinical response was maintained, although not sustained. However, discontinuation by infusion reactions caused the withdrawal of RTX in two patients. The use of RTX in JIA is restricted to cases refractory to other biological agents and, even considering that this study was held in a small number of advanced patients, RTX proved to be an effective therapeutic option.

A escassez de informações sobre o comportamento espacial dos atributos dos solos na região amazônica tem sido preocupação de muitos pesquisadores. Assim, este trabalho teve como objetivos avaliar a variabilidade espacial de atributos químicos do solo e determinar a densidade amostral mínima para caracterizar a variabilidade desses atributos em cinco ambientes amazônicos. Este estudo foi realizado ao sul do Estado do Amazonas, em área com terra preta arqueológica (TPA), floresta, pastagem, agrofloresta e cana-de-açúcar. Nessas áreas, foram estabelecidas malhas de 70 × 70 m, com espaçamento regular de 10 m, totalizando 64 pontos em cada ambiente. Os solos foram coletados na profundidade de 0,0-0,10 m. Foram determinados os atributos químicos (pH em água, MO, P, K, Ca, Mg, H+Al, SB, CTC e V). Os dados foram analisados utilizando-se técnicas de estatística descritiva e geoestatística. Grande parte dos atributos estudados apresentou estrutura de dependência espacial. O modelo esférico foi o que melhor se ajustou aos atributos químicos nos diferentes ambientes, onde somente a cana-de-açúcar evidenciou melhor ajuste ao modelo exponencial. As áreas de TPA e cana-de-açúcar mostraram maior heterogeneidade dos atributos químicos do solo, apresentando menor alcance e maior densidade amostral, e a área com floresta e agrofloresta apresentaram menor variabilidade dos atributos químicos.

The lack of information concerning the variability of soil properties has been a major concern of researchers in the Amazon region. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the spatial variability of soil chemical properties and determine minimal sampling density to characterize the variability of these properties in five environments located in the south of the State of Amazonas, Brazil. The five environments were archaeological dark earth (ADE), forest, pasture land, agroforestry operation, and sugarcane crop. Regular 70 × 70 m mesh grids were set up in these areas, with 64 sample points spaced at 10 m distance. Soil samples were collected at the 0.0-0.1 m depth. The chemical properties of pH in water, OM, P, K, Ca, Mg, H+Al, SB, CEC, and V were determined at these points. Data were analyzed by descriptive and geostatistical analyses. A large part of the data analyzed showed spatial dependence. Chemical properties were best fitted to the spherical model in almost all the environments evaluated, except for the sugarcane field with a better fit to the exponential model. ADE and sugarcane areas had greater heterogeneity of soil chemical properties, showing a greater range and higher sampling density; however, forest and agroforestry areas had less variability of chemical properties.

Objetivo Analisar as características clínicas e epidemiológicas das espondiloartrites (EpA) de início juvenil (< 16 anos) e compará-las com um grupo de pacientes com EspA de início na vida adulta (≥ 16 anos). Pacientes e métodos Coorte prospectiva, observacional e multicêntrica com 1.424 pacientes com diagnóstico de EspA de acordo com o European Spondyloarthropathy Study Group (ESSG) submetidos a um protocolo comum de investigação e recrutados em 29 centros de referência participantes do Registro Brasileiro de Espondiloartrites (RBE). Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos: idade no início<16 anos (grupo EspAiJ) e idade no início ≥ 16 anos. Resultados Entre os 1.424 pacientes, 235 manifestaram o início da doença antes dos 16 anos (16,5%). As variáveis clínicas e epidemiológicas associadas com a EspAiJ foram: gênero masculino (p<0,001), artrite em membro inferior (p=0,001), entesite (p=0,008), uveíte anterior (p=0,041) e HLA-B27 positivo (p=0,017), em associação com escores mais baixos de atividade da doença (Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index – BASDAI; p=0,007) e de capacidade funcional (Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index – BASFI; p=0,036). A psoríase cutânea (p<0,001), a doença inflamatória intestinal (p=0,023), a dactilite (p=0,024) e o envolvimento ungueal (p=0,004) foram mais frequentes em pacientes com EspA de início na vida adulta. Conclusões Nessa grande coorte brasileira, os pacientes com EspAiJ se caracterizavam predominantemente pelo gênero masculino, envolvimento periférico (artrite e entesite), HLA-B27 positivo e escores de doença mais baixos.

Objective To analyze the clinical and epidemiologic characteristics of juvenile-onset spondyloarthritis (SpA) (< 16 years) and compare them with a group of adult-onset (≥ 16 years) SpA patients. Patients and methods Prospective, observational and multicentric cohort with 1,424 patients with the diagnosis of SpA according to the European Spondyloarthropathy Study Group (ESSG) submitted to a common protocol of investigation and recruited in 29 reference centers participants of the Brazilian Registry of Spondyloarthritis (RBE – Registro Brasileiro de Espondiloartrites). Patients were divided in two groups: age at onset<16 years (JOSpA group) and age at onset ≥ 16 years (AOSpA group). Results Among the 1,424 patients, 235 presented disease onset before 16 years (16.5%). The clinical and epidemiologic variables associated with JOSpA were male gender (p<0.001), lower limb arthritis (p=0.001), enthesitis (p=0.008), anterior uveitis (p=0.041) and positive HLA-B27 (p=0.017), associated with lower scores of disease activity (Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Index – BASDAI; p=0.007) and functionality (Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Functional Index – BASFI; p=0.036). Cutaneous psoriasis (p<0.001), inflammatory bowel disease (p=0.023), dactylitis (p=0.024) and nail involvement (p=0.004) were more frequent in patients with adult-onset SpA. Conclusions Patients with JOSpA in this large Brazilian cohort were characterized predominantly by male gender, peripheral involvement (arthritis and enthesitis), positive HLA-B27 and lower disease scores.

O avanço de atividades agropecuárias, sem considerar as condições estruturais do solo, finda no detrimento destes ambientes. Este trabalho objetivou avaliar a variabilidade espacial da estabilidade de agregados, densidade do solo, carbono orgânico total (COT) e estoque de carbono de áreas de campo natural e floresta, na região de Humaitá (AM). Os solos foram amostrados nos pontos de cruzamento de uma malha de 70 m x 70 m, em intervalos regulares de 10 m, às profundidades de 0,0-0,05 m; 0,05-0,10 m; e 0,10-0,20 m, totalizando 64 amostras por profundidade. Os resultados da análise geoestatística mostraram dependência espacial dos atributos avaliados. Os menores alcances foram decorrentes das constantes variações na forma do relevo da área de campo natural. Os valores médios respectivos do índice de estabilidade diâmetro médio ponderado (DMP) e COT, em torno de 3,0 mm e 29,0 g kg-1 da camada superficial, similares aos das áreas de campo natural e floresta, confirmam a correlação proporcional entre os teores de COT e o DMP. Todavia, os níveis de densidade do solo superiores a 1,40 kg dm-3 expressam a ineficiência das funções estruturais do solo da área de campo natural. Os valores de estoque de carbono, nas diferentes profundidades, mostraram-se mais favorecidos pelos teores de COT que em razão dos diferentes níveis de adensamento dos solos estudados.

The advancement of agricultural activities without considering the soil structural conditions ceases at the expense of those environments. This study aimed at evaluating the spatial variability of aggregate stability, bulk density, total organic carbon (TOC) and carbon stock in areas of natural grassland and forest, in the region of Humaitá, Amazonas State, Brazil. The soils were sampled at the crossing points of a grid with 70 m x 70 m, at regular intervals of 10 m, at the depths of 0.0-0.05 m, 0.05-0.10 m and 0.10-0.20 m, totaling 64 samples per depth. The results of the geostatistical analysis showed spatial dependence of attributes. The smaller ranges resulted from the constant variations in the relief of the natural grassland area. The mean values for mean weight diameter (MWD) and TOC were respectively around 3.0 mm and 29.0 g kg-1 of the surface layer, similarly to natural grassland and forest areas, confirming the proportional correlation between TOC and MWD. However, the bulk density greater than 1.40 kg dm-3 expresses the inefficiency of soil structural functions in the natural grassland area. The carbon stock contents at the different depths were more favored by TOC than by the different densification levels of the soils evaluated.

INTRODUÇÃO: O envolvimento da coluna cervical é comum na artrite reumatoide (AR). OBJETIVO: Estudar a prevalência das alterações radiológicas de coluna cervical em pacientes com AR e sua associação com perfil clinico e sorológico da doença. MÉTODOS: Analisaram-se as radiografias de coluna cervical em perfil neutro hiperextensão, hiperflexão e transoral de 80 pacientes com AR para presença de subluxação atlanto-axial (LAA), invaginação basilar (IB) e instabilidade subaxial (ISA). Dados de perfil demográfico, clínico (nódulos, pneumonite intersticial, síndrome Sjögren secundária, uso de medicamentos etc.) e sorológico (FR, anti-CCP e FAN) foram obtidos por revisão de prontuários. RESULTADOS: Havia alguma alteração de eixo de coluna cervical em 26/80 (32,5%); em 12/80 (15%) havia LAA; em 6/80(7,5%) existia IB; em 13/80 (16,2%) existia ISA. Erosões em odontoide foram vistas 16/80 (20,0%). As alterações do eixo cervical estavam associadas com idade de início da doença e duração da mesma (P = 0,03 e 0,02, respectivamente). Não se encontrou associação das alterações em coluna cervical com raça, gênero, nódulos, pneumonite intersticial, Sjögren secundário, FR, FAN ou anti-CCP. Pacientes com alterações do eixo cervical apresentavam mais erosões de odontoide (P = 0,03). CONCLUSÕES: Alterações radiológicas em eixo de coluna cervical são comuns e aparecem mais frequentemente em indivíduos com diagnóstico mais precoce de AR e maior tempo de doença.

INTRODUCTION: The involvement of the cervical spine is a common feature of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). OBJECTIVE: To study the prevalence of radiographic changes of the cervical spine in patients with RA and their association with clinical and serological profiles of the disease. METHODS: We analysed lateral (neutral position, hyperextension, hyperflexion) and transoral views of cervical spine radiographs from 80 individuals with RA to investigate the presence of atlanto-axial subluxation (AAS), basilar invagination (BI), and subaxial instability (SAI). Demographic, clinical (nodules, interstitial pneumonitis, secondary Sjögren's syndrome, medications etc.), and serologic (rheumatoid factor - RF, cyclic citrullinated peptide antibody - anti-CCP, and antinuclear factor - ANF) data were obtained from the clinical records. RESULTS: Cervical spine misalignments were identified in 26/80 (32.5%) participants; AAS occurred in 12/80 (15%) participants, BI in 6/80 (7.5%), and SAI in 13/80 (32.5%). Odontoid erosions were identified in 16/80 (20.0%) participants. Cervical spine misalignment exhibited associations with age at onset and disease duration (P = 0.03 and 0.02, respectively). No associations were identified between the cervical spine changes and the participants' ethnicity or gender, presence of nodules, interstitial pneumonitis, secondary Sjögren's syndrome, RF, ANF, or anti-CCP. The participants with cervical spine misalignment exhibited higher frequencies of odontoid erosion (P = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: Cervical spine misalignment was a common radiographic finding and occurred more frequently in participants with earlier onset and longer length of RA.

OBJETIVOS: Avaliar a resposta clínica após a estratégia de troca entre agentes antifator de necrose tumoral alfa (anti-TNF-alfa) em pacientes com artrite reumatoide (AR). PACIENTES E MÉTODOS: Foram incluídos 99 pacientes com diagnóstico de AR (American College of Rheumatology, 1987), em uso de terapia anti-TNF-alfa, para avaliação da resposta terapêutica após 24 semanas. A estratégia de troca foi feita se, após 12 a 24 semanas, houvesse relato de evento adverso sério (T: toxicidade) ou se não ocorresse redução maior que 0,6 do índice de atividade da doença (DAS28) inicial (RI: resposta inadequada). Nesse último caso, o paciente foi considerado como falência primária (FP). Falência secundária (FS) foi definida se houvesse perda de resposta após melhora inicial. Remissão (DAS28 < 2,6), baixa atividade de doença (2,61 < 3,2) e melhora funcional [aumento > 0,2 do questionário de avaliação da saúde (HAQ) inicial] foram avaliadas por análise de regressão linear. P < 0,05 foi considerado significante. RESULTADOS: A estratégia de troca foi realizada em 39 (39,4%) pacientes, especialmente por FP (24,3%), FS (35,1%) e T (40,5%). A taxa de retenção ao primeiro agente foi de 60,1%, e o tempo médio para a troca foi de 14,2 ± 10,9 meses. Após a troca, houve tendência à queda do DAS28 (4,7 ± 1,4; P = 0,08), mas não do HAQ (1,2 ± 0,77; P = 0,11). Cerca de 43% deles alcançaram boa/moderada resposta EULAR. O principal determinante da troca foi o DAS28 inicial mais elevado, independente de idade, tempo de doença e capacidade funcional. CONCLUSÃO: A estratégia de troca entre agentes anti-TNF-alfa é válida para o controle da atividade de doença, embora com baixa probabilidade de remissão e sem melhora significativa da capacidade funcional

OBJECTIVES: To assess clinical response after switching between anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha (anti-TNF-alpha) agents in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). PATIENTS AND METHODS: This study included 99 patients diagnosed with RA American College of Rheumatology, 1987), on anti-TNF-alpha therapy, to assess the therapeutic response after 24 weeks. Switching was performed if, after 12 to 24 weeks, a severe adverse event was reported (toxicity: T) or if no reduction greater than 0.6 in the initial Disease Activity Score 28 (DAS28) occurred (inadequate response: IR). In case of IR, the patient was considered as primary failure (PF). Secondary failure (SF) was defined as loss of response after initial improvement. Remission (DAS28 < 2.6), low disease activity (between 2.61 and 3.2), and functional improvement [increase in the initial Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) > 0.2] were assessed by use of linear regression analysis. The significance level adopted was P < 0.05. RESULTS: Switching was performed in 39 (39.4%) patients, especially due to PF (24.3%), SF (35.1%) and T (40.5%). The retention rate of the first agent was 60.1%, and the mean time for switching was 14.2 ± 10.9 months. After switching, a tendency towards a decrease in DAS28 was observed (4.7 ± 1.4; P = 0.08), but not in the HAQ (1.2 ± 0.77; P = 0.11). Around 43% of the patients achieved good/moderate EULAR response. The major determinant of switching was a higher initial DAS28, independent of age, duration of disease, and functional capacity. CONCLUSION: Switching between anti-TNF-alpha agents is a valid strategy to control disease activity, despite the low likelihood of remission and no significant improvement in functional capacity

O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a estrutura populacional e os efeitos da intensidade luminosa no recrutamento de jatobá-da-mata (Hymenaea courbaril L.) em dois fragmentos de Mata de Galeria não-inundável, com diferentes graus de perturbação antrópica. Foi assumida a hipótese de que as populações diferem nas classes de tamanho (diâmetro e altura) e abundância dos indivíduos entre os fragmentos e o recrutamento responde às diferenças de luminosidade disponível no sub-bosque. Como espécie clímax dependente de luz amplamente distribuída e adaptada a ambientes heterogêneos, espera-se uma maior abundância e regeneração de jatobá-da-mata no fragmento com maior incidência luminosa. Em cada fragmento foram utilizadas 25 parcelas permanentes, alocadas de forma aleatória ao longo de transectos entre a borda da mata e o leito córrego posicionados perpendicularmente à margem do córrego. As plântulas foram amostradas no interior de cada parcela, a partir de quatro sub-parcelas de 2x2 m ao longo de uma linha central no comprimento da parcela. No sub-bosque, em cada sub-parcela, a radiação fotossinteticamente ativa foi determinada e os valores de transmitância (T%) foram obtidos a partir das medidas a pleno sol fora da mata. Nos dois fragmentos o maior número de indivíduos se concentrou nas menores classes de tamanho, mas não foi obtido um bom ajuste à distribuição exponencial negativa (J invertido). A análise de regressão linear indicou que tanto o diâmetro como a altura dos indivíduos jovens (mediana/parcela) apresentaram, respectivamente, respostas positivas em relação ao efeito da T% (F=11,58-14,82(1,40); p<0,01). Foi observada menor abundância de jovens no fragmento mais perturbado que pode ser resultado de eventos de fogo no passado recente. Apesar de mais abundantes, os jovens no fragmento conservado, com dossel mais fechado, e consequentemente, com menos luz disponível no sub-bosque, apresentaram distribuições de tamanho semelhante às plântulas. Esse resultado sugere que o jatobá-da-mata é capaz de regenerar e recrutar em ambientes sombreados, mas o crescimento é limitado pelas condições de pouca luminosidade. .

The objective of this research was to study the population structure of Hymenaea courbaril in two fragments of non-flooded gallery forests with different degrees of human impact. The research hypothesis was that populations present different size classes and number of individuals between fragments and that recruitment is related to understory light. As a climax species that requires light, and a species that is adapted to a variety of environments, there would probably be a higher abundance and regeneration of H. courbaril in a fragment that has more light. Twenty-five plots (10 x 20 m) were set in two fragments using transects between the forest edge and the stream bank. The seedlings were recorded within each plot by means of four subplots (2 x 2 m) in a central line along the plots. Within the understory the photosynthetic active radiation was determined and the transmittance values (T%) were calculated by measuring the sunlight in an open field. In both fragments, more individuals were concentrated in the smaller size classes. However the population sizes in both fragments were not adjusted to the negative exponential distribution (reversed J curve). A linear regression analysis indicated that both the diameter and height of young individuals were related to transmittance (T%) (F=11,58-14,82(1,40); p<0,01). The lower abundance of juvenile individuals in the disturbed fragment might be due to recent and frequent fires. In spite of the higher abundance of young individuals in the preserved fragment, which has more undisturbed canopy and lower light conditions, in the understory these young individuals had size classes similar to the seedlings. This result suggests that H. courbaril is able to regenerate and to recruit in shaded environments. However, the growth of H. courbaril might be constrained by these lower light conditions.