Desde 2000, vem sendo observada a expansão da febre amarela (FA) no Sudeste do Brasil, sendo detectados casos em áreas consideradas silenciosas por décadas. Epizootias em primatas não humanos (NHPs) são considerados eventos sentinela para a detecção de casos humanos. É importante relatar eventos epizoóticos que podem ter impacto sobre o estado de conservação de espécies sensíveis. Descrevemos as epizootias, notificadas em NHPs no estado de São Paulo, Brasil, entre setembro de 2008 a agosto de 2009. Noventa e um eventos epizoóticos, envolvendo 147 animais, foram notificados em 36 municípios. As amostras foram obtidas a partir de 65 animais (44,2%). A maioria das epizootias (46,6%) foram registradas entre março e abril, no mesmo período no qual YF em que casos humanos ocorreram no estado. As amostras biológicas foram coletadas de animais encontrados mortos e enviadas ao Instituto Adolfo Lutz, em São Paulo. Duas amostras, coletadas em dois municípios, sem indicação para a vacinação de febre amarela, foram positivos para o vírus. Outros 48 animais foram associados com FA por vínculo clínico-epidemiológico com casos confirmados laboratorialmente. Devido a doença em humanos e NHPs terem ocorrido no mesmo período, a detecção do vírus em NHPs não funcionou como sentinela, mas ajudou no processo de delimitação de novas áreas de risco.

Since 2000, the expansion of Sylvatic Yellow Fever (YF) has been observed in the southeast of Brazil, being detected in areas considered silent for decades. Epizootics in non-human primates (NHPs) are considered sentinel events for the detection of human cases. It is important to report epizootic events that could have impact on the conservation status of susceptible species. We describe the epizootics in NHPs, notified in state of São Paulo, Brazil, between September 2008 to August 2009. Ninety-one epizootic events, involving 147 animals, were reported in 36 counties. Samples were obtained from 65 animals (44.2%). Most of the epizootics (46.6%) were reported between March and April, the same period during which human cases of YF occurred in the state. Biological samples were collected from animals found dead and were sent to Instituto Adolfo Lutz, in São Paulo. Two samples, collected in two counties without an indication for YF vaccination, were positive for the virus. Another 48 animals were associated with YF by clinical-epidemiological linkage with laboratory confirmed cases. Because the disease in human and NHPs occurred in the same period, the detection of the virus in NHPs did not work as sentinel, but aided in the delineation of new areas of risk.

Após a detecção de morte de macacos Bugios (gênero Alouatta) e isolamento do vírus da Febre Amarela (YFV) no município de Buri, Estado de São Paulo, Brasil, foi iniciada uma investigação entomológica em campo. Uma cepa de YFV foi isolada em camundongos recém-nascidos e cultura de células de Aedes albopictus - C6/36, a partir de um lote de seis mosquitos Haemagogus (Conopostegus) leucocelaenus (Hg leucocelaenus) Dyar & Shannon coletados no local de estudo. RNA do vírus foi amplificado por RT-PCR e seqüenciado. A topologia gerada indica que a cepa isolada está relacionada ao genótipo South American I, em clado monofilético englobando isolados recentes de epidemias e epizootias entre 2008 e 2009. Análises estatísticas geralmente usadas caracterizaram a amostra em relação à diversidade e dominância, indicando dominância relativa de uma ou poucas espécies. Hg. leucocelaenus foi detectado infectado também no Rio Grande do Sul. No Estado de São Paulo trata-se da primeira detecção do YFV em Hg leucocelaenus.

After detecting the death of Howlers monkeys (genus Alouatta) and isolation of yellow fever virus (YFV) in Buri county, São Paulo, Brazil, an entomological research study in the field was started. A YFV strain was isolated from newborn Swiss mice and cultured cells of Aedes albopictus - C6/36, from a pool of six Haemagogus (Conopostegus) leucocelaenus (Hg. leucocelaenus) mosquitoes (Dyar & Shannon) collected at the study site. Virus RNA fragment was amplified by RT-PCR and sequenced. The MCC Tree generated showed that the isolated strain is related to the South American I genotype, in a monophyletic clade containing isolates from recent 2008-2010 epidemics and epizootics in Brazil. Statistical analysis commonly used were calculated to characterize the sample in relation to diversity and dominance and indicated a pattern of dominance of one or a few species. Hg. leucocelaenus was found infected in Rio Grande do Sul State as well. In São Paulo State, this is the first detection of YFV in Hg. leucocelaenus.

Variations in the trajectory of the brachiocephalic trunk and the common carotid artery predispose to disorders which might be critical in a tracheotomy and/or surgeries. Dissection of 110 formol fixed adult cadavers, both sexes, were performed to increase the anatomic knowledge of the neck vessels and its variations. Cadavers were from the Laboratory of Descriptive and Topographic Anatomy of the Federal University of São Paulo- Paulista Medical School- UNIFESP-EPM. In 109 of these cadavers no variations were found while in one (0.9 %) it was possible to observe a variation in the trajectory of the brachiocephalic trunk and in the right common carotid artery.

Las variaciones en el trayecto del tronco braquiocefálico y de la arteria carótida común predisponen a complicaciones que pueden ser fatales durante una traqueotomía y/o cirugías. Con el objetivo de ampliar el conocimiento anatómico de estos vasos del cuello y de sus variaciones, decidimos diseccionar 110 cadáveres, formalizados, adultos, de ambos los sexos, provenientes del Laboratorio de Anatomía Descriptiva y Topográfica de la Universidad Federal de São Paulo-Escuela Paulista de Medicina UNIFESP-EPM. En 109 (99,1%) de los cadáveres no encontramos variacionesEn un caso (0,9 %) observamos variación en el trayecto del tronco braquiocefálico y de la arteria carótida común derecha.

The objective of this study was to review some celiac trunk compression syndrome aspects such as: symptom-posture relationship; absence of symptoms; syndrome-age relationship; angiographic study on anatomy of the celiac trunk stenosis; congenital or acquired origin; invasive diagnostic tests; surgical and postoperative results.

El objetivo de este estudio fue hacer una revisión del síndrome de compresión del tronco celíaco, en cuanto a aspectos tales como: relación síntoma-postura; ausencia de síntomas; relación síndrome-edad; estudio angiográfico sobre la anatomía de la estenosis del tronco celíaco; origen congénito o adquirido; tests diagnósticos no invasivos; resultados quirúrgicos y post-quirúrgicos.

O vírus Rocio (ROCV) foi responsável por uma explosiva epidemia de encefalite que ocorreu nos anos 70 afetando cerca de 1.000 habitantes de 20 municípios litorâneos do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil. ROCV foi isolado em 1975 de cerebelo de caso humano fatal de encefalite. As manifestações clínicas da doença são semelhantes àquelas descritas para encefalite St. Louis. ROCV apresenta intensa reatividade cruzada com os vírus do Complexo da Encefalite Japonesa (JEV), particularmente com o vírus Ilhéus (ILHV) e com os vírus das encefalites St. Louis, Murray Valley e West Nile. Neste estudo, relatamos o desenvolvimento de um teste de RT-PCR específico para diagnóstico de ROCV e a caracterização molecular das cepas SPAn37630 e SPH37623. Foi realizada a análise filogenética das seqüências parciais dos genes NS5 e E, de ambas as cepas. Os resultados indicaram que essas cepas são intimamente relacionadas ao complexo JEV, mas formando um subgrupo com o ILHV, de acordo com os resultados recentemente publicados por MEDEIROS et al. (2007).

Rocio virus (ROCV) was responsible for an explosive encephalitis epidemic in the 1970s affecting about 1,000 residents of 20 coastland counties in São Paulo State, Brazil. ROCV was first isolated in 1975 from the cerebellum of a fatal human case of encephalitis. Clinical manifestations of the illness are similar to those described for St. Louis encephalitis. ROCV shows intense antigenic cross-reactivity with Japanese encephalitis complex (JEC) viruses, particularly with Ilheus (ILHV), St. Louis encephalitis, Murray Valley and West Nile viruses. In this study, we report a specific RT-PCR assay for ROCV diagnosis and the molecular characterization of the SPAn37630 and SPH37623 strains. Partial nucleotide sequences of NS5 and E genes determined from both strains were used in phylogenetic analysis. The results indicated that these strains are closely related to JEC viruses, but forming a distinct subclade together with ILHV, in accordance with results recently reported by Medeiros et al. (2007).

O vírus Mayaro (MAYV) é um arbovírus do gênero Alphavirus, família Togaviridae, enzoótico na América do Sul, sendo mantido em ciclo silvestre envolvendo vertebrados e mosquitos Haemagogus. Casos de MAYV são esporádicos e ocorrem em pessoas com história de recentes atividades dentro ou próximo a florestas. Este artigo relata infecção por MAYV detectada em três pacientes, infectados em Camapuã, MS, Brasil. Amostras de sangue, coletadas no 4º dia e no 2º mês após o início dos sintomas, foram usadas para teste de inibição da hemaglutinação, que revelou soroconversão monotípica para MAYV. O isolamento do vírus foi obtido somente de uma das amostras, por inoculação em camundongos lactentes. Suspensão de cérebro de camundongo infectado foi inoculada em cultura de células C6/36 e o vírus foi identificado por imunofluorescência indireta com anticorpos policlonais para alphavirus. RT-PCR realizado com RNA extraído do sobrenadante de células C6/36 infectadas, na presença de "primers" genéricos para alphavirus assim como "primers" para MAYV, confirmou os resultados. Os casos relatados ilustram a importância da confirmação laboratorial em estabelecer um diagnóstico correto. Os sintomas clínicos não são sempre indicativos de uma doença causada por arbovírus. MAYV causa doença febril, que pode ser confundida com dengue.

Mayaro virus (MAYV) is an arbovirus (Togaviridae: Alphavirus) enzootic in tropical South America and maintained in a sylvan cycle involving wild vertebrates and Haemagogus mosquitoes. MAYV cases occur sporadically in persons with a history of recent activities inside or around forests. This paper reports three cases of MAYV fever detected in men infected in Camapuã, MS, Brazil. Serum samples collected at four days and two months after the onset of the symptoms and examined by hemagglutination inhibition test, revealed monotypic seroconversion to MAYV. Isolation of the virus was obtained from one of the samples by inoculation of the first blood samples into newborn mice. A suspension of the infected mouse brain was inoculated into C6/36 cells culture and the virus was identified by indirect immunofluorescent assay with alphavirus polyclonal antibodies. RT-PCR, performed with RNA extracted from the supernatant of C6/36 infected cells in the presence of alphavirus generic primers as well as specific MAYV primers, confirmed these results. The reported cases illustrate the importance of laboratory confirmation in establishing a correct diagnosis. Clinical symptoms are not always indicative of a disease caused by an arbovirus. Also MAYV causes febrile illness, which may be mistaken for dengue.

The aim of this study was to analyze anatomy of the celiac trunk through its diameter, length, emission and variation of its branches. Sixty-nine cadavers fixed in 10% formalin solution were dissected in the anatomy laboratories of the Federal University of Sao Paulo (UNIFESP/EPM), Lusiadas of Santos University (UNILUS) and Santo Amaro University (UNISA) and 20 non-fixed cadavers from Death Verification Services, of the Sao Paulo University (USP) and Federal University of Sao Paulo (UNIFESP/EPM). Dissection of the trunk celiac of these cadavers was performed after opening of the peritoneal cavity. The obtained results allowed us to conclude the following: 1) Mensuration of the length from the celiac trunk up to its first branch, the left gastric and/or splenic artery in 81 cadavers with a mean length of 1.23 cm in males, and 1.18 cm in females. We verified as the first branch of the celiac trunk, the left gastric artery in 55 ( 67.90%), splenic artery in two (2.47%), both in six (7.41%), and in 18 (22.22%) the three arteries trifiircating at the same level, forming the Haller's tripod. 2) Mensuration of the length from the celiac trunk up to its last artery, the common hepatic and/or splenic artery in 68 cadavers, with a mean length of 1.74 cm in males, 1.74 cm in females. We verified as the last branch of the celiac trunk, the common hepatic artery in 13 (19.12%), the splenic in four (5.88%), both in 33 (48.53%) and 18 (22.22%) the three arteries trifiircating at the same level. 3) Mensuration of the celiac trunk diameter in 77 cadavers had a mean of 0.65 cm in males and 0.67 cm females. 4) Mensuration of the distance between the celiac trunk and superior mesenteric artery in 76 cadavers had a mean of 0.72 cm in males and 0.74 cm in females. 5) The celiac trunk emitted in 73 (82.02%) out of the 89 cadavers the left gastric, splenic and hepatic arteries. In the remaining 16(17.98%) variations regarding the number of emitted arteries and their disposition in the celiac trunk were observed. The trunk celiac emitted besides the three arteries, a gastroduodenal artery in six (6.74%), gastroduodenocolic trunk in one accessory hepatic artery in only two (2.25%). We also verified in three (3.37%) cadavers, one (1.12%) gastrosplenic trunk, in two (2.25%) one hepatosplenic trunk, in one (1.12%) the common hepatic as the only branch and in one (1.12%) absence of the celiac trunk

El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar la anatomía del tronco celíaco a través de sus diámetro, longitud, origen y variación de sus ramos. Fueron disecados 69 cadáveres fijados en formalina al 10% en los Laboratorios Anatomía de la Universidad Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP/EPM), Universidad Lusíadas de Santos y Universidad Santo Amaro (UNISA), Brasil y 20 cadáveres del Servicio de Verificación de Óbitos de la Universidad Sao Paulo (USP) y de la Universidad Federal de Sao Paulo (UNIFESP/EPM), Brasil. Las disecciones de la región del tronco celíaco fueron realizadas después de hacerlo con la cavidad peritoneal. Los resultados obtenidos permitieron llegar a las siguientes conclusiones: 1) La longitud media del tronco celíaco hasta su primera rama, la arteria gástrica izquierda y/o esplénica en 81 cadáveres fue de 1,23 cm en el sexo masculino y 1,18 cm en el femenino. Verificamos como primer ramo del tronco celíaco, la arteria gástrica izquierda en 55 (67,90%), arteria esplénica en dos (2.47%), ambas en seis (7,41%), y en 18 (22,22%), las tres arterias trifurcándose en la misma altura formando el triple de Haller. 2) La medida de la longitud del tronco celíaco hasta su último ramo, la arteria hepática común y/o esplénica en 68 cadáveres, tuvo una longitud media de 1,74 cm en el sexo masculino y 1,74 cm en el femenino. Verificamos como último ramo del tronco celíaco, la arteria hepática común en 13 (19,12%), la arteria esplénica en cuatro (5.88%), ambas en 33 (48,53%) y en 18 (22,22%), las tres arterias trifurcándose en la misma altura. 3) La medida del diámetro del tronco celíaco en 77 cadáveres tuvo una mediana de 0.65 cm en el sexo masculino y 0,67 cm en el femenino. 4) La medida de la distancia entre el tronco celíaco y la arteria mesentérica superior en 76 cadáveres, tuvo una mediana de 0,72 cm en el sexo masculino y 0,74 cm en el femenino. 5) El tronco celíaco emitió las arterias gástrica izquierda, esplénica y hepática en 73 (82,02%) de los 89 cadáveres. En los otros 16 (17,98%) observamos variaciones en cuanto al número de arterias emitidas y a la disposición de éstas en el tronco celíaco. Este emitió, además de sus tres arterias, una arteria gastroduodenal en seis (6,74%), un tronco gastroduodenocólico en uno (1,12%), una arteria hepática accesoria en dos (2,25%). También verificamos en tres (3,37%) un tronco gastroesplénico, en dos (2,5%) un tronco hepatoesplénico, en uno (1,12%) la arteria hepática común como único ramo y en uno (1,12%) la ausencia del tronco celíaco

The purpose of the present review is to report the anatomic and the clinical-surgical aspects involved in the celiac trunk compression syndrome by the median arcuate ligament of the diaphragm, reviewing the major findings of the syndrome in the anatomic field during dissection of cadavers, followed by clinical-surgical findings of stenosis of the celiac trunk, the relationship of this stenosis with the patient's symptoms and healing after decompression of that artery; invasive and non-invasive methods used to diagnose compression; the stenotic effect of physiologic mechanisms of the median arcuate ligament, aorta and celiac trunk displacement during respiration; anatomy of the aortic channel and celiac plexus; the median arcuate ligament and the celiac plexus as constrict agents; skeletopy of the celiac trunk, the median arcuate ligament and predisposition to syndrome; association of the syndrome with morphological and metabolic aspects

La presente revisión tiene por objetivo conocer tanto los aspectos anatómicos como clínicos y quirúrgicos relacionados con el síndrome de compresión del tronco celíaco causado por el ligamento arqueado mediano del diafragma. Se revisan los principales descubrimeinos del síndrome, tanto en el plano anatómico durante la disecación de cadáveres, como en la clínica-quirúrgica de la estenosis del tronco celíaco. Además, se revisa la relación de esta estenosis con los síntomas del paciente y cura después de la descompresión del tronco celíaco. Por otra parte, se explican los métodos no invasivos e invasivos utilizados en la descompresión; el efecto estenótico de los mecanismos fisiológicos del desplazamiento del ligamento arqueado mediano, aorta y tronco celíaco durante la respiración; anatomía del canal aórtico y plexo celíaco; el ligamento arqueado mediano y el plexo celíaco como agentes constrictores; la esquelotopía del tronco celíaco y del ligamento arqueado mediano y la predisposición para el síndrome. Finalmente, se hace una asociación del síndrome del tronco celíaco con anomalías morfológicas y metabólicas

The knowledge of the arterial anatomic variations is very important for the clinical, radiological and surgical diagnosis. Regarding inferior phrenic arteries, which irrigate the diaphragm, it is known that they vary in relation to their origin. The purpose of the present study is to verify these variations. The abdominal cavity of eighty-nine adult cadavers of both sexes was dissected, of which 69 fixed in 10% formalin solution and 20 non-fixed. The fixed cadavers were dissected in Laboratories of Anatomy of the Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP-EPM), the Santo Amaro University (UNISA) and Lusiadas de Santos University (UNILUS). The non-fixed cadavers were dissected from the Death Verification Service of the city of São Paulo (USP) and from the UNIFESP Brazil. After exposure of the celiac axis, we analyzed the possible emission of inferior phrenic arteries from this vessel as well as site of origin. The results showed us the presence of inferior phrenic arteries in 31 (34.83%) among the 89 cadavers. In the remained 58 (65.17%), the celiac trunkhad not these branches. It was observed that in 19 (21.35%) out of the 89 cadavers the inferior phrenic artery originating at the left contour of the celiac axis, in five (5.62%) cadavers, the phrenic artery presented its origin at the right contour and seven (7.86%) presented two phrenic arteries of which five were independently originated from each side of the celiac trunk and two (2.25%) from one axis

El conocimiento de las variaciones anatómicas arteriales es de gran importancia para los diagnósticos clínico, radiológico y quirúrgico. Con relación a las arterias frénicas inferiores que irrigan el diafragma, se tiene conocimiento que éstas presentan variaciones referentes a su origen. Disecamos la cavidad abdominal de 89 cadáveres adultos de ambos sexos, de los cuales 69 fueron fijados en solución de formalina a 10%, y 20 no fijados. Los cadáveres fijados fueron disecados en los laboratorios de Anatomía de la Universidad Federal de São Paulo-UNIFESP, en la Universidad de Santo Amaro-UNISA, y en la Universidad Lusíadas de Santos, UNILUS. Los cadáveres no fijados fueron disecados en los Servicios de Verificación de Óbitos de la capital (USP y UNIFESP), Brasil. Se verificó la emisión de arterias frénicas inferiores a partir del tronco celíaco y el lugar de origen de éstas. Los resultados obtenidos indicaron la presencia de arterias frénicas inferiores en 31 (34.83%) de los 89 cadáveres. En los otros 58 (65.17%) el tronco celíaco no emitió tal ramo. También se verificó en 19 (21.35%) de los 89 cadáveres, la arteria frénica inferior con origen en el contorno izquierdo del tronco celíaco, en 5 (5.62%) ésta presentaba su origen en el contorno derecho y en 7 (7.86%) emitía dos arterias frénicas, mientras que 5 de éstas se originaban separadamente de cada lado del tronco celíaco y 2 (2.25%) de un único tronco. Estos resultados permiten considerar el origen de las arterias frénicas inferiores en el tronco celíaco como una variación anatómica

In the present study different positions of the median arcuate ligament in relation to the celiac trunk as well as measurements of overlap and distance, also the approach between the two structures were investigated. In addition histological studies of the diaphragm crura and the median arcuate ligament were performed. Sixty-three cadavers fixed in formalin 10% aqueous solution and 20 non-fixed adult cadavers of both sexes were studied. Dissections of the celiac trunk were performed after dissection of the peritoneal cavity in the laboratories of the Anatomy Division of the UNIFESP-EPM, UNILUS and UNISA, and during necropsies in the City Morgue of the UNIFESP-EPM and USP. Regarding morphological analysis under light microscopy, three non-fixed cadavers were randomly chose and fragments measuring 5 cm height versus 2,5cm length of the median arcuate ligament were removed and processed according to routine techniques of inclusion. Sections of 5 µm were hematoxyline-eosin stained according to Masson's technique. The results allowed us to conclude the following: 1) the positions of the median arcuate ligament in the celiac trunk were analyzed irrespective of the gender. In 12 (14.46%) out of the 83 cadavers, the celiac trunk was distant from the median arcuate ligament. In 35 (42.17%) cadavers this ligament touched the celiac trunk and in 36 (43.37%) overlaps this vessel. The mean distance between the median arcuate ligament and the celiac trunk was 0.94 cm and the overlap was 0.42cm; 2) the histological analysis of the median arcuate ligament showed a dense connective tissue infiltrated by adipose cells, blood vessels and nerves. Striated skeletal muscle fibers intermingled with collagenous fibers was observed in continuity to the tissues above mentioned

En el presente trabajo se investigaron las posiciones del ligamento arqueado mediano con relación al tronco celíaco, y las medidas de sobreposición y distancia entre estas dos estructuras. Además, fueron realizadas medidas de algunas variables como la longitud y el diámetro del tronco celíaco, estudios histológicos de los pilares del diafragma y de su ligamento arqueado mediano. Utilizamos 63 cadáveres fijados en solución de formalina al 10% y 20 cadáveres no fijados, adultos, de ambos sexos. Las disecciones del área del tronco celíaco fueron realizadas después de disecar la cavidad peritoneal, en los laboratorios de la Disciplinas de Anatomía de la UNIFESP-EPM, UNILUS y UNISA, y durante las necropsias en los Servicios de Verificación de Óbitos de la UNIFESP-EPM y USP, Brasil. Para el análisis morfológico, a nivel de microscopía de luz, de tres cadáveres no fijados escogidos al azar, fueron retirados fragmentos del ligamento arqueado mediano de 0.5 cm de alto por 1.5cm de largo. Luego fueron procesados según técnicas tradicionales de inclusión. Se efectuaron cortes de 5 µm, los cuales fueron teñidos con hematoxilina-eosina y tricrómico de Masson. Los resultados obtenidos permitieron llegar a las siguientes conclusiones: 1) Las posiciones del ligamento arqueado mediano en el tronco celíaco fueron independientes del sexo. En 12 (14.46%) de 83 cadáveres, se pudo observar al tronco celíaco distante del ligamento arqueado. En 35 (42.17%) este ligamento era tangente al tronco celíaco y en 36 (43.37%) se sobreponía a este vaso. El promedio de la distancia entre el ligamento arqueado mediano y el tronco celíaco fue de 0.94 cm y la de sobreposición 0.42 cm; 2) los resultados histológicos del análisis del ligamento arqueado mediano mostraron al tejido conjuntivo denso, infiltrado por células adiposas, vasos sanguíneos y nervios. Fueron observadas fibras musculares estriadas, entremezcladas con fibras colágenas

O presente estudo relata o isolamento do vírus da encefalite São Luis (SLEV) de um caso febril humano suspeito de dengue, em São Pedro, Estado de São Paulo. MAC-ELISA realizado com soros das fases aguda e convalescente foi inconclusivo e anticorpos IgG foram detectados por inibição da hemaglutinação para flavivirus. Imunofluorescência indireta com cultura de células C6/36 inoculadas com soro da fase aguda foi positivo para flavivirus mas negativo quando testado com anticorpos monoclonais para dengue. O RNA extraído de cultura de células infectadas foi amplificado na presença de primers universais para o gênero Flavivirus, deduzidos de uma região da proteína não estrutural 5 e diretamente sequenciado. Os resultados da pesquisa no BLAST indicaram que a seqüência apresenta 93% de similaridade de nucleotídeos com a seqüência de SLEV (cepa MS1.7), confirmado por RT-PCR, realizado com primers específicos para SLEV. O fato de SLEV ter sido identificado como a causa de doença humana indica a necessidade de aprimorar a vigilância a fim de detectar precocemente esse agente no Estado de São Paulo e no Brasil. Esse caso é também um alerta para os profissionais de saúde sobre a necessidade de investigações clínicas e epidemiológicas mais completas sobre doenças febris como no caso relatado. Infecções por SLEV podem não ser reconhecidas ou confundidas com outras causadas por arbovírus como a dengue.

This paper reports the isolation of St. Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV) from a febrile human case suspected to be dengue, in São Pedro, São Paulo State. A MAC-ELISA done on the patient's acute and convalescent sera was inconclusive and hemagglutination inhibition test detected IgG antibody for flaviviruses. An indirect immunofluorescent assay done on the C6/36 cell culture inoculated with the acute serum was positive for flaviviruses but negative when tested with dengue monoclonal antibodies. RNA extracted from the infected cell culture supernatant was amplified by RT-PCR in the presence of NS5 universal flavivirus primers and directly sequenced. Results of BLAST search indicated that this sequence shares 93% nucleotide similarity with the sequence of SLEV (strain-MSI.7), confirmed by RT-PCR performed with SLEV specific primers. Since SLEV was identified as the cause of human disease, it is necessary to improve surveillance in order to achieve early detection of this agent in the state of São Paulo and in Brazil. This finding is also an alert to health professionals about the need for more complete clinical and epidemiological investigations of febrile illnesses as in the reported case. SLEV infections can be unrecognized or confused with other ones caused by an arbovirus, such as dengue.