Abstract An analysis of nine sweetened condensed milk brands allowed for the identification of statistically significant difference in moisture, water activity (aw), soluble solids, percentage of protein, lactose crystals size, viscosity and in sensorial attributes of texture, characteristic flavor and flour texture. Relevant correlations between the composition and sensorial attributes were determined. Eighty percent of the samples presented of yeast from <0.6 logCFU.g-1 to 4.7 logCFU.g-1 and seventy percent presented of coagulase-negative staphylococcus from <3.1 log CFU.g-1 to 5.7 log CFU.g-1. These results attest the demand for more controls and investments to provide the market with a safe and standardized product.

Summary: The synthesis of like-hydrotalcites materials (layered double hydroxides - LDHs) with molecular formula MgxM3+y(CO3)(OH)16·4H2O in different ratios Mg2+/M3+ where M3+ is Al3+, Ga3+ or both was carried out by the coprecipitation method to be applied in the transesterification reactions for synthesis of ethyl biodiesel from soybean oil and ethanol. The reactions were processed for 12 hours at 120 ºC at a molar ratio oil/ethanol (1/20) with 20% (m/m) of the catalyst in relation to the oil mass, and the products were quantified by GC-FID. With the introduction of Ga3+ in the solid, some physicochemical characteristics of LDHs were kept based in the data from X-ray pattern diffraction (XRD), vibrational spectrometry (ATR-FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), but changes from thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), superficial area (BET), and the acidity/basicity properties were observed. Typical hydrotalcite with Mg2+/M3+ = 3 was used as reference material and reach 45.1% of biodiesel conversion. Although the best conversion result (77.6%) was reached from the solid without Ga3+ and with Mg2+/M3+ ratio 4/1, there is an interesting correlation between the catalytic activities and the physicochemical properties of the solids with Ga3+ and their respective homologous materials as discussed in this work.

Dentro de los agroecosistemas, las arañas constituyen un grupo de depredadores muy abundante. En olivares de Europa las arañas son importantes depredadores y pueden reducir significativamente el ataque de plagas. En Brasil son escasos los trabajos que estudian las especies de arañas en los agroecosistemas. Debido a ello, el presente trabajo se orientó a caracterizar las especies de arañas en olivos de Rio Grande del Sur. El estudio fue realizado entre octubre de 2010 y Octubre de 2012, en cinco olivares de los municipios de Pelotas, Bagé, Rio Grande, Cachoeira del Sur y Santana do Livramento. En cada área experimental se realizó un muestreo de la araneofauna a través de colectas mensuales realizadas con paraguas entomológicos en la copa de los árboles. Se realizaron dos colectas por árbol, tanto en la cara sombreada como en la soleada. Cada muestra se tomó durante 10 segundos lo que resultó en un tiempo total de 400 segundos en las 20 plantas muestreadas por olivar. Se realizó el análisis faunístico de los resultados, determinando la dominancia, abundancia, frecuencia y constancia de las especies encontradas. Se observó una riqueza de 38 especies de arañas distribuidas en 10 familias. Las especies predominantes fueron Sphecozone sp.1 e sp.2, Anelosimus studiosus, Eustala sp.1, Cheiracanthium inclusum, Misumenops sp.1, Sanogasta sp.2 y morfoespecie sp.1 (Salticidae).

Spiders represent an abundant group of predators within the agroecosystems, and in olive groves of Europe spiders are important predators and may significantly reduce the attack of pests. In Brazil there are only few investigations that study the assembly of spiders in agroecosystems. This research aimed to characterize the assembly of spiders in olive groves in Rio Grande do Sul. The study was conducted from October 2010 to October 2012, in five groves of the Municipalities of Pelotas, Bagé, Rio Grande, Cachoeira do Sul and Santana do Livramento. Spiders were monthly collected from the tree canopy by beating tree branches using a modified japanese umbrella device. Two samples per tree were taken (one on the shaded face and another on the sunny face). Each sample took 10 seconds, so 400 seconds were spent in 20 plants of each olive grove. The faunal analysis of the results was performed by determining dominance, abundance, frequency and constancy of species. It was obtained a wealth of 38 species of spiders distributed in 10 families. The predominant species were Sphecozone sp.1 and sp.2, Anelosimus studiosus, Eustala sp.1, Cheiracanthium inclusum, Misumenops sp.1, Sanogasta sp.2, and morphospecies sp.1 (Salticidae).

Esta contribución tiene por objetivo analizar el rol de la academia latinoamericana de derecho internacional económico frente al orden económico global. Gran parte de los problemas que hoy sufren los latinoamericanos se vincula a la globalización económica. Condiciones laborales, acceso a medicamentos, uso de recursos naturales, entre otros, están íntimamente ligados al orden económico global. En el debate sobre estos problemas, no obstante, pocas veces se reconoce el rol fundamental que tiene la academia de derecho internacional económico. Si bien es cierto que el conocimiento articulado por la academia no es suficiente para explicar por qué los Estados actúan de cierta forma, quizás sea suficiente para entender por qué no actúan de otra manera. En este marco, el argumento central de esta contribución es que la academia de derecho internacional económico tiene un rol clave en la creación y reproducción del actual orden económico global. Si esto es correcto, la academia regional puede hacer más por Latinoamérica que servir de apoyo a las necesidades estatales, tanto de asesoría como de defensa de sus intereses en controversias legales. Al tomar conciencia de su rol constitutivo del orden económico global, la academia regional puede ser un medio fundamental para articular alternativas que permitan a Latinoamérica y su población encontrar su lugar en la globalización.

This article aims to analyse the role of the Latin American scholarship on international economic law in the formation of the global economic order. A large number of the problems that many Latin Americans face today relate to the global economy. Labour conditions, access to medicines, the use of natural resources, among others, are closely connected to the global economic order. In few instances, however, the debate on these problems recognises the fundamental role of the international economic law scholarship. Although the actual knowledge created by this scholarship does not explain why States behave in a certain way, it may serve to explain why they do not behave otherwise. This article argues that the scholarship on international economic law plays a crucial role in the creation and reproduction of the current global economic order. If this is correct, the regional scholarship can do more for Latin American than meeting the advisory and litigation needs of states. It can promote alternatives that can help the region and its people to find their place in the global economy.

Tendo em vista o aumento do cultivo da oliveira no Rio Grande do Sul e o seu potencial produtivo, houve a necessidade de caracterizar a assembleia de insetos presentes em olivais, destacando os que possuem potenciais como praga da cultura. Para tanto, a fauna de insetos foi monitorada por meio de coletas mensais, durante o período de dois anos, na copa das oliveiras, utilizando pano de batida e coleta de brotos em cinco municípios da região sul do Rio Grande do Sul. Os índices faunísticos analisados foram abundância, constância, dominância e frequência. A lagarta-da-oliveira Palpita forficifera Munroe 1959 (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) e as cochonilhas Saissetia oleae (Olivier, 1791) e Saissetia coffeae (Walker, 1952) (Hemiptera: Coccidae) são os principais insetos fitófagos na cultura da oliveira no Rio Grande do Sul, com potencial para atingir status de praga. Foram registradas onze espécies de insetos pela primeira vez para a cultura no Brasil. A ocorrência de P. forficifera é um novo registro para o estado do Rio Grande do Sul.

The increased cultivation of olive trees in Rio Grande do Sul State and its potential production arouse the need to characterize the assemblage of insects in olive groves, especially those with potential as pests. Therefore, the insect fauna was sampled monthly for two years, in the canopy of olive trees, using beat cloth, and collection of buds in five municipalities in Southern Rio Grande do Sul State. The faunal indices analyzed were abundance, constancy, dominance and frequency. The olive caterpillar Palpita forficifera Munroe 1959 (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) and mealybugs Saissetia oleae (Olivier, 1791) and Saissetia coffeae (Walker, 1952) (Hemiptera: Coccidae) are the main phytophagous insects in olive farms in the Rio Grande do Sul State, with potential to reach pest status. Eleven insect species were recorded for the first time in olive groves in Brazil. The occurrence of P. forficifera is a new record for the Rio Grande do Sul State.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a utilização do fio de polipropileno de autossustentação de tripla convergência para a correção do desvio de hemiface que se apresenta como sequela tardia da paralisia facial periférica. MÉTODOS: Realizou-se um estudo retrospectivo e observacional em 34 indivíduos portadores de paralisia facial tardia. Utilizou-se fio de polipropileno de tripla convergência para a correção do desvio da hemiface paralisada. Trata-se de fio monofilamentar, sintético, transparente e inabsorvível que possui garras que tracionam os tecidos ptosados mantendo-os na posição correta, em simetria com o lado são. Os resultados foram avaliados através de análise subjetiva, quanto ao grau de satisfação dos pacientes, submetidos a um questionário próprio. RESULTADOS: Analisou-se 34 pacientes, 73,52% deles relataram grande melhora, 20,58% relataram melhora moderada e 5,88%, uma melhora leve; encontrou-se um alto índice de satisfação, 94,1%. Dois pacientes apresentaram extrusão parcial do fio. Nenhum paciente desenvolveu infecção. CONCLUSÃO: O emprego do fio de polipropileno de autossustentação de tripla convergência para a correção do desvio da hemiface, consequente à paralisia facial, ocasionou acentuada melhora da assimetria facial e a recuperação da autoestima dos pacientes.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the use of self-sustaining triple-convergence polypropylene thread for correction of hemiface deviation presenting as late result of facial paralysis. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective, observational study with 34 subjects with late facial paralysis. We used a triple-convergence polypropylene thread to correct the deviation of the paralyzed hemiface. It is a monofilament, synthetic, transparent and unabsorbable thread that has hooks that exert traction in the ptotic tissues, keeping them in the correct position, in symmetry with the healthy side. The results were evaluated by subjective analysis, with assessment of patient satisfaction with a proper questionnaire. RESULTS: We analyzed 34 patients, 73.52% of them reported great improvement, 20.58% moderate improvement and 5.88%, slight improvement; we found a high satisfaction rate of 94.1%. Two patients had partial extrusion of the wire. No patient developed infection. CONCLUSION: The use of triple-convergence polypropylene thread to correct the deviation of hemiface consequent to facial palsy markedly improved facial asymmetry and recovery of patients' self-esteem.

O micro ácaro da oliveira Oxicenus maxwelli (Keifer, 1939) foi identificado em pomares de oliveira nos municípios de Santana do Livramento, Bagé, Candiota, Pelotas e Rio Grande, RS, nos meses de novembro de 2010 a fevereiro de 2011. A espécie foi encontrada nas faces superior e inferior de folhas jovens, em flores e brotos, onde causa deformações, queda de folhas e flores, diminuição da fotossíntese e superbrotação, prejudicando a produção da planta e a comercialização dos frutos deformados. Este é o primeiro registro da espécie atacando a oliveira no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul.

The olive bud mite Oxicenus maxwelli (Keifer, 1939) was identified in olive groves in the municipalities of Santana do Livramento, Bagé, Candiota, Pelotas and Rio Grande, RS in November 2010 to February 2011. The specie was found on the upper surface and under surface of young leaves, flowers and buds where it causes deformities, loss of leaves and flowers, decreased photosynthesis and budding, damaging the plant's production and marketing of deformed fruits. This is the first record of the species attacking the olive tree in the state of Rio Grande do Sul.

The term pulmonary hypertension includes a heterogeneous group of disorders which produce an obstructive remodeling of the lung vessels characterized by a steady rise in pulmonary arterial pressure. The ensuing morbidity and mortality of this disease result from the failure of the right ventricle to compensate this increase in the after-load. The conditions to achieve an optimum treatment of pulmonary hypertension patients are: a clinical presumption and early diagnosis, an adequate stratification based on the underlying causes and the different vascular territories involved, the response to therapy and the degree of severity, the selection of the different therapeutic alternatives and their timely indication. These recommendations are aimed at the general practitioner and their objective is to facilitate the early detection, diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary hypertension patients, representing a major change in the prognosis. Moreover, as the diagnostic evaluation requires complementary tests that are not usually available in all medical centers, they can also be used as the basis to request a timely referral to institutions with the adequate complexity.

El trmino hipertensin pulmonar agrupa a un conjunto heterogneo de enfermedades que tienen en comn una remodelacin obstructiva del lecho vascular pulmonar. Esta alteracin provoca un estado hemodinmico caracterizado por una elevacin sostenida de la presin del circuito arterial pulmonar. La morbilidad y mortalidad de esta enfermedad son la consecuencia del fracaso de la compensacin del ventrculo derecho a este aumento de la poscarga. La presuncin clnica y el diagnstico precoz, una estratificacin adecuada basada en las causas subyacentes y los diferentes territorios vasculares comprometidos, la respuesta a los frmacos y el grado de gravedad, la seleccin de las diferentes alternativas teraputicas y su indicacin oportuna son los objetivos para el tratamiento contemporneo ptimo de los enfermos con hipertensin pulmonar y ser una importante tarea en el futuro. Estas recomendaciones estn destinadas al mdico general y tienen por objeto facilitar la deteccin precoz, el diagnstico y el tratamiento de los pacientes con hipertensin pulmonar, y pueden representar una diferencia significativa en el pronstico. Adems, como la evaluacin diagnstica requiere exmenes complementarios que habitualmente no estn disponibles en todas las instituciones asistenciales, tambin pueden ser utilizadas como fundamento para solicitar la derivacin oportuna a centros asistenciales de referencia.

Avaliou-se os níveis de mercúrio total em amostras de peixes de água doce, procedentes de pesqueiros e pisciculturas de 39 regiões do estado de São Paulo. As espécies de peixes estudadas foram: pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus), tilápia (Oreochromis niloticus), piauçu (Leoporinum sp), matrinxã (Brycon cephalus), tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) e carpa (Cyprinus carpis). Foram avaliadas três metodologias de digestão de amostras para a determinação de mercúrio total, variando-se o volume de mistura sulfonítrica utilizada e a concentração do permanganato de potássio, sendo que o uso de 10mL de mistura sulfonítrica e solução de permanganato de potássio a 7% (m/v) na digestão da amostra foi a que forneceu as recuperações mais altas (96%), precisão de 1% e limite de quantificação de 0,3µg/kg. Após a validação do método, foram realizadas as determinações de teor de mercúrio total em 293 amostras de pescado, usando a técnica de espectrometria de emissão com fonte de plasma acoplado em gerador de hidretos. Os níveis médios de mercúrio encontrados variaram entre: tambaqui (0,0003-0,012mg/kg), carpa (0,063mg/kg), matrinxã (0,0003-0,074mg/kg), pacu (0,0003-0,078mg/kg), piauçu (0,0003-0,183mg/kg) e tilápia (0,0003-0,217mg/kg). Os resultados mostraram que nenhuma das amostras procedentes das diferentes regiões e diferentes pesque-pagues, apresentaram níveis de mercúrio total acima do permitido pela legislação brasileira, que é de 0,5mg/kg para pescado não-predador.

In this work, the levels of mercury were evaluated in samples of freshwater fish, coming from fishing-grounds and piscicultures of 39 regions of São Paulo State. The species of fish studied were: pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus), tilápia (Oreochromis niloticus), piauçu (Leoporinum sp), matrinxã (Brycon cephalus), tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) and carpa (Cyprinus carpis). Three digestion methodologies of sample were evaluated for the mercury determination, with variation of the volume of sulphonitric mixture utilized and the potassium permanganate concentration. After the validation method the determinations of mercury level were recorded in 293 samples of fish, using the technique of emission spectrometry with plasma coupled to an hydrides generator. The medium levels of mercury found were the following: tambaqui (0,0003-0,012mg/kg), carpa (0,063mg/kg), matrinxã (0,0003-0,074mg/kg), pacu (0,0003-0,078mg/kg), piauçu (0,0003-0,183mg/kg) and tilápia (0,0003-0,217mg/kg), and this last one presented the higher contamination rate. The results showed that none of the samples obtained from the different regions and fish-and-pay establishments presented mercury levels above the permitted limits of Brazilian legislation; 0,5mg/kg for non carnivorous fish.