Resumo: Estudos etnobiológicos são necessários para conhecer as relações entre pescadores e cetáceos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi descrever as interações entre cetáceos e pescadores artesanais e possíveis conflitos decorrentes destas. Entrevistas semiestruturadas foram aplicadas de fevereiro a setembro de 2017 a 35 pescadores do município de Ilhéus, Brasil. Todos os pescadores relataram interações positivas e negativas com Megaptera novaeangliae, Tursiops truncatus e Sotalia guianensis e interações somente negativas com Balaenoptera acutorostrata (n=14) e Stenella frontalis (n=4). As interações positivas se referem a relações lúdicas e pesca colaborativa. Interações negativas (emalhe, emaranhamento, colisão) afetam os pescadores e os cetáceos. S. guianensis é a mais afetada por emalhes em redes de pesca e M. novaeangliae por emaranhamento e colisão com embarcações. Os resultados deste estudo destacam o valor de reunir comunidades científicas e pesqueiras para compreender os conflitos através da monitorização das interações, a fim de avaliar o impacto das atividades de pesca nas populações de cetáceos. Os pescadores possuem uma percepção positiva sobre os cetáceos, conhecem as áreas onde ocorrem os acidentes e gostariam de evita-os. Eles podem contribuir para as pesquisas sobre estes animais e a elaboração de planos de manejo adequados a realidade local. Isto aponta a necessidade da integração de conhecimentos científicos e locais para a conservação dos cetáceos e para a sustentabilidade das práticas da pesca.

Abstract: Ethnobiological studies are necessary to understand the relationships between fishers and cetaceans. The aim of this study was to describe the interactions between cetaceans and artisanal fishers and the possible conflicts that can arise as a result. Semi-structured interviews were conducted from February to September 2017 with 35 fishermen from the municipality of Ilhéus, Brazil. All fishermen reported both positive and negative interactions with Megaptera novaeangliae, Tursiops truncatus and Sotalia guianensis and only negative interactions with Balaenoptera acutorostrata (n=14) and Stenella frontalis (n=4). The positive interactions consisted of playful relationships and collaborative fishing. Negative interactions (bycatch, entanglement, collisions) affect both the fishermen and cetaceans. S. guianensis is the species most affected by bycatch in fishing nets and M. novaeangliae by entanglement and collision with vessels. The results of this study highlight the value of bringing together scientific and fishing communities to understand conflicts by monitoring interactions in order to assess the impact of fishing activity on cetacean populations. Fishers have a positive perception of cetaceans, know the areas where accidents occur and would like to avoid them. They can contribute to research on these animals and to the development of management plans appropriate to the local reality. This points out the need to integrate scientific and local knowledge for the conservation of cetaceans and for the sustainability of fishing practices.

ABSTRACT Boat engines increase the noise levels of the oceans, alter the acoustic environment of cetaceans and diminish their efficiency to echolocate. This study aims to determine if Guiana dolphins (Sotalia guianensis) are influenced by boat approaches. A land-based survey was conducted to record behavioral responses and count surfacing events of Guiana dolphins during 293 observation sessions from February to November 2014 in Pontal Bay, Ilhéus, Brazil. Ninety-eight behavioral responses to boat approaches of 93 dolphin groups were classified as negative (interruption or alteration of activity) or neutral (no response). The dolphins presented a neutral response to 90% of boats without engine approaches, 48% negative responses to inboard motorboat approaches, and 76% negative responses to outboard motor boat approach. Resting groups demonstrated 14 negatives and four neutral responses. Groups engaged in forage-feed activity presented ten negative and seven neutral responses while traveling groups exhibited 14 negative and 36 neutral responses. The average rate of surfacing events was significantly superior (P < 0.001) in the absence of boats (1.83 ± 0.90 surfacing events ind-1 min-1) than in their presence (1.34 ± 0.92 surfacing events/individual/minute). Guiana dolphins are exposed to an increasing number of anthropic perturbations and the evaluation of its behavioral responses to approaching boats is the first step to comprehend the real impact of boat encounters. Our results may contribute to the development of management strategies in estuarine areas to increase the conservation of the Guiana dolphins.

La sustentabilidad y la producción de pecarí de collar (Pecari tajacu) han sido estudiados en los últimos años, sin embargo, más información sobre su reproducción es necesaria para el éxito de los sistemas de crianza . La comprensión de los aspectos relacionados con la foliculogénesis contribuirá con la aplicación de biotécnicas de reproducción, las cuales son útiles en la preservación y la producción de la vida silvestre. El objetivo de este estudio fue obtener datos sobre la población folicular del ovario de pecarí de collar. En relación con la población folicular en el ovario derecho, los valores de los folículos primordiales y primarios fueron similares, pero se observó que había una diferencia significativa (p<0.05) con el secundario. En el ovario izquierdo, la fase folicular presentó diferencias significativas (p<0.05) entre todos los folículos, y en la fase lútea el número medio de folículos primordiales y primarios fueron similares. Ahora bien, con respecto a la población de folículos antrales, en la fase folicular, se observaron diferencias significativas entre los ovarios (p<0.05), y de forma similar en la fase lútea. También se encontraron diferencias significativas en el diámetro medio de los folículos preantrales, oocitos, la capa granulosa y el núcleo del oocito durante las fases del ciclo estral. Asimismo, en los folículos antrales se observó diferencia estadísticamente significativa (p<0.05) en el diámetro folicular. En ambas fases del ciclo estral, se encontró el predominio de folículos primordiales y primarios en desarrollo, por otro lado, los folículos secundarios y los folículos antrales mostraron un alto grado de degeneración. Los resultados aquí presentes son necesarios para el desarrollo de los programas de mejoramiento y conservación.

The sustainability and production of collared peccary (Pecari tajacu) has been studied in the last few years; however, further information on its reproduction is necessary for breeding systems success. Understanding folliculogenesis aspects will contribute to effective reproductive biotechniques, which are useful in the preservation and production of wildlife. The aim of this study was to evaluate the ovarian folliculogenesis in collared peccary. Ovaries from six adult females of collared peccary were obtained through ovariectomy and analyzed. These were fixed in aqueous Bouin’s solution and sectioned into 7μm slices, stained with hematoxilin-eosin and analyzed by light microscopy. The number of pre-antral and antral follicles per ovary was estimated using the Fractionator Method. The follicles, oocytes and oocyte nuclei were measured using an ocular micrometer. Results showed that the length, width, thickness, weight, and the gross anatomy of the right and left ovaries were not significantly different. However, the mean number of corpora lutea was different between the phases of the estrous cycle (p<0.05), with the highest mean in the luteal phase. Primordial follicles were found in the cortex; the oocytes were enveloped by a single layer of flattened follicular cells. In the primary follicles, proliferation of the follicular cells gave rise to cuboidal cells (granulosa cells). The secondary follicle was characterized by two or more concentric layers of cuboidal cells (granulosa), beginning of antrum formation, and the presence of pellucid zone and theca cells. Antral follicles were characterized by a central cavity (antrum), the presence of cumulus oophorus and theca layers (interna and externa). In the right ovary, the values of the primordial and primary follicles were similar, but significantly different from the secondary ones (p<0.05). In the left ovary, significant differences were observed between all follicles in the follicular phase (p<0.05); the mean number of primordial and primary follicles was similar in the luteal phase. The mean number of pre-antral follicles and antral follicles in the follicular phase was higher in the left ovary (p<0.05). The mean number of antral follicles in the luteal phase was similar in both ovaries. We also found significant differences in mean diameter of preantral follicles, oocyte, granulosa layer and oocyte nucleus during the estrous cycle. In the antral follicles a significant difference was observed only in follicular diameter (p<0.05). The predominance of active primordial and primary follicles was found in both phases; otherwise the secondary follicles and antral follicles showed a high degree of degeneration. The results obtained in the present work will strengthen the development of biotechnology programs to improve the productive potential and conservation of the collared peccary.

Este trabalho teve por objetivo estudar o ciclo estral do cateto, aplicando a colpocitologia como método diagnóstico. As amostras da citologia vaginal foram coletadas em dez fêmeas adultas, durante três vezes na semana, por seis meses. Verificou-se que a duração média do ciclo estral para esta espécie foi de 28,45 ± 5,45 dias. Observou-se diferença estatística (p<0,01) em relação à frequência dos diferentes tipos celulares na mesma fase do ciclo estral. No proestro foi verificado o aumento de células intermediárias e superficiais. A fase de estro caracterizou-se pela elevação significativa de células superficiais em relação aos demais tipos celulares e pela ausência de leucócitos. Durante este período, a genitália externa estava hiperêmica, edemaciada e com muco. No metaestro houve um decréscimo de células superficiais, quando comparado com o proestro e com o estro, e uma elevação significativa de células intermediárias, presença de leucócitos, de células de metaestro e de foam. Na fase de diestro, houve um aumento de células intermediárias, e um decréscimo no número de leucócitos. Conclui-se que, por meio da colpocitologia, é possível diferenciar as fases do ciclo estral em catetos.

The main objective of this work was to study the estrous cycle of collared peccary by vaginal cytology. Samples were collected in 10 adult females, three times a week, for six months. The estrous cycle period for this specie was 28.45 ± 5.45 days. We observed a significant difference (p<0.01) between the cell types in the same phase of the oestrous cycle. During the proestrus phase, the exfoliative cytology arrangement showed high frequency of intermediate and superficial cells. The estrus phase had elevated rates of superficial cells, when compared to the other types, and an absence of leukocytes. During this phase, the external genitalia were reddish, tumescent; and the cervical mucus was evident. In the metaestrus phase, we observed a decrease of superficial cells, as well as the highest indices of intermediate cells, an increase of leukocytes and the presence of metestrus and foam cells. In the diestrus phase, the intermediate cells increased and leukocytes decreased. In conclusion, the present study suggests that it is possible to differentiate the phase of estrous cycle by vaginal cytology.

En los bosques tropicales, el consumo de carne silvestre representa una opción o la única fuente de proteínas para algunas poblaciones humanas. Este estudio analizó el comercio ilegal de carne de animales silvestres con fines alimenticios en un mercado de la Amazonia brasileña. El comercio de carne fue observado todo el año (2005), a través de entrevistas a los vendedores y consumidores, para la valoración del perfil socioeconómico de los comerciantes, determinar las principales especies y los subproductos vendidos, el origen geográfico, valor comercial, frecuencia de venta y demanda de los productos. Los datos indicaron que los comerciantes tenían una alta dependencia financiera de la actividad, obteniendo una renta mensual de US$ 271.49. Se observó la comercialización de 5 970kg de carne silvestre y su consumo fue confirmado por 94% de los entrevistados, que reportaron 27 etnoespecies: 19 mamíferos, seis reptiles y dos aves. El mismo porcentaje de los entrevistados (94%) han comprado carne de 18 especies silvestres: 12 mamíferos y seis reptiles. La mayoría del comercio ilegal de animales silvestres y la importante demanda de productos en la población local apuntan a la necesidad de políticas de desarrollo sostenible para las especies de caza, que garanticen la conservación del medio ambiente, una mejoría en la calidad de vida y la manutención cultural local.

In tropical forests, wild game meat represents an option or the only protein source for some human populations. This study analyzed the wildlife meat trade destined to human consumption in an open market of the Amazon rainforest, Brazil. Wildlife meat trade was monitored during 2005 through interviews to vendors and consumers in order to evaluate the socioeconomic profile of the sellers, the main species and byproducts sold, their geographical origin, commercial value, frequency of sale and product demand. Data indicated that vendors were financially highly dependant of this activity, getting a monthly income up to US$271.49. During the survey, the amount of wildlife meat on sale added a total of 5 970kg, as follows: 63.2% capybara (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris), 34.4% cayman (Melanosuchus niger and/or Caiman crocodilus crocodilus), 1.1% paca (Cuniculus paca); 0.6% armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus), 0.5% deer (Mazama americana), 0.2% matamata (Chelus fimbriatus), and 0.1% opossum (Didelphis marsupialis). Most of the commercialized species were not slaughtered locally. The consumption of wildlife meat was admitted by 94% of the interviewed, consisting of 27 ethno-species: 19 mammals, 6 reptiles, and 2 birds. The same percentage of the interviewed (94%) already bought wildlife meat of 18 species: 12 mammals and 6 reptiles. The great amount of wildlife meat traded and the important demand for these products by the local population, point out the necessity to adopt policies for a sustainable management of cinegetic species, guaranteeing the conservation of the environment, the improvement of living standards, and the maintenance of the local culture. Rev. Biol. Trop. 58 (3): 1079-1088. Epub 2010 September 01.

Analisamos a influência do horário, da maré e da profundidade de água sobre a atividade e a distribuição espacial do boto-cinza Sotalia guianensis na Baía do Pontal, Ilhéus, Brasil. Observações diretas foram realizadas de quatro pontos fixos de janeiro a dezembro de 2006. Botos-cinza foram avistados em 11 dos 12 meses de observação e em 30% dos períodos de amostragem. O tamanho médio dos grupos foi de 3,75 ± 1,59; (n = 64) e não variou significativamente em função do mês (Kruskal-Wallis, H = 10,6729; p = 0,3836). Infantes e adultos representaram respectivamente 18 e 82% dos indivíduos cuja idade foi determinada. Os botos-cinza foram mais freqüentes em áreas com profundidade superior a 3 m do que esperado (regressão GLM, z = 3,773; p = 0,0002). Os animais foram mais observados entre 7 e 8 horas e entre 15 e 17 horas (X² = 83,815; p < 0.0001). A frequência do boto-cinza na baía triplicou entre a quarta hora de maré enchente e a preamar e sua presença se manteve alta durante a maré de vazante (X² = 22,152; p = 0,02). A maré influenciou também a direção de forrageamento e deslocamento dos botos-cinza, principalmente para o mar aberto durante o preamar e o fundo da baía em outras fases da maré. É necessário estudar a influência das características hidrográficas da Baía do Pontal sobre a distribuição spatio-temporal de S. guianensis e suas presas.

We analyzed the influence of time, tide and water depth on the activity and spatial distribution of estuarine dolphins Sotalia guianensis in Pontal Bay, Ilhéus, Brazil. Direct observations were carried out at four fixed points from January to December of 2006. Estuarine dolphins were sighted in 11 out of 12 months and in 30% of 181 sampling periods. The average group size, which was 3.75 ± 1.59 (n = 64), did not vary significantly by month (Kruskal-Wallis, H = 10.6729; p = 0.3836). Infants and adults represented 18 and 82% of the individuals whose age we were able to determine, respectively. Estuarine dolphins were more frequently present than expected in areas deeper than 3 m (regression GLM, z = 3.773; p = 0.0002). The animals were more frequently observed between 7:00 and 8:00 AM and between 3:00 and 5:00 PM (X² = 83.815; p < 0.0001). Their presence in the bay tripled between the fourth hour of the flood and high tide, remaining elevated during the ebb tide (X² = 22.152; p = 0.02). The tide also influenced the animals' feeding and travelling direction, mainly toward the open see during the flood and to the back of the bay during others stages. Further studies are necessary to analyze the influence of the hydrographic characteristics of Pontal Bay on the spatio-temporal distribution of estuarine dolphins and their prey.

A teoria do apego tem considerado a relação mãe-criança como um determinante do desenvolvimento, sendo que sua qualidade tem sido relacionada com a sensibilidade do cuidador, e conseqüentemente com a qualidade das relações com seus próprios cuidadores. Recentemente, tem se relacionado a sensibilidade materna com vários fatores, incluindo classe social e educação. Este trabalho teve como objetivo investigar as variáveis que influenciam a sensibilidade materna na situação de banho. Foram filmados 60 banhos dados por mães de classe baixa e classe média. As díades foram constituídas por mães que tinham entre 18 a 40 anos de idade, e por crianças de zero a um ano. Encontraram-se menores freqüências de comportamentos sensíveis entre mães de classe baixa do que entre mães de classe média, que possuíam mais escolaridade, mais idade e tinham com quem dividir os cuidados infantis. Estes resultados sugerem que a sensibilidade materna é um fenômeno relacionado com variáveis socioculturais.

The theory of the attachment has been considering the mother-child relation as a determinant of the development. Its quality has been being related with the sensibility of the caretaker, and consequently with the quality of the relations with its own caretakers. Recently, maternal sensibility has been related with several factors such as social class and education. The goal of the present work is to investigate some variables that influence the maternal sensibility in the bath situation. Sixty baths given by mothers belonging to low or average classes were filmed. The dyads were constituted by mothers that had between 18 to 40 years and children of 0 to 1 year old. Sensitive behaviors were less frequent among mothers of low class than among mothers of middle class, which were more educated, older and which have the possibility to share the care of their infant with someone. These results suggest that the maternal sensibility is a phenomenon related to sociocultural variables.

Discutimos as implicações da noção de adaptação que é uma noção chave para a teoria da evolução clássica. Em lugar de obstinar-se em considerar os organismos como coleção de traços adaptados, propomos buscar estudar a evolução por meio de um quadro teórico onde prevalece uma outra ontologia que destaca o fato de que os organismos e as circunstâncias são totalmente integrados. A etapa preliminar necessária para esta reconsideração consiste em passar de uma lógica prescritiva para uma lógica proscritiva. Isto é, da idéia de que tudo que não é permitido, é proibido; à idéia que o que não é proibido, é permitido. Propomos que a idéia de que os sistemas vivos especificam o mundo no qual eles vivem pode modificar nossa maneira de encarar os processos adaptativos.

We discuss the implications of the concept of adaptation, which is a key notion for the classical theory of evolution. Instead of persisting to consider the organisms as a collection of adapted traits, we propose to study evolution by means of a theoretical frame based on another ontology considering the organisms and the circumstances as totally integrated. The necessary preliminary stage for this reconsideration consists in passing from a prescriptive logic to a proscriptive logic, i.e., from the idea that everything that is not allowed is forbidden, to the idea that what is not forbidden is allowed. The consideration that the living systems specify the world in which they live can modify our way to face adaptive processes.