Abstract Jambolan (Syzygium cumini) is a tropical fruit rich in anthocyanin pigments, but its fragile skin and pulp present low protection against physical damages and microorganisms. In this sense, a preservative technology, as osmotic dehydration (OD), was studied to investigate the impact of some variables over this process. At first, fruits of jambolan were submitted to physical and physical-chemical analysis. Furthermore, whole fruits underwent OD following a fractional factorial design. The influence of the process variables: temperature (20-50ºC), sucrose concentration (30-60%), pressure (10-90 kPa), vacuum pulse time (5-15 min), calcium lactate concentration (0-4%) and number of vacuum pulse (1-3) was assessed on water loss (WL), solid gain (SG) and weight reduction (WR). In general, biometric analysis showed positive and significant correlation among the physical characteristics of jambolan. Physical-chemical assay demonstrated that the fresh fruit presents a potential source of bioactive compounds. The screening design showed that temperature, sucrose concentration, calcium lactate concentration and pressure affected the WL in jambolan. On the other hand, vacuum pulse time and number of vacuum pulse showed no influence on the WL, SG and WR; therefore, these variables must be fixed at the most economically viable level for any further trials.

Abstract In this study, the stability of the bioactive compounds from camu-camu and jambolan mixture was evaluated, and a juice blend formulation based on its sensorial properties was established. The stability of three juice formulations with camu-camu/jambolan/water (w:w:w), 37.5:12.5:50 (JB); 37.5:0:62.5 (CJ) and 0:12.5:87.5 (JJ) was evaluated. Additionally, the bioactive compounds and sensory acceptance were performed in six juice formulations with camu-camu/jambolan: 12.5:37.5 (F1); 17.5:32.5 (F2); 22.5:27.5 (F3); 27.5:22.5 (F4); 32.5:17.5 (F5) and 37.5:12.5 (F6). The stability of the anthocyanins in the JB formulation was ensured for 5 days of storage at 25 °C. First-order reaction kinetics described the degradation of anthocyanins during 10 days of storage. The internal preference map analysis evidenced two groups: one formed by the formulations F1 and F2 and the other by F3, F4, F5 and F6. Sensory analysis showed that the formulation with the lowest concentration of camu-camu (F1) presented the highest sensory acceptance rate (80.4%), high bioactive compounds contents: 23.04 mg anthocyanins.100 mL-1, 353.32 mg ascorbic acid.100 mL-1, 892.06 mg phenolic compounds.100 mL-1, and high antioxidant capacity (3667.78 mM ET.100 mL-1). The results shows that juice blend with camu-camu/jambolan 12.5:37.5 (F1) have a good acceptance and high bioactive compounds content.

Abstract Tucupi, which is widely enjoyed in the North region of Brazil, is a fermented liquid derived from cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) and has been taken abroad for its exotic characteristics. This study aimed to assess the rheological behavior of tucupi with 30, 35, and 40% solids and concentrated at 50, 70, and 90 °C. The rheological data were obtained at 25, 40, 60, and 80 °C with increasing and decreasing shear rates. Rheology at 25 °C indicated that the partial gelification of starch during concentration causes a decrease in the product’s viscosity and, if the concentration is carried out at a temperature that favors total starch gelification, the product’s viscosity increases. Concentrated tucupi behaved as a pseudoplastic fluid, but at 60 and 80 °C with increasing shear rates, the product behaved as a dilatant fluid. Hysteresis were observed in flow curves starting at 40 °C, which characterizes concentrated tucupi as a rheopectic fluid. The Ostwald-de Waele model predicted the product’s flow curves and an Arrhenius-like equation described the dependence of temperature on apparent viscosity for the rheological data obtained with increasing shear rates. The product’s activation energy (E a) values ranged from 16.86 to 25.23 kJ/mol as a function of concentration.

Abstract Moisture adsorption and desorption isotherms from buriti tree gum (BG) were obtained at different temperatures (25 to 55 °C) in a water activity range of 0.1 to 0.9. The isotherms were classified as type II. The hysteresis loop and moisture of the monolayer decreased as temperature increased and Halsey’s equation proved able to predict with good precision the product’s sorption isotherms in the conditions studied. BG’s isosteric heats of moisture adsorption and desorption were close to the latent heat of vaporization of pure water for moisture levels above 30 g/100 g db and exponentially increased below that level. The enthalpy-entropy compensation theory and the isokinetic relationship were applied and indicated that BG’s moisture adsorption and desorption processes are spontaneous. The integral sorption properties indicated that the increase in surface tension at BG’s moisture sorption sites was more representative for the desorption process.

Abstract Tucupi is a fermented liquid obtained from cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz), very much appreciated by the traditional cuisine of Northern Brazil. However, there are no scientific reports on its use in the formulation of products. Thus, the present study aimed to elaborate a powdered condiment with tucupi, as well as to assess the product’s sensory acceptability and its hygroscopic behavior. The powdered tucupi used in the formulation of the condiment was obtained by drying in a spray dryer. The product underwent sensory evaluation for its acceptability regarding the attributes of color, aroma, flavor, and overall impression and a purchase intention test was applied by hedonic scale. The acceptability index was 80% for overall impression and the purchase intention test indicated that 94% of the judges would be willing to buy the product. The product’s moisture sorption isotherms presented type-II behavior for adsorption and type-III for desorption, at 25 °C. The hygroscopic behavior indicated that the product is more susceptible to spoilage changes when stored in an environment with relative humidity above 60% and the Peleg model showed an excellent performance on predicting the product’s moisture sorption isotherms.

Abstract Tucupi, a fermented product obtained from cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is widely employed in the cuisine of the Northern region of Brazil, however, its industrial application is incipient. This study used tucupi to prepare a creamy paste, which underwent sensory and rheological evaluation. Paste formulations with 5 to 20% concentrated tucupi were obtained. An acceptance test was used to assess the product’s acceptability regarding the attributes of color, aroma, flavor, texture, and overall impression. A purchase intention test of the product was also applied. The product’s rheology was studied at 25, 40, and 60 °C and the activation energy (Ea) was estimated. The internal preference mapping indicated that the paste formulation with 5% and 10% tucupi were the most accepted by the judge, but only the 10% tucupi paste was characterized. Proportions greater than 15% tucupi influenced negatively in the flavor and texture of the product. Purchase intention test showed that 99% of the judges demonstrated interest in purchasing the product. The product presented 72.7% moisture, 10.4% lipids, 0.5% proteins, 2.1% ashes, 14.3% carbohydrates, and 7.4 μg/g β-carotene. According to the rheological assays, the paste presented characteristics of a pseudoplastic fluid. The Herschel-Bulkley model proved efficient to predict the flow curves for the product in the temperature range tested, for which Ea was estimated at 7.49 kJ/mol.

Abstract Identifying potential patterns in pirarucu (Arapaima gigas) composition, as a function of the different fish muscle zones (dorse, venter, ventrecha and tail), was the main objective of this research. For such, the different pirarucu muscle zones were evaluated, in order to obtain proximate composition and minerals content. It was also determined amino acids and fatty acids contents in fish muscle. The dorsal, ventral and tail muscle zones presented similar moisture (76.5-78.2%), protein (17.8-18.9%), total lipids (1.0-1.5%) and ash (0.9-1.2%) contents. On the other hand, the ventrecha zone presented 25.8% of protein and the major total lipids content (17.1%). The main minerals found in fish muscle were K (183.5-288.6 mg/100 g muscle) and Na (65.1-175.5 mg/100 g). Glutamic acid (3027.6 mg/100 g muscle) was the main amino acid found in fish muscle, which presented 48% of essential amino acids in the protein fraction. Lipids content showed 57.3% of unsaturated fatty acids and 42.7% of saturated fatty acids.

As farinhas de mandioca do grupo seca e do grupo d'água são produtos amiláceos amplamente consumidos na região amazônica do Brasil. Neste estudo, as isotermas de adsorção e dessorção de umidade foram obtidas para ambos os produtos a 25°C, na faixa de atividade de água (aw) de 0,09 a 0,94 (tipo seca) e 0,07 a 0,93 (tipo d'água). Foi avaliada a aplicabilidade de oito modelos matemáticos na predição das isotermas de sorção. Tanto a farinha tipo seca quanto a farinha tipo d'água apresentaram isotermas tipo II (sigmoide) e um efeito de histerese entre as isotermas de adsorção e dessorção, que se estendeu em toda a faixa de aw. Para que a estabilidade microbiológica teórica seja assegurada, a umidade em ambas as farinhas de mandioca não pode alcançar valores superiores a 11,3 g H2O 100g-1 (aw=0,6). O valor da monocamada das farinhas seca e d'água (9,0 e 7,9 g H2O 100g-1, respectivamente) indicou que esses níveis de umidade não devem ser atingidos durante a secagem dos produtos, para evitar gasto desnecessário de energia. Finalmente, o modelo de GAB mostrou-se altamente eficiente na predição das isotermas de sorção de ambos os produtos, em toda a faixa de aw estudada.

Cassava flour from dry and water groups are important starch products widely consumed in the Amazonian region of Brazil. In this study, the moisture sorption isotherms of cassava flour from dry and water groups were obtained in the water activity (aw) range from 0.09 to 0.94 (dry group) and 0.07 to 0.93 (water group) at 25°C and the applicability of eight mathematical models in data prediction was evaluated. Both cassava flour from dry and water groups exhibited type II isotherms (sigmoid) and the hysteresis effect between adsorption and desorption isotherms was shown almost over the entire range of aw. The moisture of cassava flour from dry and water groups should not exceed 11.3g H2O 100g-1(aw=0.6) to ensure the theoretical microbiological stability and the monolayer moisture value (9.0 and 7.9 g H2O 100g-1, respectively) indicated the level of moisture content to be reached during the drying process to avoid unnecessary power consumption. Finally, the data fit showed that the mathematical model of GAB were able to predict efficiently the sorption isotherms of both cassava flour from dry and water group at the entire aw range.

The interaction between three phenolic compounds (catechin, caffeic acid and ferulic acid) onto two dietary fibres (cellulose and xylan) has been evaluated to inquire possible interferences on the biodisponibility of phenolic compounds. The adsorption kinetics were performed using solutions containing 100 mg/L of phenolic compounds during a contact time ranging between 10 and 120 minutes at pH 2.0, 4.5, and 7.0. After the kinetics, isotherms were obtained using phenolic compounds concentration ranging between 10 and 80 mg/L during 60 minutes, at pH 2.0 and 7.0 and temperature of 36 °C. Results indicate that adsorbed quantities mainly changed in function of pH, however the maximum adsorption was only of 0.978 mg of caffeic acid/g of xylan at pH 2 and after 60 min. Redlich-Peterson model were able to predict the adsorption isotherms of all phenolic compounds onto cellulose, except for caffeic acid at pH 7.0. The low adsorption capacities observed suggest that both dietary fibres are unable to compromise the biodisponibility of phenolic compounds, especially in the small intestine, where they are partially absorbed.

Pseudomonas oleovorans were grown on sugary cassava extracts supplemented with andiroba oil for the synthesis of a mediumchain- length polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA MCL). The concentration of total sugars in the extract was approximately: 40 g/L in culture 1, 15 g/L in cultures 2 and 3, and 10 g/L in culture 4. Supplementation with 1% andiroba oil and 0.2 g/L of (NH4)2HPO4 was performed 6.5 hours after growth in culture 3, and supplementation with the same amount of andiroba oil and 2.4 g/L of (NH4)2HPO4 was performed at the beginning of growth in culture 4. The synthesis resulted mainly in 3-hydroxy-decanoate and 3-hydroxy-dodecanoate units; 3-hydroxy-butyrate, 3-hydroxy-hexanoate; and 3-hydroxy-octanoate monomers were also produced but in smaller proportions. P. oleovorans significantly accumulated PHA MCL in the deceleration phase of growth with an oxygen limitation but with sufficient nitrogen concentration to maintain cell growth. The sugary cassava extract supplemented with andiroba oil proved to be a potential substrate for PHA MCL production.

Neste trabalho, foram avaliadas propriedades físicas e físico-químicas das raízes de três acessos de mandiocaba (Manihot esculenta Crantz): São Francisco Bag 3, Manicueira 62 e Castanhal Iracema. Os três acessos apresentaram elevada produtividade estimada (≥3,93kg planta-1) e as suas raízes apresentaram altos teores de açúcares (≥3,92g 100g-1 de raiz), apresentando-se como uma alternativa para a produção de xarope, particularmente o acesso São Francisco Bag 3 (4,76g 100g-1). O acesso Manicueira 62 foi o que apresentou o maior conteúdo de amido (4,40g 100-1). As três raízes estudadas apresentaram altos níveis de cianeto total (>195mg kg-1), o que indica que elas também necessitam ser processadas antes de serem consumidas.

This study evaluates the physical and physicochemical properties of three sugary cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) landraces: São Francisco Bag 3, Manicueira 62, and Castanhal Iracema. These three landraces showed high estimated productivity (≥3.93kg plant-1) and had a high sugar content (≥3.92g 100g-1 of root), making them viable for use in syrup production, especially the São Francisco Bag 3 landrace (4.76g 100g-1). The Manicueira 62 landrace had the highest starch content (4.40g 100g-1). The three sugary cassava landraces exhibited high levels of cyanide (>195mg kg-1), indicating the need for processing prior to consumption.

Neste trabalho, foi estudado o comportamento reológico da polpa de pitanga na faixa de temperatura de pasteurização de 83 a 97 °C. Os resultados indicaram que a polpa apresentou comportamento pseudoplástico e o modelo de Herschel-Bulkley foi considerado o mais adequado para representar o comportamento reológico do produto nas temperaturas estudadas. Os índices de comportamento de fluido (n) variaram na faixa de 0,448 a 0,627. O efeito da temperatura sobre a viscosidade aparente pôde ser descrito pela equação análoga à de Arrenhius, observando-se a diminuição da viscosidade aparente da polpa de pitanga com o aumento da temperatura.

The rheological behavior of Brazilian Cherry (Eugenia uniflora L.) pulp in the range of temperatures used for pasteurization (83 to 97 °C) was studied. The results indicated that Brazilian Cherry pulp presented pseudoplastic behavior, and the Herschel-Bulkley model was considered more adequate to represent the rheological behavior of this pulp in the range of temperatures studied. The fluid behavior index (n) varied in the range from 0.448 to 0.627. The effect of temperature on the apparent viscosity was described by an equation analogous to Arrhenius equation, and a decrease in apparent viscosity with an increase in temperature was observed.

A farinha de tapioca é um alimento produzido artesanalmente a partir da fécula de mandioca (Manihot esculenta Crantz), amplamente consumida na Região Amazônica. O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar duas farinhas de tapioca produzidas no estado do Pará: uma no Baixo Amazonas e outra na Zona Bragantina. As duas farinhas apresentaram perfis granulométricos distintos e diferença significativa (P 0,05) para a maioria dos parâmetros físico-químicos e tecnológicos analisados. A farinha de tapioca proveniente do Baixo Amazonas apresentou maior umidade (10,7%), em função da maior capacidade de adsorver água, devido a sua maior área específica (menor granulometria). A microscopia óptica com luz polarizada, juntamente com as características dos dois produtos indicou a inexistência de um processo padrão utilizado na produção da farinha de tapioca.

Tapioca flour is a typical food produced from cassava starch (Manihot esculenta Crantz), widely consumed in the Amazon Region. The aim of this study was to characterize two tapioca flours produced in Pará State, Brazil one in the West Region and other in Bragantina Area. Both tapioca flour presented distinct particle-size distribution and significant difference (P 0.05) for majority of the physico-chemical and technological parameters. Flour from West Region presented high moisture (10.7%), this due the greater capacity of water adsorption, attributed at its high specific area (smaller particle-size). The optical microscopy with polarized light and the technologic properties of the products did not showed a standard process for the production of tapioca flour.

Foram caracterizadas a casca, a polpa e a parte fibrosa do buriti (Mauritia flexuosa) e avaliados os seus comportamentos higroscópicos, visando estabelecer condições de secagem e de armazenamento para os produtos. Foram obtidas isotermas de adsorção e dessorção de umidade a 25 °C, determinado o valor da monocamada e avaliada a aplicabilidade dos modelos: Halsey, Handerson, Kuhn, Mizrahi, Oswin, Smith, BET e GAB, na predição das isotermas. A polpa foi classificada como rica em óleo de alta qualidade e juntamente com a casca e a parte fibrosa como ricas em fibra alimentar. As isotermas dos produtos foram classificadas como do tipo II e suas estabilidades microbiológicas a 25 °C asseguradas quando apresentarem umidade inferior a 8,5, 7,3 e 11,0 gH2O.100 g-1de base seca, respectivamente. Segundo a avaliação, os produtos serão mais bem conservados, se acondicionados em embalagens com baixa permeabilidade ao vapor de água, e os valores da monocamada indicaram que a casca, a polpa e a parte fibrosa não devem ser secas a umidades inferiores a 5,9, 5,0 e 6,4 gH2O.100 g-1b.s., respectivamente. O modelo de GAB foi o que melhor descreveu as isotermas dos produtos.

The objective of this study was to perform an analysis of the characterization of buriti fruit (Mauritia flexuosa). Each part of the fruit (peel, pulp, and fibrous part) was analyzed and their hygroscopic behavior was evaluated to establish the drying and storage conditions. Adsorption and desorption isotherms were obtained at 25 °C to the monolayer value was estimated, and the application of the Halsey, Handerson, Kuhn, Mizrahi, Oswin, Smith, BET, and GAB models was evaluated to the prediction of the isotherms. The fruit pulp was classified as rich in high quality oil, and like the peel and the fibrous part, it was also considered as rich in dietary fiber. The isotherms of the fruit parts were classified as type II, and their microbiological stability (a w < 0.6) can be maintained at 25 °C if the moisture content is lower than 8.5, 7.3, and 11.0 g H2O.100 g-1 of dry matter (d.m.), respectively. The hygroscopic behavior showed that in order to ensure stability, the fruit parts should be packaged with low water vapor permeability. The monolayer demonstrated that the peel, pulp, and the fibrous part cannot be dried under moisture content lower than 5.9, 5.0, and 6.4 g H2O.100 g-1 d.m., respectively. GAB was the most adequate model to describe their isotherms.

Neste trabalho, foi avaliada a substituição de 5, 10 e 15% de farinha de trigo por fécula de mandioca na elaboração de biscoito doce. Ambas, farinha e fécula, foram submetidas à caracterização físico-química, reológica e análise térmica diferencial (DTA). Os biscoitos produzidos foram comparados por meio de análises sensoriais e microbiológicas. O resultado da análise térmica diferencial não mostrou qualquer alteração no comportamento de gelatinização do amido. O teste de aceitação sensorial mostrou que a crocância foi o único atributo que apresentou diferença significativa, indicando a viabilidade técnica de substituição da farinha de trigo por 15% de fécula de mandioca.

This research evaluated the substitution of 5, 10 and 15% of wheat flour for cassava starch in sweet cookies production. Both, flour and starch were submitted to the physicochemical, rheological and differential thermal analysis (DTA). The produced cookies were compared through sensory and microbiological analyses. The DTA result didn´t show any alteration in the starch gelatinization behavior. The result of the sensory acceptance analysis showed that crispness is the unique attribute that presented significant difference, indicating the technical viability of wheat flour substitution for 15% of cassava starch.