ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: To develop and validate a predictive model utilizing machine-learning techniques for estimating the length of hospital stay among patients who underwent coronary artery bypass grafting. METHODS: Three machine learning models (random forest, extreme gradient boosting and neural networks) and three traditional regression models (Poisson regression, linear regression, negative binomial regression) were trained in a dataset of 9,584 patients who underwent coronary artery bypass grafting between January 2017 and December 2021. The data were collected from hospital discharges from 133 centers in Brazil. Algorithms were ranked by calculating the root mean squared logarithmic error (RMSLE). The top performing algorithm was validated in a never-before-seen database of 2,627 patients. We also developed a model with the top ten variables to improve usability. RESULTS: The random forest technique produced the model with the lowest error. The RMLSE was 0.412 (95%CI 0.405–0.419) on the training dataset and 0.454 (95%CI 0.441–0.468) on the validation dataset. Non-elective surgery, admission to a public hospital, heart failure, and age had the greatest impact on length of hospital stay. CONCLUSIONS: The predictive model can be used to generate length of hospital stay indices that could be used as markers of efficiency and identify patients with the potential for prolonged hospitalization, helping the institution in managing beds, scheduling surgeries, and allocating resources.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE: To develop and validate a predictive model utilizing machine-learning techniques for estimating the length of hospital stay among patients who underwent coronary artery bypass grafting. METHODS: Three machine learning models (random forest, extreme gradient boosting and neural networks) and three traditional regression models (Poisson regression, linear regression, negative binomial regression) were trained in a dataset of 9,584 patients who underwent coronary artery bypass grafting between January 2017 and December 2021. The data were collected from hospital discharges from 133 centers in Brazil. Algorithms were ranked by calculating the root mean squared logarithmic error (RMSLE). The top performing algorithm was validated in a never-before-seen database of 2,627 patients. We also developed a model with the top ten variables to improve usability. RESULTS: The random forest technique produced the model with the lowest error. The RMLSE was 0.412 (95%CI 0.405–0.419) on the training dataset and 0.454 (95%CI 0.441–0.468) on the validation dataset. Non-elective surgery, admission to a public hospital, heart failure, and age had the greatest impact on length of hospital stay. CONCLUSIONS: The predictive model can be used to generate length of hospital stay indices that could be used as markers of efficiency and identify patients with the potential for prolonged hospitalization, helping the institution in managing beds, scheduling surgeries, and allocating resources. OBJECTIVE machinelearning METHODS networks Poisson 9584 9 584 9,58 201 2021 13 Brazil RMSLE. RMSLE . (RMSLE) neverbeforeseen never before seen 2627 2 627 2,62 usability RESULTS 0412 0 412 0.41 95%CI 95CI CI 95 0.405–0.419 04050419 405 419 0454 454 0.45 0.441–0.468 04410468 441 468 Nonelective Non elective surgery failure CONCLUSIONS hospitalization beds surgeries resources 958 58 9,5 20 202 1 (RMSLE 262 62 2,6 041 41 0.4 0.405–0.41 0405041 40 045 45 0.441–0.46 0441046 44 46 5 9, 26 6 2, 04 4 0. 0.405–0.4 040504 0.441–0.4 044104 0.405–0. 04050 0.441–0. 04410 0.405–0 0405 0.441–0 0441 0.405– 040 0.441– 044 0.405 0.441 0.40 0.44

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE Defining priority vaccination groups is a critical factor to reduce mortality rates. METHODS We sought to identify priority population groups for covid-19 vaccination, based on in-hospital risk of death, by using Extreme Gradient Boosting Machine Learning (ML) algorithm. We performed a retrospective cohort study comprising 49,197 patients (18 years or older), with RT-PCR-confirmed for covid-19, who were hospitalized in any of the 336 Brazilian hospitals considered in this study, from March 19th, 2020, to March 22nd, 2021. Independent variables encompassed age, sex, and chronic health conditions grouped into 179 large categories. Primary outcome was hospital discharge or in-hospital death. Priority population groups for vaccination were formed based on the different levels of in-hospital risk of death due to covid-19, from the ML model developed by taking into consideration the independent variables. All analysis were carried out in Python programming language (version 3.7) and R programming language (version 4.05). RESULTS Patients’ mean age was of 60.5 ± 16.8 years (mean ± SD), mean in-hospital mortality rate was 17.9%, and the mean number of comorbidities per patient was 1.97 ± 1.85 (mean ± SD). The predictive model of in-hospital death presented area under the Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve (AUC - ROC) equal to 0.80. The investigated population was grouped into eleven (11) different risk categories, based on the variables chosen by the ML model developed in this study. CONCLUSIONS The use of ML for defining population priorities groups for vaccination, based on risk of in-hospital death, can be easily applied by health system managers

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE Defining priority vaccination groups is a critical factor to reduce mortality rates. METHODS We sought to identify priority population groups for covid-19 vaccination, based on in-hospital risk of death, by using Extreme Gradient Boosting Machine Learning (ML) algorithm. We performed a retrospective cohort study comprising 49,197 patients (18 years or older), with RT-PCR-confirmed for covid-19, who were hospitalized in any of the 336 Brazilian hospitals considered in this study, from March 19th, 2020, to March 22nd, 2021. Independent variables encompassed age, sex, and chronic health conditions grouped into 179 large categories. Primary outcome was hospital discharge or in-hospital death. Priority population groups for vaccination were formed based on the different levels of in-hospital risk of death due to covid-19, from the ML model developed by taking into consideration the independent variables. All analysis were carried out in Python programming language (version 3.7) and R programming language (version 4.05). RESULTS Patients’ mean age was of 60.5 ± 16.8 years (mean ± SD), mean in-hospital mortality rate was 17.9%, and the mean number of comorbidities per patient was 1.97 ± 1.85 (mean ± SD). The predictive model of in-hospital death presented area under the Receiver Operating Characteristic Curve (AUC - ROC) equal to 0.80. The investigated population was grouped into eleven (11) different risk categories, based on the variables chosen by the ML model developed in this study. CONCLUSIONS The use of ML for defining population priorities groups for vaccination, based on risk of in-hospital death, can be easily applied by health system managers

ABSTRACT Introduction: Satisfaction is much more than a human aspiration; it is an instrument and a function to achieve excellence in quality of health care. Objective: To determine the level of occupational satisfaction of family doctors. Methods: A descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out at Norte [North] Teaching Polyclinic of Placetas Municipality in 2019. The study population was made up of the 18 family doctors of the polyclinic, by nonprobabilistic sampling, casuistically deliberate based on the fact that there is no contact due to difficult access, the sample was made up of 15, with the willingness to participate as inclusion criterion. Results: Health services (93.3%) and privacy of the consultation (73.3%) predominated as unsuitable structural conditions; together with the office furniture and the waiting room (86.6%) as the so-called unsuitable occupational conditions; of the elements related to diagnosis and treatment, all were not adequate; of the subjective factors, the most referred to was stress (93.3%); and regarding degree of satisfaction, the category least satisfied (80%) predominated. Conclusions: There is little occupational satisfaction of the doctors of the Norte [North] Teaching Polyclinic of Placetas Municipality, determined by a set of interrelated factors.

RESUMEN Introducción: La satisfacción es mucho más que una aspiración humana, es un instrumento y una función para lograr la excelencia de la calidad en la atención en salud. Objetivo: Determinar el nivel de satisfacción laboral de médicos de la familia. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal en el Policlínico Docente Norte de Placetas en el año 2019. El universo estuvo constituido por los 18 médicos de la familia del policlínico y con un muestreo no probabilístico, deliberado con carácter casuístico a partir de no haber contactado a algunos por difícil acceso quedó conformada la muestra por 15, teniendo como criterio de inclusión la voluntariedad de participar. Resultados: Predominaron como condiciones estructurales no adecuadas los servicios sanitarios (93,3 %) y la privacidad de la consulta (73,3 %); de las condiciones de trabajo propiamente dichas no adecuadas, los muebles de la consulta y sala de espera (86,6 %); de los elementos relacionados con el diagnóstico y tratamiento, todos fueron no adecuados; de los factores subjetivos, el más referido fue el estrés (93,3 %) y como grado de satisfacción, el poco satisfecho (80 %). Conclusiones: Existe poca satisfacción laboral de los médicos del Policlínico Docente Norte de Placetas, determinado esto por un conjunto de factores interrelacionados entre sí.

ABSTRACT Background: thoracic surgery is essential for the general surgeon training, specifically the approaches to reviewing the chest. Taking as reference the analysis of contradictory elements and having as basis practice and the continuous review of literature, it was necessary to make subsequent innovations to the vertical axillary thoracotomies, which after being performed required an instrument for their socialization. Objective: to design a didactic leaflet to socialize the research results "Modifications to vertical axillary thoracotomy". Methods: a technological innovation study was conducted, using the general method of dialectical-materialistic knowledge for designing a didactic leaflet containing the results of a quasi-experimental research in patients who underwent surgery, from September 2012 to December 2016, due to conditions in the thoracic cavity (non-cardiovascular conditions), at the "Arnaldo Milián Castro" Clinical Surgical Hospital in Santa Clara, Villa Clara. Results: the didactic leafklet includes the methodological details of the modifications to the surgical technique and images that illustrate them; the leaflet is 35 pages long with the content that is organized into eight chapters that include theoretical underpinnings, development of the technique, novelty, advantages, disadvantages and results of its application. It is available at the library of the above mentioned hospital, for the professional development of specialists in this field. Conclusions: the didactic leaflet is a valuable learner-teacher support material and an effective tool for the professional development of specialists in recognizing and solving problems in clinical practice related to vertical axillary thoracotomy.

RESUMEN Fundamento: la cirugía torácica es indispensable en la formación del cirujano general, específicamente las vías de abordajes al tórax. Del análisis de elementos contradictorios y teniendo como fundamentos la práctica y la revisión continua de la literatura, fue necesario realizar innovaciones sucesivas a las toracotomías axilares verticales, las cuales después de realizadas demandaron un instrumento para su socialización. Objetivo: diseñar un folleto didáctico para la socialización de los resultados de la investigación “Modificaciones a la toracotomía axilar vertical”. Métodos: se realizó un estudio de innovación tecnológica, empleando el método general del conocimiento dialéctico-materialista en la confección de un folleto didáctico que contiene los resultados de una investigación cuasiexperimental en pacientes operados, en el período comprendido entre septiembre de 2012 a diciembre de 2016, por afecciones en la cavidad torácica (no cardiovasculares), en el Hospital Clínico Quirúrgico “Arnaldo Milián Castro” de Santa Clara, Villa Clara. Resultados: el folleto didáctico incluye la explicación metodológica de las modificaciones a la técnica quirúrgica e imágenes que las ilustran; tiene 35 páginas cuyo contenido está desglosado en ocho acápites que incluyen fundamentos teóricos, desarrollo de la técnica, novedad, ventajas, desventajas y resultados de su aplicación. Se encuentra disponible en la biblioteca del mencionado hospital para la preparación de los profesionales que se entrenan con este fin. Conclusiones: el folleto didáctico constituye un valioso material de apoyo a la docencia y una herramienta eficaz para elevar el desempeño profesional en la identificación y solución de problemas en la práctica médica relacionados con la toracotomía axilar vertical.

ABSTRACT Background: patriotic formation is an axiological component through which solidarity, humanism, internationalism, environmental education and social justice are highlighted. Objective: to design an educational conception of teaching preparation to contribute to the patriotic formation of students of medical sciences universities. Methods: a development research was carried out at Villa Clara University of Medical Sciences, from 2014 to 2019. Methods of the theoretical level were used: historical-logical, analytical-synthetic, inductive-deductive and systemic-structural; Empirical ones: documentary analysis, observation and survey in the form of an interview and a questionnaire for teachers; and mathematics as a resource for percentage analysis. Results: deficiencies in the knowledge that some teachers have about the contents of the patriotic formation were diagnosed, and there was a lack of intentionality and systematic treatment in the different activities of the educational process, so an educational conception of teaching preparation was developed, which presents its methodological design, the philosophical, psychological, sociological and pedagogical foundations and the contents that are included in this value: feelings of Cubanness, identity with historical roots, relations with society and with nature. Conclusions: according to the criteria of experts, it was valued as pertinent, applicable and novel, and users considered it appropriate and expressed the positive elements acquired at the end of the preparation received.

RESUMEN Fundamento: la formación patriótica es un componente axiológico a través del cual se ponderan la solidaridad, el humanismo, el internacionalismo, la educación medioambiental y la justicia social. Objetivo: diseñar una concepción educativa de preparación al docente para contribuir a la formación patriótica de los estudiantes de las universidades de ciencias médicas. Métodos: se realizó una investigación de desarrollo en la Universidad de Ciencias Médicas de Villa Clara, en el período comprendido entre 2014 y 2019. Se utilizaron métodos del nivel teórico: histórico-lógico, analítico-sintético, inductivo-deductivo y sistémico-estructural; empíricos: análisis documental, observación y encuesta en forma de entrevista y de cuestionario a docentes; y matemáticos como recurso para el análisis porcentual. Resultados: se diagnosticaron insuficiencias en el conocimiento que poseen algunos docentes sobre los contenidos de la formación patriótica, y falta intencionalidad y sistematicidad en su tratamiento en las diferentes actividades del proceso educativo, por lo que se elaboró una concepción educativa de la cual se presentan su diseño metodológico, los fundamentos filosóficos, psicológicos, sociológicos y pedagógicos y los contenidos que se incluyen en este valor: sentimientos de cubanía, identidad con las raíces históricas, relaciones con la sociedad y con la naturaleza. Conclusiones: atendiendo al criterio de expertos resultó valorada como pertinente, aplicable y novedosa, los usuarios la consideraron adecuada y expresaron los elementos positivos adquiridos al finalizar la preparación recibida.

ABSTRACT Objectives: to analyze the relationship between maternal age and the source of healthcare payment with mode of delivery in public and private national hospitals between the years 2012 to 2017, and the length of hospital stay. Methods: cross-sectional study of 91,894 women who had children in public and private hospitals between 2012 and 2017. Data were collected from the Diagnosis-Related Groups Brazil system and a comparative analysis was performed between patients in public care and those in supplementary healthcare. Results: in public care, the majority were vaginal deliveries and the reverse occurred in supplementary health. The proportion of cesarean sections was higher in the age group 31 to 40 years old in both services. The hospital stay was longer among women who underwent a cesarean section. Conclusions: high maternal age and the source of healthcare payment influence the mode of delivery, which interfere with the length of hospital stay.

RESUMEN Objetivos: analizar la relación entre la edad materna y la fuente de pago de la atención con las rutas de nacimiento en hospitales nacionales públicos y privados entre los años 2012 a 2017, y la duración de la estancia hospitalaria. Métodos: estudio transversal con 91.894 mujeres que tuvieron hijos en hospitales públicos y privados entre 2012 y 2017. Se recopilaron datos del sistema Diagnosis-Related Groups Brasil y se realizó un análisis comparativo entre pacientes en atención pública y aquellos en atención médica complementaria. Resultados: en la atención pública, la mayoría fueron partos vaginales y lo contrario ocurrió en la atención complementaria. La proporción de cesáreas fue mayor en el grupo de edad de 31 a 40 años en ambos servicios. La estadía en el hospital fue más larga entre las mujeres que se sometieron a una cesárea. Conclusiones: La edad materna elevada y la fuente de pago influyen en la ruta de nacimiento, lo que interfiere con la duración de la estancia hospitalaria.

RESUMO Objetivos: analisar a relação da idade materna e da fonte pagadora da assistência com as vias de nascimento em hospitais nacionais públicos e privados entre os anos de 2012 a 2017, e o tempo de permanência hospitalar. Métodos: estudo transversal com 91.894 mulheres que tiveram seus filhos em hospitais públicos e privados entre 2012 a 2017. Os dados foram coletados a partir do sistema Diagnosis-Related Groups Brasil e submetidos à análise comparativa entre pacientes do atendimento público e da saúde suplementar. Resultados: no atendimento público, a maioria dos nascimentos ocorreram por via vaginal e o inverso ocorreu na saúde suplementar. Observou-se que a proporção de cesariana foi maior na faixa etária de 31 a 40 anos, em ambos os serviços, e maior tempo de permanência hospitalar nas mulheres submetidas à cesariana. Conclusões: idade materna elevada e fonte de financiamento influenciam nas vias de nascimento, que interferem no tempo de permanência hospitalar.

RESUMO Objetivos: analisar a relação da idade materna e da fonte pagadora da assistência com as vias de nascimento em hospitais nacionais públicos e privados entre os anos de 2012 a 2017, e o tempo de permanência hospitalar. Métodos: estudo transversal com 91.894 mulheres que tiveram seus filhos em hospitais públicos e privados entre 2012 a 2017. Os dados foram coletados a partir do sistema Diagnosis-Related Groups Brasil e submetidos à análise comparativa entre pacientes do atendimento público e da saúde suplementar. Resultados: no atendimento público, a maioria dos nascimentos ocorreram por via vaginal e o inverso ocorreu na saúde suplementar. Observou-se que a proporção de cesariana foi maior na faixa etária de 31 a 40 anos, em ambos os serviços, e maior tempo de permanência hospitalar nas mulheres submetidas à cesariana. Conclusões: idade materna elevada e fonte de financiamento influenciam nas vias de nascimento, que interferem no tempo de permanência hospitalar.

ABSTRACT Objectives: to analyze the relationship between maternal age and the source of healthcare payment with mode of delivery in public and private national hospitals between the years 2012 to 2017, and the length of hospital stay. Methods: cross-sectional study of 91,894 women who had children in public and private hospitals between 2012 and 2017. Data were collected from the Diagnosis-Related Groups Brazil system and a comparative analysis was performed between patients in public care and those in supplementary healthcare. Results: in public care, the majority were vaginal deliveries and the reverse occurred in supplementary health. The proportion of cesarean sections was higher in the age group 31 to 40 years old in both services. The hospital stay was longer among women who underwent a cesarean section. Conclusions: high maternal age and the source of healthcare payment influence the mode of delivery, which interfere with the length of hospital stay.

RESUMEN Objetivos: analizar la relación entre la edad materna y la fuente de pago de la atención con las rutas de nacimiento en hospitales nacionales públicos y privados entre los años 2012 a 2017, y la duración de la estancia hospitalaria. Métodos: estudio transversal con 91.894 mujeres que tuvieron hijos en hospitales públicos y privados entre 2012 y 2017. Se recopilaron datos del sistema Diagnosis-Related Groups Brasil y se realizó un análisis comparativo entre pacientes en atención pública y aquellos en atención médica complementaria. Resultados: en la atención pública, la mayoría fueron partos vaginales y lo contrario ocurrió en la atención complementaria. La proporción de cesáreas fue mayor en el grupo de edad de 31 a 40 años en ambos servicios. La estadía en el hospital fue más larga entre las mujeres que se sometieron a una cesárea. Conclusiones: La edad materna elevada y la fuente de pago influyen en la ruta de nacimiento, lo que interfiere con la duración de la estancia hospitalaria.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Avaliar se grupo etário, complicações ou comorbidades estão associados ao tempo de internação de mulheres submetidas à cesariana. MÉTODOS Estudo transversal realizado entre junho de 2012 e julho de 2017, com 64.437 mulheres submetidas à cesariana e que não apresentaram condições adquiridas durante o tempo de permanência hospitalar. Os dados foram coletados a partir da alta hospitalar nas instituições nacionais de saúde, utilizando o sistema Diagnosis-Related Groups [Grupos de Diagnósticos Relacionados] (DRG Brasil®). Foram incluídos os DRG referentes à cesariana com complicações ou comorbidades adicionais ao diagnóstico inicial (DRG 765) e cesariana sem complicações ou comorbidades associadas (DRG 766). A influência do grupo etário e comorbidades ou complicações presentes na admissão sobre o tempo de permanência hospitalar foi avaliada por meio da análise de variância. O tamanho do efeito foi verificado pelo d de Cohen, que permite avaliar a relevância clínica. Os níveis de criticidade foram identificados utilizando o teste de Duncan. RESULTADOS O maior tempo de permanência hospitalar foi observado nos grupos etários de 15 a 17 anos e 45 anos ou mais. Mulheres que apresentaram complicações ou comorbidades presentes à admissão também apresentaram maior tempo de permanência hospitalar. Quantos aos níveis de criticidade, notou-se que seu aumento estava associado ao aumento na média do tempo de permanência hospitalar. CONCLUSÕES O tempo de permanência hospitalar de mulheres é maior entre aquelas pertencentes aos grupos etários de 15 a 17 anos e 45 anos ou mais. A presença de comorbidades associadas, como a eclâmpsia, o distúrbio hipertensivo pré-existente com proteinúria superposta e a hipertensão gestacional (induzida pela gravidez) com proteinúria significativa aumentam o tempo de permanência hospitalar. Este estudo possibilitou a construção de perfis distintos de níveis de criticidade a partir da combinação de grupos etários e das principais comorbidades, os quais se apresentaram diretamente relacionados ao tempo de permanência hospitalar.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To evaluate whether age group, complications or comorbidities are associated with the length of hospitalization of women undergoing cesarean section. METHODS A cross-sectional study was carried out between June 2012 and July 2017, with 64,437 women undergoing cesarean section and who did not acquire conditions during their hospital stay. Hospital discharge data were collected from national health institutions, using the Diagnosis-Related Groups system (DRG Brasil®). The DRG referring to cesarean section with additional complications or comorbidities (DRG 765) and cesarean section without complications or associated comorbidities (DRG 766) were included in the initial diagnosis. The influence of age group and comorbidities or complications present at admission on the length of hospital stay was assessed based on the means of the analysis of variance. The size of the effect was verified by Cohen’s D, which allows evaluating clinical relevance. The criticality levels were identified using the Duncan test. RESULTS The longest length of hospital stay was observed in the age group from 15 to 17 years old and among those aged 45 years old or more. The hospital stay of women with complications or comorbidities at the time of admission was also longer. Moreover, it was noted that the increase in criticality level was associated with an increase in the mean length of hospital stay. CONCLUSIONS The length of hospital stay of women is higher among those belonging to the age group ranging from 15 to 17 years old and for those aged 45 years old or more. The presence of associated comorbidities, such as eclampsia, pre-existing hypertensive disorder with superimposed proteinuria and gestational hypertension (induced by pregnancy) with significant proteinuria increase the length of hospital stay. This study enabled the construction of distinct criticality level profiles based on the combination of age groups and the main comorbidities, which were directly related to the length of hospital stay.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Avaliar se grupo etário, complicações ou comorbidades estão associados ao tempo de internação de mulheres submetidas à cesariana. MÉTODOS Estudo transversal realizado entre junho de 2012 e julho de 2017, com 64.437 mulheres submetidas à cesariana e que não apresentaram condições adquiridas durante o tempo de permanência hospitalar. Os dados foram coletados a partir da alta hospitalar nas instituições nacionais de saúde, utilizando o sistema Diagnosis-Related Groups [Grupos de Diagnósticos Relacionados] (DRG Brasil®). Foram incluídos os DRG referentes à cesariana com complicações ou comorbidades adicionais ao diagnóstico inicial (DRG 765) e cesariana sem complicações ou comorbidades associadas (DRG 766). A influência do grupo etário e comorbidades ou complicações presentes na admissão sobre o tempo de permanência hospitalar foi avaliada por meio da análise de variância. O tamanho do efeito foi verificado pelo d de Cohen, que permite avaliar a relevância clínica. Os níveis de criticidade foram identificados utilizando o teste de Duncan. RESULTADOS O maior tempo de permanência hospitalar foi observado nos grupos etários de 15 a 17 anos e 45 anos ou mais. Mulheres que apresentaram complicações ou comorbidades presentes à admissão também apresentaram maior tempo de permanência hospitalar. Quantos aos níveis de criticidade, notou-se que seu aumento estava associado ao aumento na média do tempo de permanência hospitalar. CONCLUSÕES O tempo de permanência hospitalar de mulheres é maior entre aquelas pertencentes aos grupos etários de 15 a 17 anos e 45 anos ou mais. A presença de comorbidades associadas, como a eclâmpsia, o distúrbio hipertensivo pré-existente com proteinúria superposta e a hipertensão gestacional (induzida pela gravidez) com proteinúria significativa aumentam o tempo de permanência hospitalar. Este estudo possibilitou a construção de perfis distintos de níveis de criticidade a partir da combinação de grupos etários e das principais comorbidades, os quais se apresentaram diretamente relacionados ao tempo de permanência hospitalar.

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To evaluate whether age group, complications or comorbidities are associated with the length of hospitalization of women undergoing cesarean section. METHODS A cross-sectional study was carried out between June 2012 and July 2017, with 64,437 women undergoing cesarean section and who did not acquire conditions during their hospital stay. Hospital discharge data were collected from national health institutions, using the Diagnosis-Related Groups system (DRG Brasil®). The DRG referring to cesarean section with additional complications or comorbidities (DRG 765) and cesarean section without complications or associated comorbidities (DRG 766) were included in the initial diagnosis. The influence of age group and comorbidities or complications present at admission on the length of hospital stay was assessed based on the means of the analysis of variance. The size of the effect was verified by Cohen’s D, which allows evaluating clinical relevance. The criticality levels were identified using the Duncan test. RESULTS The longest length of hospital stay was observed in the age group from 15 to 17 years old and among those aged 45 years old or more. The hospital stay of women with complications or comorbidities at the time of admission was also longer. Moreover, it was noted that the increase in criticality level was associated with an increase in the mean length of hospital stay. CONCLUSIONS The length of hospital stay of women is higher among those belonging to the age group ranging from 15 to 17 years old and for those aged 45 years old or more. The presence of associated comorbidities, such as eclampsia, pre-existing hypertensive disorder with superimposed proteinuria and gestational hypertension (induced by pregnancy) with significant proteinuria increase the length of hospital stay. This study enabled the construction of distinct criticality level profiles based on the combination of age groups and the main comorbidities, which were directly related to the length of hospital stay.

Leprosy is clinically characterized by involvement of peripheral nerves and skin. The immunological profile of the individual defines the diversity of clinical manifestations, from skin disorders to systemic manifestations, especially the articulation ones, common in multibacillary forms, which may mimic collagen diseases and often posing diagnostic difficulties in endemic areas. This is a case report of asymmetric polyarthritis of small and large articulations associated with skin lesions which had been treated by a rheumatologist for 2 years with initial clinical diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis, and later, with the appearance of skin lesions, of systemic lupus erythematosus.

PURPOSE: To investigate the induction of neoplastic lesions under the action of ultraviolet B radiation (UVR-B) and dimethyl benzanthracene (DMBA).METHODS:Forty Wistar rats were assigned to four groups (ten animals each), according to the procedure: group A received UVR-B irradiation, group B received topic DMBA, group C, UVR-B+DMBA and group D as control, observed for ten weeks. In the tenth week they went through a skin biopsy and histopathological study. The average thickness of the epidermis was calculated and evaluated statistically.RESULTS:Macroscopic lesions in group B were more of inflammatory kind compared to group A. Group C presented more injuries with neoplastic features than the others (p<0.01). Histologically there was a significant increase in thickness of the epidermis of all groups compared to control, however the greatest thickness measures occurred in Group C (p<0.01).CONCLUSIONS: The population exposed to ultraviolet B radiation is subject to suffer skin lesions that can develop into cancer. The association with hydrocarbons as the dimethyl benzanthracene increases the possibility of malignancy. May not be clinically evident determine when a solar keratosis ends and when a CEC begins. For this reason, histological study associated with health education prompting the early and irreversible injury prevention is necessary.

PURPOSE: To study the possible potentiation of the carcinogenic effects of ultraviolet radiation associated with an organophosphate pesticide.METHODS: Forty Wistar rats were assigned into four groups (n=10 each) randomized according to the procedures: group A received only UVR-B radiation; group B, UVR-B for eight weeks followed by a seven week period of pesticide exposure; group C, UVR-B + pesticide concomitantly: group D, only pesticide application. At the end of the fifth, tenth and fifteenth weeks the animals were photographed. Skin biopsy and histopathological study with Hematoxylin-Eosin were done on the fifteenth week. Statistical analysis with Fisher's and Sign (unilateral) tests, 5% value for significance.RESULTS: Macroscopic lesions in the group A evolved from the erythema to erythema + desquamation. The groups B and C, with the association of two carcinogens, and group D presented evolution to keratosis, with higher incidence in group D. The histology showed a significant increase in the severity of injuries when the UVR-B and the pesticide were applied simultaneously, leading to cellular atypia.CONCLUSIONS: Concurrent association of UVR-B to organophosphate pesticide produced more severe lesions microscopically, although this has not been so apparent macroscopically. In daily practice the clinical evaluation should be complemented with laboratory evaluation.

FUNDAMENTO: A doença de Chagas continua a ser uma importante doença endêmica no país, sendo o acometimento cardíaco a sua manifestação mais grave. OBJETIVO: Verificar se o uso concomitante de carvedilol potencializará o efeito antioxidante das vitaminas E e C na atenuação do estresse oxidativo sistêmico na cardiopatia chagásica crônica. MÉTODOS: Foram estudados 42 pacientes com cardiopatia chagásica, agrupados de acordo com a classificação modificada de Los Andes, em quatro grupos: 10 pacientes no grupo IA (eletrocardiograma e ecocardiograma normais: sem envolvimento do coração), 20 pacientes do grupo IB (eletrocardiograma normal e ecocardiograma anormal: ligeiro envolvimento cardíaco), oito pacientes no grupo II (eletrocardiograma e ecocardiograma anormais, sem insuficiência cardíaca: moderado envolvimento cardíaco) e quatro pacientes no grupo III (eletrocardiograma e ecocardiograma anormais com insuficiência cardíaca: grave envolvimento cardíaco). Os marcadores de estresse oxidativo foram medidos no sangue, antes e após um período de seis meses de tratamento com carvedilol e após seis meses de terapia combinada com vitaminas E e C. Os marcadores foram: atividades da superóxido dismutase, catalase, glutationa peroxidase, glutationa S-transferase e redutase, mieloperoxidase e adenosina deaminase, e os níveis de glutationa reduzida, de espécies reativas do ácido tiobarbitúrico, proteína carbonilada, vitamina E e óxido nítrico. RESULTADOS: Após o tratamento com carvedilol, todos os grupos apresentaram diminuições significativas dos níveis de proteína carbonilada e glutationa reduzida, enquanto os níveis de óxido nítrico e atividade da adenosina aumentaram significativamente apenas no grupo menos acometido (IA). Além disso, a maioria das enzimas antioxidantes mostrou atividades diminuídas nos grupos menos acometidos (IA e IB). Com a adição das vitaminas ao carvedilol houve diminuição dos danos em proteínas, nos níveis de glutationa e na maior parte da atividade das enzimas antioxidantes. CONCLUSÕES: A queda dos níveis de estresse oxidativo, verificada pelos marcadores testados, foi mais acentuada quando da associação do fármaco carvedilol com as vitaminas antioxidantes. Os dados sugerem que tanto o carvedilol isoladamente como sua associação com as vitaminas foram eficazes em atenuar o dano oxidativo sistêmico em pacientes com CC, especialmente aqueles menos acometidos, sugerindo a possibilidade de sinergismo entre esses compostos.

BACKGROUND: Chagas disease is still an important endemic disease in Brazil, and the cardiac involvement is its more severe manifestation. OBJECTIVE: To verify whether the concomitant use of carvedilol will enhance the antioxidant effect of vitamins E and C in reducing the systemic oxidative stress in chronic Chagas heart disease. METHODS: A total of 42 patients with Chagas heart disease were studied. They were divided into four groups according to the modified Los Andes classification: 10 patients in group IA (normal electrocardiogram and echocardiogram; no cardiac involvement); 20 patients in group IB (normal electrocardiogram and abnormal echocardiogram; mild cardiac involvement); eight patients in group II (abnormal electrocardiogram and echocardiogram; no heart failure; moderate cardiac involvement); and four patients in group III (abnormal electrocardiogram and echocardiogram with heart failure; severe cardiac involvement). Blood levels of markers of oxidative stress were determined before and after a six-month period of treatment with carvedilol, and six months after combined therapy of carvedilol with vitamins E and C. The markers analyzed were as follows: activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione S-transferase and reductase, myeloperoxidade and adenosine deaminase; and the levels of reduced glutathione, thiobarbituric-acid reactive substances, protein carbonyls, vitamin E, and nitric oxide. RESULTS: After treatment with carvedilol, all groups showed significant decrease in protein carbonyls and reduced glutathione levels, whereas nitric oxide levels and adenosine activity increased significantly only in the less severely affected group (IA). In addition, the activity of most of the antioxidant enzymes was decreased in the less severely affected groups (IA and IB). By combining the vitamins with carvedilol, a reduction in protein damage, in glutathione levels, and in the activity of most of the antioxidant enzymes were observed. CONCLUSIONS: The decrease in oxidative stress levels observed by means of the markers tested was more significant when carvedilol was used in combination with the antioxidant vitamins. The findings suggest that both carvedilol alone and in combination with the vitamins were effective in attenuating the systemic oxidative stress in patients with Chagas heart disease, especially those less severely affected, thus suggesting the possibility of synergism between these compounds.