We addressed some physicochemical and biological differences in commercial turmeric, acquired from both handling pharmacies and stores selling natural products for quality assessment. For this, it was determined the melting point, antioxidant activity by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH), antimicrobial activity via the agar disk-diffusion assay, metallic contaminants by X-ray fluorescence with energy dispersion (EDXRF), spectral behaviors by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) and determination of curcumin concentration by UV-Vis. The results obtained of the several commercial turmeric samples were not homogeneous, showing in fact significant differences regarding melting points, UV-Vis spectral scan profiles, and FTIR spectra, presenting toxic metals and quite low curcumin contents. This sheds light on the urge to implement adequate quality control in this type of raw material for human safe use of curcumin. Particularly, contamination with heavy metals, such as mercury, is a serious health problem, due to its high toxicity and accumulative power in the body.

Biochar from slow pyrolysis under controlled conditions is favorable in the transformation of waste into materials that serve as soil conditioners, and/or environmental remediation. Thus, this work aimed to produce and characterize biochar from cassava waste under different temperature conditions and evaluate interactions with Ca2+ and Pb2+ for agricultural and environmental applications. To investigate the efficiency of the interaction of biochar with nutrients (Ca) and contaminants (Pb), the influence of pH and contact time were evaluated. There was an increase in pH, pHzpc (zero point charge), and condensed aromatic structures in BC, due to the increase in pyrolysis temperature. Also, biochar demonstrated a Pb2+ adsorbed amount of 2.03 to 2.37 mg g-1 and a Ca2+ release capacity of 0.655 to 0.765 mg g-1. In this way, biochar produced from residues of cassava waste can be a viable strategy to enhance agricultural production and reduce environmental contaminants.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos do esterco de ovelha em solos agrícolas no comportamento de Folsomia candida e no crescimento e desenvolvimento inicial de Avena sativa. Para isso, um Latossolo foi submetido a diferentes doses de esterco de ovelha e posteriormente avaliado quanto ao comportamento de fuga e a sobrevivência de Folsomia candida por meio de ensaios ecotoxicológicos padronizados, desempenho inicial da aveia pelo teste de germinação e taxa respiratória basal do solo pela metodologia da respirometria. Houve um aumento na taxa de respiração basal do solo pela aplicação de esterco de ovelha e isso foi consistente com o aumento das doses. A taxa de sobrevivência e o comportamento de fuga dos colêmbolos não foram alterados e não houve alteração no desempenho inicial da aveia, indicando que esse esterco pode ser usado para fertilização orgânica de solos com baixo potencial poluente no solo.

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of sheep manure in agricultural soils on the behavior of Folsomia candida and initial growth and development of Avena sativa. For this, an Oxisol was submitted to different doses of sheep manure and was subsequently evaluated for Folsomia candida survival and avoidance behavior through standardized ecotoxicological assays, the initial performance of oats by germination test and the soil basal respiration rate by respirometry methodology. There was an increase in the basal respiration rate of the soil by the application of sheep manure and this was consistent with the increase of the doses. The survival rate and avoidance behavior of springtails were not altered and there was no change in the initial performance of oats, indicating that this manure can be used for organic fertilization of soils with low soil pollutant potential.

RESUMO A origem anômala do tronco pulmonar em aorta ascendente, definida como hemitruncus arterioso, é uma malformação congênita rara em cães, causada por defeito no septo espiral. Assim, diante da ocorrência incomum na espécie canina, da gravidade sistêmica e da alta letalidade, o objetivo deste trabalho foi descrever essa doença cardíaca em um filhote de três meses de idade, macho, Spitz Alemão, enfatizando as alterações clínicas, de necropsia e microscópicas. O animal apresentava cianose, dispneia e fraqueza e foi encaminhado para necropsia após morte súbita. Inúmeras alterações foram detectadas no exame post-mortem, inclusive no coração, como cardiomegalia e ausência do ligamento arterioso, o qual foi substituído pela fusão completa entre aorta ascendente e tronco pulmonar, após a saída de ambas dos ventrículos esquerdo e direito, respectivamente, e, dentre os achados microscópicos, destacou-se a hipertrofia de cardiomiócitos. A associação desses achados com o histórico indicou o diagnóstico de hemitruncus arterioso seguido de insuficiência cardiorrespiratória, ressaltando-se a importância de exames complementares cardiológicos em pacientes jovens sintomáticos na sobrevida dos acometidos. O hemitruncus arterioso, apesar de raro, deve ser acrescido no diagnóstico diferencial de outras cardiopatias que causam sinais clínicos similares.

ABSTRACT The anomalous origin of the pulmonary trunk in the ascending aorta, defined as arterious hemitruncus, is a rare congenital malformation in dogs, caused by a defect in the spiral septum. Thus, given the unusual occurrence in the canine species, the systemic severity and the high lethality, the aim of this study was to describe this heart disease in a three-month-old male German Spitz puppy, emphasizing clinical changes of the necropsy and microscopics. The animal had cyanosis, dyspnea and weakness and was forwarded for necropsy after sudden death. Numerous changes were detected in the post-mortem examination, including in the heart, as cardiomegaly and absence of the arterial ligament, which was replaced by the complete fusion between the ascending aorta and the pulmonary trunk, after leaving both the left and right ventricles, respectively and, among the microscopic findings, cardiomyocyte hypertrophy stood out. The association of these findings with the history indicated the diagnosis of arterious hemitruncus followed by cardiorespiratory failure, emphasizing the importance of out complementary cardiological exams in young symptomatic patients for the survival of those affected. Arterious hemitruncus, although rare, must be added in the differential diagnosis of other heart diseases that cause similar clinical signs.

Abstract Effects of protein supplementation, with and without starch supplementation, on nutritional performance and metabolic characteristics of cattle fed low- and medium-quality tropical forages were evaluated using 4 cannulated steers distributed according to a 4 × 4 Latin square. Experimental periods were divided into two subperiods. In the first subperiod, two animals received low-quality hay and two animals received medium-quality. Supplementation schemes were evaluated in the second subperiod: low-quality hay with protein (300 g of crude protein – CP/d); low-quality hay with protein (300 g CP/d) and starch (225 g/d); medium-quality hay with protein (300 g CP/d); and medium-quality hay with protein (300 g CP/d) and starch (225 g/d) supplementation. Without supplementation, medium-quality forage provided higher intake, digestibility, nitrogen balance (NB) and efficiency of nitrogen utilization (EFNU). Comparing subperiods, supply of supplements depressed medium-quality forage intake, but did not affect low-quality forage intake. Supplementation increased NB, EFNU and serum concentration of IGF1 in animals fed low-quality forage. Protein supplementation increases nitrogen retention in animals, an effect attributed mainly to anabolic stimuli. However, this effect is more prominent when animals are fed low-quality forages. No positive impact on animal metabolism was obtained with combination of supplemental protein and starch.

ABSTRACT The availability of reliable and reproducible micropropagation systems is a decisive step to successfully propagate plant species with slow growth and low germination rate. The effect was investigated of gibberellin (GA) and cytokinin (CK) in the in vitro germination and development of Dietes bicolor (Steud.) Sweet ex Klatt. Seeds were inoculated in Water + Agar; in Murashige e Skoog (MS) medium without plant growth regulators (PGRs) and in MS medium supplemented with 1 or 2 mg L-1 gibberellic acid or 6-benzylaminopurine. The germination, growth, and architecture of the plants presented significant alterations according to the treatments. Germination percentage increased at 2 mg L-1 GA. Plants grown on the GA-supplemented medium also showed larger leaves. The presence of CK in the culture medium induced the activation of axillary shoot buds and reduced the root length. CK and GA had antagonistic effects on the thickness of the leaf tissues. The activation of multiple shoots in plants cultured with CK in the medium allowed the in vitro propagation of approximately three plants per germinated seed. The results obtained in the present study bring an unprecedented description of a germination system for a higher yield in D. bicolor micropropagation.

Resumo Pouco se sabe se a morte celular induzida pela terapia fotodinâmica (PDT) compromete os macrófagos (MΦ), envolvidos nas respostas imunes induzidas pela PDT. Neste estudo, foram avaliados parâmetros de citotoxicidade dos MΦ mediada pela PDT e a produção de citocinas, frente à protoporfirina IX (PpIX). MΦ peritoneais de camundongos BALB/c foram estimulados in vitro com PDT, luz, PpIX ou lipopolissacarídeo (LPS). Após isto, a viabilidade celular (VC), a lipoperoxidação, os níveis de óxido nítrico (NO), de DNA degradado, de TNF-α, IL-6 e IL-10 foram avaliados. A exposição curta à PDT reduziu a VC em 10-30%. Os níveis de NO e de DNA degradado duplicaram, sem aumento da lipoperoxidação. Houve aumento de TNF-α e IL-10, sendo maior na presença de LPS. Já a produção de IL-6 reduziu em dez vezes. A PDT induz estresse celular, gera radicais NO e causa dano ao DNA, tornando o microambiente citotóxico. Ainda, modula citocinas pró e anti-inflamatórias em MΦ.

Abstract Little is known regarding whether photodynamic therapy (PDT)-induced cell death can substantially compromise macrophages (MΦ), which are important cells in PDT-induced immune responses. Here, parameters of PDT-mediated MΦ cytotoxicity and cytokine production in response to protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) were evaluated. Peritoneal MΦ from BALB/c mice were stimulated in vitro with PDT, light, PpIX, or lipopolysaccharide (LPS). After that, cell viability, lipid peroxidation, Nitric Oxide (NO), DNA damage, TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-10 were evaluated. Short PDT exposure reduced cell viability by 10–30%. There was a two-fold increase in NO and DNA degradation, despite the non-increase in lipoperoxidation. PDT increased TNF-α and IL-10, particularly in the presence of LPS, and decreased the production of IL-6 to 10-fold. PDT causes cellular stress, induces NO radicals and leads to DNA degradation, generating a cytotoxic microenvironment. Furthermore, PDT modulates pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in MΦ.

Abstract In tropical areas grasses are the main source of food for ruminants, however, environmental conditions and the management of grasslands directly affect their performance and quality. The objective was to study the effect of the performance of the hybrid pastures of Urochloa and star grass (Cynodon plectostachyus) at different frequencies and grazing intensities, with cattle in the dry tropics. Cobra, Mulato II and Cayman (Urochloa) and star grass grasses were evaluated at cut frequencies of 28 and 35 d, and severe and light intensities of 10 and 15 cm, respectively, which were randomly distributed in a block design randomly with 2 x 2 factorial arrangement with three repetitions. Management effect was observed in the accumulation of DM, the accumulation being higher at a lower frequency and light grazing intensity regardless of the grass evaluated. Cobra, Cayman and Mulato II grass obtained the highest frequency yield at 35 light intensity with an average of 6 679 kg DM ha-1 while, in that handling the star grass obtained the lowest yield with 4 028 kg DM ha-1. The highest crude protein in leaf, in all pastures was found in severe grazing and intensity at 28 d with 20, 20, 18 and 10% in Cobra, Mulato II, Cayman and star grass, respectively (p< 0.05). It is concluded that the highest forage production was obtained by harvesting at a light intensity of 15 cm, every 35 d and the highest protein content was reached when the forage was harvested at an intensity of 10 cm and a frequency of 28 d.

Resumen En las zonas tropicales, las gramíneas son la principal fuente de alimentación para los rumiantes, sin embargo, las condiciones ambientales y el manejo de las praderas inciden directamente en el rendimiento y calidad de las mismas. El objetivo fue estudiar el efecto del rendimiento de los pastos híbridos de Urochloa y pasto Estrella (Cynodon plectostachyus) a diferentes frecuencias e intensidades de pastoreo, con bovinos en el trópico seco. Se evaluaron los pastos Cobra, Mulato II y Cayman (Urochloa) y pasto estrella en frecuencias de corte de 28 y 35 d, e intensidades severo y ligero de 10 y 15 cm, respectivamente, que se distribuyeron de forma aleatoria en un diseño de bloques al azar con arreglo factorial 2 x 2 con tres repeticiones. Se observó efecto del manejo en la acumulación de MS, siendo mayor la acumulación a menor frecuencia e intensidad ligera de pastoreo independientemente del pasto evaluado. El pasto Cobra, Cayman y Mulato II obtuvieron el mayor rendimiento en la frecuencia a 35 d e intensidad ligera con un promedio de 6 679 kg MS ha-1 mientras que, en ese manejo el pasto estrella obtuvo el menor rendimiento con 4 028 kg MS ha-1. La mayor proteína cruda en hoja, en todos los pastos se encontró en el pastoreo severo e intensidad a 28 d con 20, 20, 18 y 10% en Cobra, Mulato II, Cayman y Estrella, respectivamente (p< 0.05). Se concluye que la mayor producción del forraje se obtuvo al cosechar a una intensidad ligera de 15 cm, cada 35 d y el mayor contenido de proteína se alcanzó cuando el forraje se cosecho a intensidad de 10 cm y una frecuencia de 28 d.

RESUMO Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos do pneumoperitônio e da posição de Trendelenburg sobre o fluxo de saída do ventrículo esquerdo em gatos anestesiados. Quatorze gatos foram alocados aleatoriamente em dois grupos, ambos submetidos ao pneumoperitônio com 10mmHg de dióxido de carbono (CO2). No grupo controle (GC n=7), os animais foram submetidos apenas ao pneumoperitônio e, no grupo Trendelenburg (GTREN n=7), os animais foram colocados em cefalodeclive 20° após o pneumoperitônio. A indução anestésica foi realizada com isoflurano, utilizando-se caixa de indução. Posteriormente, os animais foram mantidos sob anestesia inalatória com o mesmo fármaco. Foram avaliados a velocidade do fluxo de saída do ventrículo esquerdo (VFSVE), os gradientes máximo (GmáxSVE) e médio (GmédSVE) de pressão e a integral velocidade-tempo (IVT). Os parâmetros foram mensurados nos momentos T0 (basal), antes da insuflação; T5 (cinco), T15 (quinze) e T30 (trinta) minutos após a insuflação. Os resultados mostraram um aumento da VFSVE no GC, em T15 e T30 (P=0,024), e um aumento do GmáxSVE no GC, em T30 (P=0,045). As variáveis não se alteraram significativamente em nenhum momento no GTREN. Dessa forma, conclui-se que a posição de Trendelenburg favoreceu o sistema cardiovascular, preservando os índices de fluxo sanguíneo na saída do ventrículo esquerdo.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of pneumoperitoneum and Trendelenburg position on the left ventricular outflow in anesthetized cats. Fourteen cats were randomly divided into two groups, both submitted to pneumoperitoneum of 10 mmHg with carbon dioxide (CO2), and in the control group (GC n = 7) the animals were subjected only to pneumoperitoneum and the Trendelenburg group (n = 7 GTREN) the animals were placed in cefalodeclive 20° after pneumoperitoneum. Anesthesia of the animals was performed with isoflurane using induction box, keeping the animals under inhalation anesthesia with the same drug. We evaluated the speed of the left ventricular outflow (VFSVE), the maximum pressure gradient (GmáxSVE), mean pressure gradient (GmédSVE) and velocity-time integrals (IVT). The parameters were measured in time, T0 (baseline), before the insufflation; T5 (five); T15 (fifteen) and T30 (thirty) minutes after inflation. The results showed an increase in VFSVE in GC, T15 and T30 (p = 0,024) and an increase in GmáxSVE in GC in T30 (p = 0,045). The variables did not change significantly at any time in GTREN. Thus, it is concluded that the Trendelenburg position favored the cardiovascular system, preserving blood flow rates in the left ventricular outflow.

Abstract Introduction Therapeutic ultrasound (TUS) is a widespread modality in physiotherapy, and the water bag technique is a coupling method employed in the presence of anatomical irregularities in the treatment area. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the acoustic attenuation of the water bag and its effectiveness as a TUS coupling agent. Methods The rated output powers (ROPs) of the TUS equipment were evaluated based on IEC 61689. Then, a radiation force balance was used to measure ROP with and without a water bag (latex and nitrile gloves filled with deionized water) between a TUS transducer and the cone-shaped target of the balance. Each experiment was performed five times for each nominal power (0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0, and 7.0 W) and in the following configurations: without the water bag (A), with nitrile gloves and with (B) and without (C) a height controller, and latex gloves with (D) and without (E) height controller. ROPs obtained in different media were compared. Results The highest relative error of ROP was 16.72% for 0.5 W. Although the power values of the equipment were within the range recommended by IEC, there was a significant difference between the ROP values measured with A and with B, C and D. Conclusion As intensity differences below 0.5 W/cm2 are considered clinically not relevant, conditions A, B, C, D, or E can be used interchangeably.

ResumenEn los bosques tropicales secos, la dinámica de las poblaciones herbáceas están fuertemente influenciadas por la variación estacional y anual de la precipitación total. Por otra parte, los acontecimientos presentes y pasados de anomalía climática (por ejemplo, años de sequía y lluvia errática antes de la temporada de crecimiento) pueden causar reducciones drásticas de tamaño de la población, lo que lleva a la desaparición temporal de algunas especies. Por lo tanto, este estudio tiene como objetivo evaluar, durante tres años, la dinámica de Delilia biflora (Asteraceae), Commelina obliqua (Commelinaceae), Phaseolus peduncularis (Fabaceae) y Euphorbia heterophylla (Euphorbiaceae). El estudio se realizó en una zona de bosque seco tropical conocida como Caatinga, situado en la estación experimental del Instituto Agronómico de Pernambuco (IPA), en Caruaru, Pernambuco, Brasil. La Caatinga tiene un clima semiárido y fuerte variación estacional y anual de la precipitación total. Durante este estudio, hubo un evento de anomalía climática llamado la sequía de 2006 y la lluvia errática en la estación seca. El nacimiento, la muerte y la supervivencia fueron monitoreados mensualmente en 105 parcelas de 1 × 1 m. Las diferencias en densidad entre años y estaciones se evaluaron mediante la prueba de Kruskal-Wallis. El poder explicativo de la precipitación del presente y del pasado sobre la densidad se evaluó utilizando el Modelo Lineal Generalizado. En este estudio, fue el primer registro de Euphorbia heterophylla en el área de estudio. Las poblaciones estudiadas fueron mayores en los años más húmedos y durante la temporada de lluvias, y se redujeron drásticamente en el año más seco y en las estaciones secas. Commelina obliqua fue la menos sensible a la variación de la precipitación total. Con respecto a la densidad, las cuatro especies estuvieron presentes durante los tres años. Las tasas de natalidad fueron mayores durante la temporada de lluvias y las tasas de mortalidad fueron mayores en la estación seca. Lluvias esporádicas en la estación seca causado pronunciado reclutamiento de plántulas seguida de muerte y tuvo un fuerte impacto en la dinámica de D. biflora, E. heterophylla y P. peduncularis. La precipitación del año en curso explica entre el 3 % y 18 % de la variación interanual de la densidad y el poder explicativo de la precipitación del año anterior en la densidad de las poblaciones varió de 32 % a 67 %. Por lo tanto, los fenómenos climáticos del pasado también tienen una consecuencia significativa para las cuatro poblaciones. En conclusión, la drástica reducción de la precipitación total entre años podría ser un parámetro predictivo para el tamaño de la población de plantas herbáceas (en el momento presente y futuro) en una área de bosque tropical seco en el Noreste brasileño.

AbstractIn tropical dry forests, the dynamics of herbaceous populations is strongly influenced by seasonal and annual variation in total rainfall. Moreover, the present and past events of climatic anomalies (e.g. severe drought years and erratic rain before the growth season) may cause drastic reductions in population size, leading to the temporal disappearance of some species. Therefore, this three-year study aimed to assess the dynamics of Delilia biflora (Asteraceae), Commelina obliqua (Commelinaceae), Phaseolus peduncularis (Fabaceae) and Euphorbia heterophylla (Euphorbiaceae). The study was conducted in an area of tropical dry forest known as Caatinga, situated in the experimental station of the Pernambuco Agronomic Institute (IPA), in Caruaru, Pernambuco, Brazil. The Caatinga has a semiarid climate with strong seasonal and annual variation in total precipitation. During this study, there was a climatic anomaly event called the 2006 drought, and also erratic rains in the dry season. The birth, death and survival of plants were evaluated monthly using 105 plots (1 × 1 m). Differences in density between years and seasons were evaluated using the Kruskal-Wallis test. The explanatory power of present and past precipitation on density was evaluated using the General Linear Model. In this study, we present the first record of Euphorbiaheterophylla in the studied area. The studied populations were larger during the rainy seasons and in wet years, and were drastically reduced in the driest year and dry seasons. Commelina obliqua was the least sensitive to variation in total rainfall. Regarding the variation in density, all four species were present during all three years. Birth rates were higher during the rainy season, and death rates were higher in the dry season. Sporadic rain in the dry season caused pronounced seedling recruitment followed by death, and had a strong impact on the dynamics of D. biflora, E. heterophylla and P. peduncularis. The precipitation of the current year explained between 3 % - 18 % of the inter-annual density variation, and the explanatory power of the previous year precipitation on the density of populations ranged from 32 % to 67 %. Therefore, climatic events of the past also have a significant consequence over the four populations. In conclusion, drastic reduction in total precipitation between years may be considered as a predictive parameter for herbaceous plants population size (in the present and future time) in a Northeastern Brazilian tropical dry forest area. Rev. Biol. Trop. 63 (4): 903-914. Epub 2015 December 01.

Objetivos. Caracterizar la actividad enzimática fibrolítica de Pleurotus ostreatus-IE8 y Fomes fomentarius-EUM1 en bagazo de caña de azúcar (BCA) y evaluar la cinética de producción de gas in vitro del BCA por fermentación sólida (FS) o con extractos crudos enzimáticos (ECE) de P. ostreatus-IE8 o Fibrozyme®. Materiales y métodos. En los hongos de estudio se evaluó la velocidad de crecimiento radial (Vcr) y producción de biomasa en dos medios de cultivo (con o sin fuente de nitrógeno); actividad de xilanasas, celulasas y lacasas de la FS sobre BCA a 0, 7 y 15 d. El análisis químico y cinética de producción de gas in vitro en 4 tratamientos (proceso de FS o adición de enzimas obtenidas de ECE de la FS), un testigo (Fibrozyme®) y un control sin adición de enzimas, todo ello se analizó en un diseño completamente al azar. Resultados. Las xilanasas (7 d) mostraron 6.32 y 5.50 UI g-1 sustrato seco inicial (SSi) en P. ostreatus-IE8 y F. fomentarius-EUM1, respectivamente. P. ostreatus-IE8 mostró mayor actividad lacasa (10.65 UI g-1 SSi) y F. fomentarius-EUM1 (1.90 UI g-1 SSi) de celulasas. El ECE de P. ostreatus-IE8 y Fibrozyme® no presentaron diferencias (p>0.05) en la composición química ni en la cinética de producción de gas. Los 4 tratamientos evaluados disminuyeron los valores de las variables medidas en la cinética de producción de gas in vitro respecto al testigo (p≤0.05). Conclusiones. El ECE de P. ostreatus-IE8 fue similar a Fibrozyme® en la degradación in vitro, indicando su viabilidad y uso para pre-digerir subproductos altos en fibra.

Objective. To characterize the fibrolytic enzymatic activity of Pleurotus ostreatus-IE8 and Fomes fomentarius-EUM1 in sugarcane bagasse (BCA); to evaluation of the kinetics of in vitro production of BCA treated by solid fermentation (FS), crude enzyme extract (ECE) of P. ostreatus-IE8 and Fibrozyme®. Materials and methods. In fungi measured radial growth rate ( Vcr ) and biomass production in two culture media (with or without nitrogen source); activity of xylanases, cellulases and FS on BCA at 0, 7 and 15 d. The chemical analysis and kinetic analysis of in vitro gas production in 4 treatments (ECE adding enzymes obtained from the direct addition FS or FS ), witness (Fibrozyme®) and a control without addition and analyzed by a was completely randomized design. Results. Xylanases (7 d ) showed 6.32 and 5.50 UI g-1 initial substrate dry weight (SSi) for fungi P. ostreatus-IE8 and F. fomentarius-EUM1 , respectively ; P. ostreatus-IE8 scored higher activity of laccases (10.65 g-1 UI SSi) and F. fomentarius-EUM1 (1.90 UI g-1 SSi) cellulases. The ECE of P. ostreatus-IE8 and commercial enzyme did not differences (p>0.05). In the chemical composition or the gas production kinetics. The 4 treatments evaluated decreased values of the variables measured in the kinetics of gas production compared to the control (p≤0.05). Conclusions. The ECE of P. ostreatus-IE8 was similar to commercial enzyme degradation in vitro, so it is feasible to use pre-digest high fiber products.

O presente estudo tem como objetivo avaliar o efeito da administração do Zolazepam/Tiletamina nas funções cardiorrespiratórias e eletrocardiográficas em lobos-guará (Chrysocyon brachyurus) mantidos em cativeiro. Foram utilizados dez lobos-guará clinicamente saudáveis (seis machos e quatro fêmeas), com média de peso 23,5±3,5kg, e idade de 6,5±2,8 anos. Os lobos eram mantidos em cativeiro e foram capturados pelos tratadores, proporcionando o mínimo de estresse possível para avaliação dos parâmetros pré-anestésicos. Foram avaliadas frequência cardíaca e respiratória, temperatura retal, pressão arterial média e eletrocardiografia. Após coleta dos parâmetros fisiológicos e eletrocardiográficos pré-anestesia, foi administrada a dose de 5,1±0,7mg/kg de Zolazepam/Tiletamina intramuscular. Depois da anestesia, colocaram-se os eletrodos do eletrocardiograma nos membros torácicos e pélvicos. Os animais eram monitorados durante uma hora, sendo que, a cada 10 minutos, era realizado o registro dos valores eletrocardiográficos, assim como os valores dos parâmetros fisiológicos e cardiorrespiratórios. Os resultados mostraram alteração significativa na amplitude da onda P entre 10 a 50 minutos pós-anestesia. Frequência cardíaca (153±20bmp), frequência respiratória (29±6mpm), temperatura corporal (38,4±1oC), pressão arterial média (114±20mmHg) e as outras variáveis eletrocardiográficas não apresentaram alterações. O aumento da amplitude da onda P nos animais deste trabalho sugeriu um aumento atrial, oriundo de doenças cardíacas ou simplesmente pelo aumento da frequência cardíaca durante a contenção.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to assess the effects of the anesthetic combination of Tiletamine/Zolazepam on the cardiorespiratory function and electrocardiographic profile in captive maned wolves (Chrysocyon brachyurus). Ten maned wolves were used in this study (6 males and 4 females). All animals were healthy, with an average body weight of 23.5±3.5kg, and age of 6.5±2.8years. The wolves were conditioned to be physically restrained by their keepers in order to minimize stress during assessment of pre-anesthetic parameters. Data on heart and respiratory rates, rectal temperature, mean arterial blood pressure and electrocardiography were collected. Pre-anesthetic physiological an eletrocardiographic parameters were collected before the administration of 5.1±0.73mg/kg Tiletamine/Zolazepam intramuscularly. Under anesthesia, electrocardiogram electrodes were placed on thoracic and pelvic limbs and eletrocardiographic data was recorded every 10 minutes for approximately one hour, totaling 6 electrocardiograms. Heart rate 153±20bmp, respiratory rate 29±6mpm, rectal temperature 38,4±1oC, mean arterial blood pressure 114±20mmHg, and the other electrocardiographic parameters did not change; however, the P wave amplitude changed from 10 to 50 minutes after anesthesia. The increase in the P wave on the animals in this study suggested an atrial increase, probably due to cardiac disease or just by increasing the heart rate during the capture.